基于Web的教學(xué)資源共享平臺的用戶系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

1、基于Web的教學(xué)資源共享平臺的用戶系統(tǒng)設(shè)計-英文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文復(fù)印件及譯文專業(yè)：計算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)姓名：張洪源學(xué)號：110210121指導(dǎo)教師：孫勝娟完成日期2015年6月英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文英文原文DatabaseModelIntroductionW.JasonGilmoreAdatabase(sometimesspelleddatabase)isalsocalledanelectronicdatabase,referringtoanycollectionofdataorinformation,andthatisspeciallyorganizedforra

2、pidsearchandretrievalbyacomputer.Databasesarestructuredtofacilitatethestorage,retrieval,modification,anddeletionofdatainconjunctionwithvariousdata-processingoperations.Databasescanbestoredonmagneticdiskortape,opticaldisk,orsomeothersecondarystoragedevice.Adatabaseconsistsofafileorasetoffiles.Theinfo

3、rmationinthesefilesmaybebrokendownintorecords,eachofwhichconsistsofoneormorefields.Fieldsarethebasicunitsofdatastorage,andeachfieldtypicallycontainsinformationpertainingtooneaspectorattributeoftheentitydescribedbythedatabase.Usingkeywordsandvarioussortingcommands,userscanrapidlysearch,rearrange,grou

4、p,andselectthefieldsinmanyrecordstoretrieveorcreatereportsonparticularaggregateofdata.Complexdatarelationshipsandlinkagesmaybefoundinallbutthesimplestdatabases.Thesystemsoftwarepackagethathandlesthedifficulttasksassociatedwithcreating,accessing,andmaintainingdatabaserecordsiscalledadatabasemanagemen

5、tsystem(DBMS).TheprogramsinaDBMSpackageestablishaninterfacebetweenthedatabaseitselfandtheusersofthedatabase.(Theseusersmaybeapplicationsprogrammers,managersandotherswithinformationneeds,andvariousOSprograms)ADBMScanorganize,process,andpresentselecteddataelementsformthedatabase.Thiscapabilityenablesd

6、ecisionmakerstosearch,probe,andquerydatabasecontentsinordertoextractanswerstononrecurringandunplannedquestionsthatarentavailableinregularreports.Thesequestionsmightinitiallybevagueand/orpoorlydefined,butpeoplecan“browse”throughthedatabaseuntiltheyhavetheneededinformation.Inshort,theDBMSwill“manage”t

7、hestoreddataitemsandassembletheneededitemsfromthecommondatabaseinresponsetothequeriesofthosewhoarentprogrammers.1英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文Adatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS)iscomposedofthreemajorparts:(1)astoragesubsystemthatstoresandretrievesdatainfiles;(2)amodelingandmanipulationsubsystemthatprovidesthemeanswithwhi

8、chtoorganizethedataandtoadd,delete,maintain,andupdatethedata;(3) andaninterfacebetweentheDBMSanditsusers.Severalmajortrendsareemergingthatenhancethevalueandusefulnessofdatabasemanagementsystems:1. Managers:whorequiremoreup-to-datainformationtomakeeffectivedecision.2. Customers:whodemandincreasinglys

9、ophisticatedinformationservicesandmorecurrentinformationaboutthestatusoftheirorders,invoices,andaccounts.3. Users:whofindthattheycandevelopcustomapplicationswithdatabasesystemsinafractionofthetimeittakestousetraditionalprogramminglanguages.4. Organizations:thatdiscoverinformationhasastrategicvalue;t

10、heyutilizetheirdatabasesystemstogainanedgeovertheircompetitors.TheDatabaseModelAdatamodeldescribesawaytostructureandmanipulatethedatainadatabase.Thestructuralpartofthemodelspecifieshowdatashouldberepresented(suchastree,tables,andsoon).Themanipulativepartofthemodelspecifiestheoperationwithwhichtoadd,

