商業(yè)建筑外文文獻翻譯

1、Commercial BuildingsAbstract:A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It covers load characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers; services, vaults, and electrical equipment rooms; wiring systems; syste

2、ms protection and coordination; lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation; expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energy management. Although directed to the power oriented engin

3、eer with limited commercial building experience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings. This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineer to texts, periodicals, and references for commerc

4、ial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmental bodies.Keywords:Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristics1. Introduction1.1 ScopeThis recommended practice will pro

5、bably be of greatest value to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial building experience. It can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings.However, it is not intended as a replacement for the many excellent engineering texts and handbo

6、oks commonly in use, nor is it detailed enough to be a design manual. It should be considered a guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings.1.2 Commercial BuildingsThe term “commercial, residential, and institutional buildings ” as used in this chapter, encompasses all

7、buildings other than industrial buildings and private dwellings. It includes office and apartment buildings, hotels, schools, and churches, marine, air, railway, and bus terminals, department stores, retail shops, governmental buildings, hospitals, nursing homes, mental and correctional institutions

8、, theaters, sports arenas, and other buildings serving the public directly. Buildings, or parts of buildings, within industrial complexes, which are used as offices or medical facilities or for similar nonindustrial purposes, fall within the scope of this recommended practice. Today ' csommercia

9、l buildings, because of their increasing size and complexity, have become more and more dependent upon adequate and reliable electric systems. One can better understand the complex nature of modern commercial buildings by examining the systems, equipment, and facilities listed in 1.2.1.1.2.2 Electri

10、cal Design ElementsIn spite of the wide variety of commercial, residential, and institutional buildings, some electrical design elements are common to all. These elements, listed below, will be discussed generally in this section and in detail in the remaining sections of this recommended practice.

11、The principal design elements considered in the design of the power, lighting, and auxiliary systems include:1) Magnitudes, quality, characteristics, demand, and coincidence or diversity of loads and load factors2) Service, distribution, and utilization voltages and voltage regulation3) Flexibility

12、and provisions for expansion4) Reliability and continuity5) Safety of personnel and property6) Initial and maintained cost7) Operation and maintenance8) Fault current and system coordination9) Power sources10) Distribution systems11) Legally required and optional standby/emergency power systems12) E

13、nergy conservation, demand, and control13) Conformance with regulatory requirements14) Special requirements of the site related to: seismic requirements, altitude, sound levels, security, exposure to physical elements, fire hazards, hazardous locations, and power conditioning and uninterruptible pow

14、er supply (UPS) systems1.10 SafetySafety of life and preservation of property are two of the most important factors in the design of the electric system.This is especially true in commercial buildings because of public occupancy, thoroughfare, and high occupancy density. In many commercial buildings

15、, the systems operating staff have very limited technical capabilities and may not have any specific electrical training.Various codes provide rules and regulations as minimum safeguards of life and property. The electrical design engineer may often provide greater safeguards than outlined in the co

16、des according to his or her best judgment, while also giving consideration to utilization and economics.Personnel safety may be divided into two categories:1) Safety for maintenance and operating personnel2) Safety for the general publicSafety for maintenance and operating personnel is achieved thro

17、ugh the proper design and selection of equipment with regard to enclosures, key-interlocking, circuit breaker and fuse-interrupting capacity, the use of high-speed fault detection and circuit-opening devices, clearances, grounding methods, and identification of equipment.Safety for the general publi

18、c requires that all circuit-making and circuit-breaking equipment, as well as other electrical apparatus, be isolated from casual contact. This is achieved by using dead-front equipment, locked rooms and enclosures, proper grounding, limiting of fault levels, installation of barriers and other isola

19、tion (including special ventilating grills), proper clearances, adequate insulation, and similar provisions outlined in this recommended practice.Circuit protection is a fundamental safety requirement of all electric systems. Adequate interrupting capacities are required in services, feeders, and br

20、anch circuits. Selective, automatic isolation of faulted circuits represents good engineering practice. Fault protection, which is covered in Chapter 9, should be designed and coordinated throughout the system. Physical protection of equipment from damage or tampering, and exposure of unprotected eq

21、uipment to electrical, chemical, and mechanical damage is necessary.1.12 Design ConsiderationsElectrical equipment usually occupies a relatively small percentage of total building space, and, in design, it may be easier to relocate electrical service areas than mechanical areas or structural element

22、s. Allocation of space for electrical areas is often given secondary consideration by architectural and related specialties. In the competing search for space, the electrical engineer is responsible for fulfilling the requirements for a proper electrical installation while at the same time recognizi

23、ng the flexibility of electric systems in terms of layout and placement.Architectural considerations and appearances are of paramount importance in determining the marketability of a building. Aesthetic considerations may play an important role in the selection of equipment, especially lighting equi

