語法復(fù)習(xí)01：句子成分、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)一：句子成分；簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定義：構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。（二）主語：主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞

2、）We often speak English in class.（代詞）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（動(dòng)名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）It is necessary to

3、 master a foreign language.（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）（三）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如：We are students.（四）表語：表語用以說明主語的身

4、份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動(dòng)詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞）The speech is exciting.（分詞）Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His

5、hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動(dòng)名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）（五）賓語：賓語表示動(dòng)作的對象或承愛者，一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展覽）yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（

6、代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動(dòng)名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓

7、語+賓補(bǔ)），例如：They elected him their monitor.（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語：英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.

8、（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）（七）定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty

9、women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動(dòng)名詞）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語）（八）狀語：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，

10、叫做狀語?？捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆篖ight travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語）He is in the room making a model plane.（分詞短語）Wait a minute.（名詞）Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：How about meeting

11、again at six?（時(shí)間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up with th

12、e others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）練習(xí)一一、指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4.

13、What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He

14、managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty

15、 to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的主語（）、謂語（）、賓語（）：I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is t

16、he time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm

17、is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along cha

18、nnels to different parts of the garden.三、用符號劃出下列短文各句中的定語（）、狀語（）、補(bǔ)語（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends dri

19、nk beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China?

20、Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、選擇填空：( )1. _ will leave for Beijing.A. Now there the man B. The man here nowC. The man who is here now D. The man is here now( ) 2. The weather _.A. wet and cold B. is wet and coldC. not wet and coldD. were wet and

21、cold( ) 3. The apple tasted _.A. sweets B. sweetly C. nicely D. sweet( ) 4. He got up _ yesterday morning.A. lately B. late C. latest D. latter( )5. The actor _at the age of 70.A. dead B. died C. dyed D. deaded( )6. _ were all very tired, but none of _ would stop to take a rest.A. We, us B. Us, we C

22、. We, our D. We, we( )7. He found the street much _.A. crowd B. crowding C. crowded D. crowdedly( ) 8.I think _necessary to learn English well.A. its B. it C. that D. that is( ) 9. The dog _ mad.A. looks B. is looked C. is being looked D. was looked( )10.I will never forget the day _ I joined the ar

23、my.A. that B. when C. in which D. where二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法1、按句子的用途可分四種：1）陳述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：H

24、ow clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The fu

25、ture is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）簡單句的五種基本句型1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語：e.g. He is a student.2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞：e.g. We work.3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語：e.g. Henry bought

26、 a dictionary.4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）：e.g. My father bought me a car.5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.注：其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。（三）并列句的分類1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等連接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示選擇，常用的連詞有or, ei

27、theror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折，常用的連詞有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果關(guān)系，常用的連詞有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for

28、rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（四）高考考點(diǎn)探討1、簡單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多，但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解，在書面表達(dá)中，沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目，幾個(gè)考點(diǎn)，是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢。3、高考對簡單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對連詞的選擇和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它連接名詞性從

29、句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起，以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯，時(shí)間從句與條件從句中，如果主句是將來時(shí)，從句則用一般式表將來，這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)常考查。如：We will go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow。練習(xí)二、簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句一、判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There

30、is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. Wha

31、t he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句：I hope you are very well（）. I'm fine, but tired（）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the far

32、m（）. August is the hottest month here（）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（）. We

33、have a lot of machines on the farm（）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（）. But he employs more men for the harvest（）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（）. It doesn't often rain in the summer here（）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（

34、）. Every evening we pump water from a well（）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（）. These parties often make us very happy（）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（）. It's great（）! Americans eat a lot of mea

35、t too much in my opinion（）. Some of my friends drink beer（）. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party（）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（）. There are five different time areas in the States（）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing

36、time（）. How many different time areas do you have in China（）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（）. Please give my best regards to your parents（）. 三、選擇填空：1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it.A. andB. orC. ifD. so2. Its the third time that John has been late, _?A. hasnt heB. isnt h

37、e C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again!A. HowB. WhatC. What aD. What an4. Let us pass, _?A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ?A. do IB. dont IC. is heD. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _?A. will youB. had youC. shall youD. have

38、 you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition.A. thenB. butC. andD. or8. Im sorry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. andB. butC. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henr

39、y also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in his office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. orB. forC. whileD. so11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. orB. andC. butD. so12. -

40、“_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How high13. - Your uncle isnt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isntC. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone!A. How, is sheB. What, is sheC. How, she isD. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she fel

41、t very tired.A. orB. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. was makingB. makesC. is makingD. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library.A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it fo

42、r you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me19. As he is strong, _ can lift one hundred pounds.A. yet heB. but heC. andD. he20. - I thought you had an umbrella.- I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next roo

43、m.A. Turning B. To turnC. Turned D. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chicken _ I like fish very much.A. and, andB. and, butC. or, andD. or, but23. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall

44、 we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise25. She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later.A. arrivingB. to arriveC. having arrivedD. and arrived26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointed2

45、7. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When leftB. LeavingC. If you leaveD. Leave29. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _?- But I fed it yesterday.A. do youB. will youC.

46、didnt youD. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does.A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare atD. Watch 四、按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to tell the truth.（改為否定句）2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（對畫線部分提問）3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, _?（完成反意疑問）4. You must be careful w

47、ith your pronunciation.（改為祈使句）5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改為一般疑問句)6. It is an interesting story.（改為感嘆句）7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（對畫線部分提問）8. They could hardly believe his words, _?（完成反意疑問）9. The moon is shining brightly.（改為感嘆句）10.Our English teacher i

48、s always encouraging us to speak English in class. （對畫線部分提問）參考答案：練習(xí)一：一、1、主語，定語；2、間接賓語；3、謂語，狀語；4、定語；5、狀語，狀語；6、定語，表語；7、賓語，狀語；8、謂語，主語；9、謂語；10、主語，表語；11、謂語，賓語；12、狀語；13、形式賓語，真正賓語；14、賓語、定語；15、插入語，狀語；16、賓語(間賓+直賓)；17、狀語，狀語；18、形式主語，表語，賓補(bǔ)；19、賓補(bǔ)；20、表語二、略三、略四、15 CBDBB 610 ACBAB練習(xí)二：一、1、簡單句；2、復(fù)合句；3、簡單句；4、簡單句；5、并列句

49、；6、復(fù)合句；7、并列句；8、復(fù)合句；9、簡單句；10、簡單句二、I hope you are very well（復(fù)合句）. I'm fine, but tired（簡單句）. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm（并列句）. August is the hottest month here（簡單句）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（并列句） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（簡單句）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where