11、delete,display,maintain,print,search,select,sortandupdatethedata.HierarchicalModelThefirstdatabasemanagementsystemsusedahierarchicalmodel-thatis-theyarrangedrecordsintoatreestructure.Somerecordsarerootrecordsandallothershaveuniqueparentrecords.Thestructureofthetreeisdesignedtoreflecttheorderinwhicht

12、hedatawillbeusedthatis,therecordattherootofatreewillbeaccessedfirst,thenrecordsonelevelbelowtheroot,andsoon.Thehierarchicalmodelwasdevelopedbecausehierarchicalrelationshipsarecommonlyfoundinbusinessapplications.Asyouhaveknown,anorganizationcharoftendescribesahierarchicalrelationship:topmanagementisa

13、tthehighestlevel,middlemanagementatlowerlevels,andoperationalemployeesatthelowestlevels.Notethatwithinastricthierarchy,eachlevelofmanagementmayhavemanyemployeesorlevelsofemployeesbeneathit,buteachemployeehasonlyonemanager.Hierarchicaldataarecharacterizedbythisone-to-manyrelationshipamongdata.2英文參考文獻(xiàn)

14、原文及譯文Inthehierarchicalapproach,eachrelationshipmustbeexplicitlydefinedwhenthedatabaseiscreated.Eachrecordinahierarchicaldatabasecancontainonlyonekeyfieldandonlyonerelationshipisallowedbetweenanytwofields.Thiscancreateaproblembecausedatadonotalwaysconformtosuchastricthierarchy.RelationalModelAmajorbr

15、eakthroughindatabaseresearchoccurredin1970whenE.F.Coddproposedafundamentallydifferentapproachtodatabasemanagementcalledrelationalmodel,whichusesatableasitsdatastructure.Therelationaldatabaseisthemostwidelyuseddatabasestructure.Dataisorganizedintorelatedtables.Eachtableismadeupofrowscalledandcolumnsc

16、alledfields.Eachrecordcontainsfieldsofdataaboutsomespecificitem.Forexample,inatablecontaininginformationonemployees,arecordwouldcontainfieldsofdatasuchasapersonslastname,firstname,andstreetaddress.Structuredquerylanguage(SQL)isaquerylanguageformanipulatingdatainarelationaldatabase.Itisnonproceduralo

17、rdeclarative,inwhichtheuserneedonlyspecifyanEnglish-likedescriptionthatspecifiestheoperationandthedescribedrecordorcombinationofrecords.Aqueryoptimizertranslatesthedescriptionintoaproceduretoperformthedatabasemanipulation.NetworkModelThenetworkmodelcreatesrelationshipsamongdatathroughalinked-liststr

18、uctureinwhichsubordinaterecordscanbelinkedtomorethanoneparentrecord.Thisapproachcombinesrecordswithlinks,whicharecalledpointers.Thepointersareaddressesthatindicatethelocationofarecord.Withthenetworkapproach,asubordinaterecordcanbelinkedtoakeyrecordandatthesametimeitselfbeakeyrecordlinkedtoothersetso

19、fsubordinaterecords.Thenetworkmodehistoricallyhashadaperformanceadvantageoverotherdatabasemodels.Today,suchperformancecharacteristicsareonlyimportantinhigh-volume,high-speedtransactionprocessingsuchasautomatictellermachinenetworksorairlinereservationsystem.Bothhierarchicalandnetworkdatabasesareappli

20、cationspecific.Ifanewapplicationisdeveloped,maintainingtheconsistencyofdatabasesindifferentapplicationscanbeverydifficult.Forexample,supposeanewpensionapplicationisdeveloped.Thedataarethesame,butanewdatabasemustbecreated.ObjectModel3英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文Thenewestapproachtodatabasemanagementusesanobjectmodel,i