24、pment. Provided that the dictates of good practice, code requirements, and environmental considerations are not violated, the electrical engineer may have to negotiate design criteria to accommodate the desires of other members of the design team. 1.12.1 Coordination of DesignThe electrical engineer

25、 is concerned with professional associates such as the architect, the mechanical engineer, the structural engineer, and, where underground services are involved, the civil engineer. They must also be concerned with the builder and the building owner or operator who, as clients, may take an active in

26、terest in the design. More often, the electrical engineer will work directly with the coordinator of overall design activities, usually the architect, or the project manager; and must cooperate with the safety engineer, fire protection engineer, perhaps the environmental enginner, and a host of othe

27、r concerned people, such as space planners and interior decorators, all of whom have a say in the ultimate design. The electrical designer must become familiar with local rules and know the authorities having jurisdiction over the design and construction. It can be inconvenient and embarrassing to h

28、ave an electrical project held up at the last moment because proper permits have not been obtained, for example, a permit for a street closing to allow installation of utilities to the site or an environmental permit for an on-site generator.Local contractors are usually familiar with local ordinanc

29、es and union work rules and can be of great help in avoiding pitfalls. In performing electrical design, it is essential, at the outset, to prepare a checklist of all the design stages that have to be considered. Major items include temporary power, access to the site, and review by others. Certain e

30、lectrical work may appear in nonelectrical sections of the specifications. For example, the furnishing and connecting of electric motors and motor controllers may be covered in the mechanical section of the specifications. For administrative control purposes, the electrical work may be divided into

31、a number of contracts, some of which may be under the control of a general contractor and some of which may be awarded to electrical contractors. Among items with which the designer will be concerned are: preliminary cost estimates, final cost estimates, plans or drawings, technical specifications (

32、which are the written presentation of the work), materials, manuals, factory inspections, laboratory tests, and temporary power. The designer may also be involved in providing information on electrical considerations that affect financial justification of the project in terms of owning and operating

33、 costs, amortization, return on investment, and related items.Many electrical designs follow the concept of competitiveness in the commercial sense. Here, cost is a primary consideration, and such designs tend toward minimum code requirements. There is great pressure on the designer to consider cost

34、 above maintainability and long life. However, the experienced designer can usually adopt effective compromises.1.12.2 FlexibilityFlexibility of the electric system means the adaptability to development and expansion as well as to changes to meet varied requirements during the life of the building.

35、Often a designer is faced with providing utilities where the loads may be unknown. For example, many office buildings are constructed with the tenant space designs incomplete. In some cases, the designer will provide only the core utilities available for connection by others to serve the working are

36、as. In other cases, the designer may lay out only the basic systems and, as tenant requirements are developed, fill in the details. Often the tenant provides all of his or her own working space designs.Because it is usually difficult and costly to increase the capacity of risers and feeders, it is i

37、mportant that provisions for sufficient capacity be provided initially. Extra conductors or raceway space should be included in the design stage if additional loads may be added later. This consideration is particularly important for commercial buildings with the increasing use of electronic equipme

38、nt and air conditioning. The cost and difficulties in obtaining space for new feeders and larger switchgear, which would be required when modernizing or expanding a building, may well be considered in the initial design. A load growth margin of 50% applied to the installed capacity of the major feed

39、ers is often justified where expansion is anticipated. Each project deserves careful consideration of the proper load growth margin to be allowed.Flexibility in an electric wiring system is enhanced by the use of oversize or spare raceways, cables, busways, and equipment. The cost of making such pro

40、visions is usually relatively small in the initial installation.Empty riser shafts and holes through floors may be provided at relatively low cost for future work. Consideration should be given to the provision of satellite electric closets initially for future expansion. Openings through floors sho

41、uld be filled in with fireproof, easily removed materials to prevent the spread of fire and smoke between floors. For computer rooms and the like, flexibility is frequently provided by raised floors made of removable panels, providing access to a wiring space between the raised floor and the slab be

42、low.商業(yè)樓宇摘要：提供商業(yè)樓宇電氣設計指南和一般參考。它涵蓋了負荷特性; 電壓考慮電源和配電設備 ;控制器 ;服務，拱頂，電氣設備室 ;布線系統(tǒng) ;系統(tǒng)的保護和協(xié)調(diào) ;照明 ;空間電空調(diào)，運輸，通 信系統(tǒng)的規(guī)劃，設備自動化 ;擴張，現(xiàn)代化建設和康復 ;所占用的特殊要求 ;和電能管理。雖然 向面向工程師的權(quán)力與商業(yè)建設的經(jīng)驗有限， 它可以是一個負責所有商業(yè)樓宇電氣設計工程 師的援助。 這個建議的做法是不打算成為一個完整的手冊，但是，它可以直接工程師到文本，期刊和商業(yè)樓宇的引用，并作為行動指南，通過無數(shù)的法規(guī)，標準和做法，由IEEE 出版，其他專業(yè)協(xié)會和政府機構(gòu)。關鍵詞：商業(yè)大廈，電力系統(tǒng)，負

