希臘羅馬神話期末考試

1、Section1：T or FSection2：ChoiceSection3：Explain idioms· 1. Pandoras Box 災(zāi)難之盒 含義：to open Pandora's box means to create evil that cannot be undone.來源：Pandora's box involves a mythological story in which the a box was given to a human who was warned never to open the box, but his curiosity

2、made him open it resulting in a disaster. · 2. The Horn of Amalthea豐饒角 含義：A symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers, nuts, other edibles, or wealth in some form.來源：One day, as Amalthea played with little Zeus, she accidentall

3、y broke off her horn. To make up for it and as a sign of gratitude, Zeus made the broken horn always be full of whatever its owner desired.· 3. The Midas/Golden Touch點(diǎn)石成金 含義：Ability to turn everything he touched into gold. if someone has the Midas touch, everything they do is successful and mak

4、es money for them來源：Midass job knew no bounds and as soon as he got home, he ordered the servants to set a splendid repast on the table.· 4. A Procrustean Bed 強(qiáng)迫一致 含義：When something is Procrustean, different lengths or sizes or properties are fitted to an arbitrary standard.來源： Procrustes was a

5、 rogue smith and bandit from Attica who physically attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed.· 5. Sow the Dragon Teeth挑起糾紛 含義：The dragon's teeth, once planted, would grow into fully armed warriors.來源：In Greek myth, drago

6、ns teeth feature prominently in the legends of the Phoenician prince Cadmus and Jason's quest for the Golden Fleece.· 6. Apple of Discord禍根 含義： A euphemism for a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute.來源：The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded

7、 from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti (for the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. He awarded the apple to

8、 Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War.· 7. The Heel of Achilles唯一的弱點(diǎn) 含義：A deadly weakness in spite of overall strength, that can actually or potentially leads to downfall來源：The mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, metaphorical references to other attributes or qu

9、alities that can lead to downfall are common.Thetis treated Achilles with Ambrosia, making him invulnerable. Thetis burned away his mortality in the house fire except on the heel, with which he was held.Thetis dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding onto him by his heel.· 8. Penel

10、opes Web永遠(yuǎn)做不完的工作 含義：The tactics of delaying sth on purpose; the task that can never be finished來源：Penelope is the wife of Odysseus who was called to fight in the Trojan War. She waits twenty years for the final return of her husband .In order to put off remarriage, She has devised tricks to delay he

11、r suitors, one of which is to pretend to be weaving a burial shroud for Odysseus's elderly father Laertes and claiming that she will choose a suitor when she has finished. Every night for three years, she undoes part of the shroud, until Melantho, one of twelve unfaithful serving women, discover

12、s her chicanery and reveals it to the suitors.· 9. Between Scylla and Charybdis進(jìn)退維谷 含義：Being between Scylla and Charybdis is an idiom expresses the meaning of "having to choose between two evils".來源： Scylla was rationalized as a rock shoal (described as a six-headed sea monster) on th

13、e Italian side of the strait and Charybdis was a whirlpool off the coast of Sicily. They were regarded as a sea hazard located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors; avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa. According to Homer,

14、 Odysseus was forced to choose which monster to confront while passing through the strait; he opted to pass by Scylla and lose only a few sailors, rather than risk the loss of his entire ship in the whirlpool.· 10. Necklace of Harmonia不祥之物 含義：Necklace of Harmonia brought great misfortune to all

15、 of its wearers or owners.來源：Aphrodite bore a daughter, Harmonia, from Ares' seed. Harmonia married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. Upon hearing of the royal engagement, Hephaestus presented Harmonia with an exquisite necklace as a wedding gift. The necklace was made by Hephaestus' own hand a

16、nd was cursed to bring disaster to any who wore it.· 13. A Sisyphean Task含義：Endlessly laborious or futile來源：Sisyphus was famed as the craftiest of men. He was condemned forever to roll a huge stone up a hill in Hades only to have it roll down again on nearing the top.· 15. Give a cake to C

17、erberus含義：bribe來源：Cerberus is a watchdog at the gates of Tartarus. He would let the souls in but not out. However he could be bribed with a honey cake on occasion or with sweet music. Section4：Explain in English the meaning of following terms. 15% (5)· 1. Anthropomorphism神人同形同性 In Greek myth, t

18、he gods and goddesses are not only personifications of the forces of the universe, they are seen as beings much like common men and women. The term for this is “Anthropomorphism”, meaning “in the form of a human being.”· 2. The Five Ages of Men五個(gè)時(shí)代 The Golden Age; the Silver Age; the Bronze Age

19、; the Heroic Age; the Iron Age· 3. Tartarus 地獄 The deeper region, where the Titans had been imprisoned(Tartarus itself formed a dismal picture, it had gates of bronze guarded by Cerberus, surrounded by fire, encased by triple wall, and within, the wailing and cries of those being punished. It i