21、nwhichrecordsarerepresentedbyentitiescalledobjectsthatcanbothstoredataandprovidemethodsorprocedurestoperformspecifictasks.Thequerylanguageusedfortheobjectmodelisthesameobject-orientedprogramminglanguageusedtodevelopthedatabaseapplication.Thiscancreateproblemsbecausethereisnosimple,uniformquerylangua

22、gesuchasSQL.Theobjectmodelisrelativelynew,andonlyafewexamplesofobject-orienteddatabaseexist.Ithasattractedattentionbecausedeveloperswhochooseanobject-orientedprogramminglanguagewantadatabasebasedonanobject-orientedmodel.DistributedDatabaseSimilarly,adistributeddatabaseisoneinwhichdifferentpartsofthe

23、databaseresideonphysicallyseparatedcomputers.Onegoalofdistributeddatabasesistheaccessofinformationwithoutregardtowherethedatamightbestored.Keepinginmindthatoncetheusersandtheirdatabeingseparated,thecommunicationandnetworkingconceptscomeintoplay.Distributeddatabasesrequiresoftwarethatresidespartially

24、inthelargercomputer.Thissoftwarebridgesthegapbetweenpersonalandlargecomputersandresolvestheproblemsofincompatibledataformats.Ideally,itwouldmakethemainframedatabasesappeartobelargelibrariesofinformation,withmostoftheprocessingaccomplishedonthepersonalcomputer.Adrawbacktosomedistributedsystemsisthatt

25、heyareoftenbasedonwhatiscalledamainframe-entiremodel,inwhichthelargerhostcomputerisseenasthemasterandtheterminalorpersonalcomputerisseenasaslave.Therearesomeadvantagestothisapproach.Withdatabasesundercentralizedcontrol,manyoftheproblemsofdataintegritythatwementionedearlieraresolved.Buttodayspersonal

26、computers,departmentalcomputers,anddistributedprocessingrequirecomputersandtheirapplicationstocommunicatewitheachotheronamoreequalorpeer-to-peerbasis.Inadatabase,theclient/servermodelprovidestheframeworkfordistributingdatabases.Onewaytotakeadvantageofmanyconnectedcomputersrunningdatabaseapplications

27、istodistributetheapplicationintocooperatingpartsthatareindependentofoneanther.Aclientisanenduserorcomputerprogramthatrequestsresourcesacrossanetwork.Aserverisacomputerrunningsoftwarethatfulfillsthoserequests4英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文acrossanetwork.Whentheresourcesaredatainadatabase,theclient/servermodelprovidesth

28、eframeworkfordistributingdatabase.Afileserverissoftwarethatprovidesaccesstofilesacrossanetwork.Adedicatedfileserverisasinglecomputerdedicatedtobeingafileserver.Thisisuseful,forexample,ifthefilesarelargeandrequirefastaccess.Insuchcases,aminicomputerormainframewouldbeusedasafileserver.Adistributedfile

29、serverspreadsthefilesaroundonindividualcomputersinsteadofplacingthemononededicatedcomputer.Advantagesofthelatterserverincludetheabilitytostoreandretrievefilesonothercomputersandtheeliminationofduplicatefilesoneachcomputer.Amajordisadvantage,however,isthatindividualread/writerequestsarebeingmovedacro

30、ssthenetworkandproblemscanarisewhenupdatingfiles.Supposeauserrequestsarecordfromafileandchangesitwhileanotheruserrequeststhesamerecordandchangesittoo.Thesolutiontothisproblemcalledrecordlocking,whichmeansthatthefirstrequestmakesothersrequestswaituntilthefirstrequestissatisfied.Otherusersmaybeabletor

31、eadtherecord,buttheywillnotbeabletochangeit.Adatabaseserverissoftwarethatservicesrequeststoadatabaseacrossanetwork.Forexample,supposeausertypesinaqueryfordataonhisorherpersonalcomputer.Iftheapplicationisdesignedwiththeclient/servermodelinmind,thequerylanguagepartonthepersonalcomputersimplesendsthequ