43、荷特性介紹1.1范圍：此建議的做法可能會成為最大的價值面向工程師的權(quán)力與商業(yè)建設的經(jīng)驗有 限。它也可以是一個負責所有商業(yè)樓宇電氣設計工程師的援助。但是，它不打算應用許多優(yōu)秀的工程技術(shù)文本和常用手冊，也不是不足夠的詳細設計手冊。 它應被視為對商業(yè)樓宇的電氣設計指南和一般參考。1.2商業(yè)樓宇 “商業(yè)，住宅，建筑物和體制”作為本章，包括工業(yè)建筑和私人住宅以外的所有建筑物。它包括辦公和公寓樓，賓館，學校，教堂，海洋，航空，鐵路，巴士站，百貨公司，零售商店，政府大樓，醫(yī)院，養(yǎng)老院，精神和懲教機構(gòu)，影劇院，體育場館，以及其他直接服務市 民的建筑物。 建筑物或部分建筑物內(nèi)的工業(yè)園區(qū)， 這是作為辦公室或醫(yī)療設

44、施或類似的非工業(yè)用途使用，屬于這個建議的做法的范圍。 今天的商業(yè)樓宇，因為他們的規(guī)模日益擴大和復雜性，已成為越來越多后，充足和可靠 的電力系統(tǒng)的依賴。可以更好地理解現(xiàn)代商業(yè)建筑的復雜性，由檢查系統(tǒng)，設備和1.2.中所列的設施。1.3電氣設計元素盡管在各種各樣的商業(yè)， 住宅和機構(gòu)的建筑物， 一些電氣設計元素共同所有。 下面列出的 這些元素， 將在這一節(jié)中詳細討論一般在此建議的做法， 其余部分的動力， 照明和輔助系統(tǒng) 的設計中考慮的主要設計元素包括： 1）大小，質(zhì)量，特點，需求，巧合還是載荷和載荷因素的多樣性 2）服務，分配和利用電壓和電壓調(diào)節(jié)3）靈活性和擴展的規(guī)定4）可靠性和連續(xù)性5）人員和財產(chǎn)

45、的安全6）初始和維持費用7）操作和維修。8）故障電流和系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)9）動力源。10）配電系統(tǒng)11）法律規(guī)定的和可選的待機 /應急電源系統(tǒng)12）節(jié)約能源，需求和控制13）符合法規(guī)要求14）相關的網(wǎng)站的特別要求：抗震要求，高度，聲級，安全性，接觸物理元素，火災隱患， 危險地段，功率調(diào)節(jié)，不間斷電源（UPS）系統(tǒng)1.4安全 生命和財產(chǎn)保全的安全性在電力系統(tǒng)的設計，最重要的因素有兩個。因為市民入住，通途， 都會占用密度高的商業(yè)大廈。 在很多商業(yè)樓宇， 系統(tǒng)操作人員的技術(shù)能力非常有限， 可能不 會有任何具體的電力方面的培訓。各種規(guī)則提供最低保障的生命和財產(chǎn)的規(guī)則和規(guī)例。電氣設計工程師往往會提供大于規(guī)則，

46、根據(jù)他或她的做出最好的判斷，同時也考慮到利用和經(jīng)濟保障。人員的安全，可分為兩類：1）為維護和操作人員的安全2）為廣大市民的安全 維護和操作人員的安全是通過適當?shù)脑O計和設備選型方面來完成，鑰匙環(huán)環(huán)相扣， 斷路器和熔斷器分斷能力，使用高速的故障檢測和電路開啟裝置，間隙，接地方法和設備識別。 為廣大市民的安全要求， 所有的電路決策和破電路設備， 以及其他電氣設備。 這是通過使用 前端設備，控制和機柜，正確的接地，故障水平的限制，安裝的障礙和其他隔離（包括特殊 的通風格柵），適當?shù)拈g隙，足夠的絕緣，類似的規(guī)定，在此建議的做法概述。 短路保護是所有電力系統(tǒng)的基本安全要求。服務，饋線和分支電路，需要足夠的打斷能力。 選擇性，電路故障自動隔離，表示良好的工程實踐。故障保護，這是第9章中所涵蓋的，應設計和整個系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)。物理設備損壞或篡改，和暴露未受保護的設備，電氣，化工，機械 損傷保護是必要的。1.5設計注意事項 電氣設備通常占有總建筑空間的比例相對較小， 在設計上， 它可能是更容易比電氣機械領域 或結(jié)構(gòu)元素服務領域發(fā)生改變。 電氣