20、s the underworld zone of eternal torment, where the greatest sinners have been punished for their wrong doing.)· 4. The Elysian Field 天堂領(lǐng)域 The paradise for the Greeks· 5. The Asphodel Field 充滿游魂的地方A field inhabited by wandering souls· 6. Styx 冥河A river in Hades across which Charon fer

21、ried the souls of the dead.· 7. Hubris 過分驕傲 Overbearing pride or presumption.· 8. Satyr森林之神，好色的人 Satyrs are a troop of male companions of Pan and Dionysus .In myths they are often associated with pipe-playing· 9. Maenad 酒神的女祭司，異常激動(dòng)的女人 Often the maenads were portrayed as inspired by hi

22、m into a state of ecstatic frenzy, through a combination of dancing and drunken intoxication. In this state, they would lose all self-control.· 10. Narcissism 自戀 Narcissus is a man who was renowned for his beauty. He was exceptionally proud, in that he disdained those who loved him. Nemesis saw

23、 this and attracted Narcissus to a pool where he saw his own reflection in the water and fell in love with it, not realizing it was merely an image. Unable to leave the beauty of his reflection, Narcissus died.· 11. Harpy鷹身女妖 Half woman, half bird ；vicious winged monster; often depicted as a bi

24、rd with the head of a woman· 12. Xenia好客 Xenia is the Greek concept of hospitality, or generosity and courtesy shown to those who are far from home.· 13.Dionysia 酒神節(jié)(in ancient Greece) festivals of the god Dionysus, an orgiastic festival in ancient Greece in honor of Dionysus· 14.Aegi

25、s 羊皮盾（宙斯及其女兒雅典娜所持的帝盾）A shield hold by Athena. Under ones aegis means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source.15. Metamorphosis 變形，變質(zhì)A person or thing develops and changes into something completely different.( 變形a complete change of physical form or sub

26、stance especially as by magic or witchcraft.)· 16.Demigod 半人半神A less important god, especially one who is half god and half human.· 17.Centaur 人首馬身的動(dòng)物，半人馬A creature with the head, arms, and chest of a man, and the body and legs of a horse.( In classical mythology, a centaur is a creature w

27、ith the head, arms, and body of a man, and the body and legs of a horse.)· 18.The Deucalion FloodAphrodite's magic girdle was a golden girdle that caused men and gods to fall hopelessly in love with her.( Zeus visited Arcadia and Thessaly，and disliked the deadly wrongs of men He decided to

28、clear the earth of them allWithout hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the heartless Poseidon to helpSoon the whole world sank in a vast ocean， and the entire human race disappeared in the unheard of flood，all but two poor Thessalians )Section5：Essay questions 15 %( 3)·

29、Unit 1: Examples of mythological accounts explaining the explainable. Uranus lay upon Gaia and made love to her without stop. (The interplay between rain and soil that makes plants come to life and grow.)Human Beings fashioned from clayGods and heroes descending into the Underground in the west and

30、emerging in the East. ( Sun rises in the East and sets in the West.)Persephone lived three months in the Underground with her husband and returned to live with her mother Demeter for the rest of year. (The return of spring after winter.)Eros, equipped with his sharp and blunt arrows, brings about ma

31、ny tragedies of human love. (Freuds theory about love or sex as the most fundamental drive from humans.)· Unit 2: Similarities between “the first woman” in the Greek(Pandora) and Christian creation myth(Eve)Eve was the instigator of tbe whole affair, for through her beauty and her wiles she sed

32、uced Adam to taste of the forbidden fruit. "Woman is like an apple, lovely without, rotten within."Eve was lured by the snake. Pandora was driven by her curiosity. Their behaviors caused evil and plagues to human-beings.· Unit 3: Reasons that ancient Greeks tend to depict Zeus as a pr

33、omiscuous man, an unfaithful husband? Zeus fatal Weaknesses: an uncontrollable lust for sexual driveThis shows the anthropomorphism. The ancient emperors usually had many lovers, so the Greeks depict Zeus as a promiscuous man. This also shows the ancient Greeks imagination for a man. Reproduction is

34、 blessing.· Unit 4: Symbolic meaning of Olive Tree in the Greek story and Holy Bible When Poseidon and Athena disputed as to which of them should give the name to the capital of Attica, the gods decided, that it should receive its name from him who should bestow upon man the most useful gift. P

35、oseidon then created the horse, and Athena called forth the olive tree, for which the honor was conferred on her. The olive branch in Bible appears in the story of Noahs ark. When the water receded, a dove flied with an olive branch in its mouse. In the Greek story, Olive Tree means peace and wealth