32、eryacrossthenetworktothedatabaseserverandrequeststobenotifiedwhenthedataarefound.Examplesofdistributeddatabasesystemscanbefoundintheengineeringworld.SunsNetworkFilingSystem(NFS),forexample,isusedincomputer-aidedengineeringapplicationstodistributedataamongtheharddisksinanetworkofSunworkstation.5英文參考文

33、獻(xiàn)原文及譯文譯文:數(shù)據(jù)庫模型簡介W.JasonGilmore數(shù)據(jù)庫(database,有時被拼作database)又稱為電子數(shù)據(jù)庫，是專門組織起來的一組數(shù)據(jù)或信息，其目的是為了便于計算機(jī)快速查詢及檢索。數(shù)據(jù)庫的結(jié)構(gòu)是專門設(shè)計的，在各種數(shù)據(jù)處理操作命令的支持下，可以簡化數(shù)據(jù)的存儲、檢索、修改和刪除。數(shù)據(jù)庫可以存儲在磁盤、磁帶、光盤或其他輔助存儲設(shè)備上。數(shù)據(jù)庫由一個或一套文件組成，其中的信息可以分解為記錄，每一條記錄又包含一個或多個字段（或稱為域）。字段是數(shù)據(jù)存取的基本單位。數(shù)據(jù)庫用于描述實體，其中的一個字段通常表示與實體的某一屬性相關(guān)的信息。通過關(guān)鍵字以及各種分類（排序）命令，用戶可以對多條記錄

34、的字段進(jìn)行查詢，重新整理，分組或選擇，以實體對某一類數(shù)據(jù)的檢索，也可以生成報表。所有數(shù)據(jù)庫（除最簡單的）中都有復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)關(guān)系及其鏈接。處理與創(chuàng)建，訪問以及維護(hù)數(shù)據(jù)庫記錄有關(guān)的復(fù)雜任務(wù)的系統(tǒng)軟件包叫做數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（DBMS）。DBMSC件包中的程序在數(shù)據(jù)庫與其用戶間建立接口。（這些用戶可以是應(yīng)用程序員，管理員及其他需要信息的人員和各種操作系統(tǒng)程序）DBMST組織、處理和表示從數(shù)據(jù)庫中選出的數(shù)據(jù)元。該功能使決策者能搜索、探查和查詢數(shù)據(jù)庫的內(nèi)容，從而對正規(guī)報告中沒有的，不再出現(xiàn)的且無法預(yù)料的問題做出回答。這些問題最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定義不恰當(dāng)?shù)?，但是人們可以瀏覽數(shù)據(jù)庫直到獲得所需的信息。

35、簡言之，DBM略“管理”存儲的數(shù)據(jù)項和從公共數(shù)據(jù)庫中匯集所需的數(shù)據(jù)項用以回答非程序員的詢問。DBMS53個主要部分組成：（1）存儲子系統(tǒng)，用來存儲和檢索文件中的數(shù)據(jù)；（2）建模和操作子系統(tǒng)，提供組織數(shù)據(jù)以及添加、刪除、維護(hù)、更新數(shù)據(jù)的方法;（3）用戶和DBM4間的接口。在提高數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)的價值和有效性方面正在展現(xiàn)以下一些重要發(fā)展趨勢:1. 管理人員需要最新的信息以做出有效的決策。2. 客戶需要越來越復(fù)雜的信息服務(wù)以及更多的有關(guān)其訂單，發(fā)票和賬號的當(dāng)前信息。3. 用戶發(fā)現(xiàn)他們可以使用傳統(tǒng)的程序設(shè)計語言，在很短的一段時間內(nèi)用數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)開發(fā)客戶應(yīng)用程序。英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文4. 商業(yè)公司發(fā)現(xiàn)了信

36、息的戰(zhàn)略價值，他們利用數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)先于競爭對手。數(shù)據(jù)庫模型數(shù)據(jù)庫模型描述了在數(shù)據(jù)庫中結(jié)構(gòu)化和操縱數(shù)據(jù)的方法，模型的結(jié)構(gòu)部分規(guī)定了數(shù)據(jù)如何被描述（例如樹，表等）:模型的操縱部分規(guī)定了數(shù)據(jù)添加、刪除、顯示、維護(hù)、打印、查找、選擇、排序和更新等操作。分層模型第一個數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)使用的是分層模型，也就是說，將數(shù)據(jù)記錄排列成樹形結(jié)構(gòu)。一些記錄根目錄，在其他所有記錄中都有獨(dú)立的父記錄。樹形結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計反映了數(shù)據(jù)被使用的順序，也就是首先訪問處于樹根位置的記錄，接下來是根下面的記錄等。分層模型的開發(fā)是因為分層關(guān)系在商業(yè)應(yīng)用中普遍存在。眾所周知，一個組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖表就描述了一種分層關(guān)系:高層管理人員在高層，中層管理人

37、員在較低的層次，負(fù)責(zé)具體事務(wù)的雇員在底層。值得注意的是，在一個嚴(yán)格的分層結(jié)構(gòu)體系中，在每個管理層下可能有多個雇員或多個層次的雇員，但每個雇員只有一個管理者。分層結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)的典型特征是數(shù)據(jù)之間的一對多關(guān)系。在分層方法中，當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)庫建立時，每一關(guān)系即被明確地定義。在分層數(shù)據(jù)庫中的每一記錄只能包含一個關(guān)鍵字段，任意兩個字段之間只能有一種關(guān)系。由于數(shù)據(jù)并不總是遵循這種嚴(yán)格的分層關(guān)系，所以這樣可能會出現(xiàn)一些問題。關(guān)系模型在1970年，數(shù)據(jù)庫研究取得了重大突破。E.F.Codd提出了一種截然不同的數(shù)據(jù)庫管理方法，使用表作為數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),稱之為關(guān)系模型.關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫是使用最廣的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu),數(shù)據(jù)被組織成關(guān)系表,每個表由稱

38、作記錄的行和稱作字段的列組成。每個記錄包含了專用項目的字段值。例如，在一個包含雇員信息的表中，一個記錄包含了像一個人姓名和地址這樣的字段的值。結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢語言（SQL）是一種在關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫中用于處理數(shù)據(jù)的查詢語言。它是非過程化語言或者說是描述性的，用戶只須指定一種類似于英語的描述，用來確定操作、記錄或描述記錄組合。查詢優(yōu)化器將這種描述翻譯為過程執(zhí)行數(shù)據(jù)庫操作。網(wǎng)狀模型網(wǎng)狀模型在數(shù)據(jù)之間通過鏈接表結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)建關(guān)系，子記錄可以鏈接到多個父記錄。這種將記錄和鏈接捆綁到一起的方法叫做指針，它是指向一個記錄存儲位置的存儲地址。使用網(wǎng)狀方法，一個子記錄可以鏈接到一個關(guān)鍵記錄，同時，它本身也可以作為一個關(guān)鍵記錄鏈接到其他一系列子記錄。在早期，網(wǎng)狀模型比其他7英文參考文獻(xiàn)原文及譯文模型更有性能優(yōu)勢，但是在今天，這種優(yōu)勢的特點只有在自動柜員機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，航空預(yù)定系統(tǒng)等大容量和高速處理過程中才是最重要的。分層和網(wǎng)狀數(shù)據(jù)庫都是專用程序，如果開發(fā)一個新的應(yīng)用程序，那么在不同的應(yīng)用程序中保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)庫的一致性是非常困難的。例如開發(fā)一個退休金程序，需要訪問雇員數(shù)據(jù)，這一數(shù)據(jù)同時也被工資單程序訪問。雖然數(shù)據(jù)是相同的，但是也必須建立新的數(shù)據(jù)庫。對象模