36、. In the Holy Bible , Olive Tree appeared after the flood ,so it represents peace.· Unit 5: · Differences between Athena and Ares Ares: thirst for the “hand to hand combat” and the “frenzy of battle and bloodshed”Athena: “war for the purposes of justice”, “peaceful settlements” "war a

37、t a distance", “strategic planning of war”· What are the distinctive features of Dionysus as a religious festival?The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of Dionysus. The central event was the performance of tragedies and comedies. Dionysus was a god, mirrori

38、ng the innate wildness of humanity which Athenians abhorred and tried to control. The Dionysia was a time to let out their inhibitions through highly emotional tragedies or irreverent comedies. People dressed like Satyrs and Maenads. Some men dressed as women and women as men. The Dionysia was also

39、marked by an element of role-reversal and boundary-crossing: lower class citizens could mock the upper class; or women could insult their male relatives. · What are the Apollonian and Dionysian elements in music style and human psyche? MusicHuman psycheApollo(rational)Golden lyre, with clear me

40、lodies, evoking feelings of harmony and serenitySelf-control, moderation, mental balanceDionysus(irrational)Tambourine, with furious and erratic rhythms, expressing passionate and impulsive nature.Spontaneous and instinctive emotions; self-indulgence, excess· Unit 6 · Interpretation of the

41、 Furies, Apollos and Athenas judgment on Orestes matricide.( See the scripts in PPT for Unit 6)Orestes is being hounded and terrorized by the Furies for the blood crime of matricide. Orestes killed his mother Clytemnestra, who murdered his father Agamemnon.（背景）Furies: holiness of motherhood, reminis

42、cent of matriarchies; tribal laws = an eye for eyeApollo: laws of males-dominated societyAthena: representing the voice of womanhood to deny mothers role as the creator.· In the tales of Callisto being transformed into a bear, and Acteon being transformed into a stag, what common theme does the

43、 “transformation” reveal?Ancient Greeks were sober and contemplative. They explore the mystery of human identify and human destiny.1) Transformation from human to non- human which indicates the loss of human identifies.2) Inescapable destiny of “the Hunter being hunted”· Unit 7 · How do yo

44、u interpret the landscape imagery in the story of Narcissus? (See PPT for session 7)Landscape imagery:"There was a clear fountain, with water like silver, to which the shepherds never drove their flocks. Nor did the mountain goats resort to it, nor any of the beasts of the forest; neither was i

45、t defaced with fallen leaves or branches; but the grass grew fresh around it, and the rocks sheltered it from the sun.His tears fell into the water and disturbed the image.The "stillness" of clear fountain suggests Narcissus' insusceptibility to the lust of the world. While his tears d

46、isturbed the image, his lust of eyes had "deflowered" him, taking away his virginity - a pure soul and a peaceful mind.· Interpretation of how Cupid (Eros) falls in love with Psyche. (See the scripts in PPT for unit 7) The erotic love (Eros) and the spiritual love (Psyche) belong toge

47、ther in an inseparable union. The symbolic meaning of “the union of Cupid (Eros) and Psyche” is "animating spirit".In Venus's garden there are two fountains: one with sweet water, the other one with bitter. Cupid fills two vases with each and then goes to Psyche's bedchamber where

48、she is sleeping. Cupid proceeds to let a few drops from the bitter fountain water fall on her lips, then touches her side with his pointed arrow.Feeling the touch of the arrow, Psyche wakes up, opens her eyes, and seems to be gazing straight at Cupid who is invisible. This startles Cupid enough that

49、 he ends up wounding himself. Cupid immediately sets out to repair the damage he has done to Psyche, and pours a few drops of the sweet water in her hair.· Interpretation of ancient Greeks attitudes toward immortality in the love story of Tithonus and Eos Ancient Greeks against immortal youth.

50、They thought that a man shouldn't desire in any way to vary from the kindly race of men, or pass beyond the goal of ordinance.· Unit 8&9· 1 Why is Perseus regarded as a perfect hero?Perseus was the most perfect Greek hero in myths. He was the only Greek hero who maintained supporti

51、ve relationship with women throughout his career. In his pursuit of glory, he exhibited both courage and wisdom. In killing Medusa, he outwitted the monster by his shrewdness and tricks rather than mere courage and strength. He was favored by gods when he was alive and after his death, he was transf

52、ormed into a constellation.· 2 What is Greeks conception of Hero as the story of Heracles/Jason reveals.Hercules is Greece's greatest heroes in myth, is the embodiment of strength, courage and wisdom.Jason : youthful confidence and the spirit of adventure courage to come alone to capture a kingdom ¡leader of a group of heroes ¡ valiance to fight enormous evils and conquer monsterssuccess in accomplishing the impossible· 3 What is Greeks conception of destiny as the story of Oedipus reveals? It reflects the cont