Negnevitsky人工智能英文講義一52

1、1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647PeriodKey EventsThe birth of ArtificialIntelligence(19431956)McCulloch and Pitts, A Logical Calculus of the IdeasImmanent in Nervous Activity, 1943Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence, 1950The Electronic Num

2、erical Integrator and Calculatorproject (von Neumann)Shannon, Programming a Computer for Playing Chess,1950The Dartmouth College summer workshop on machineintelligence, artificial neural nets and automata theory,195648PeriodKey EventsThe rise of artificialintelligence(1956late 1960s)LISP (McCarthy)T

3、he General Problem Solver (GPR) project (Newell andSimon)Newell and Simon, Human Problem Solving, 1972Minsky, A Framework for Representing Knowledge, 1975The disillusionmentin artificialintelligence (late1960searly 1970s)Cook, The Complexity of Theorem Proving Procedures,1971Karp, Reducibility Among

4、 Combinatorial Problems, 1972The Lighthill Report, 197149PeriodKey EventsThe discovery ofexpert systems (early1970smid-1980s)DENDRAL (Feigenbaum, Buchanan and Lederberg,Stanford University)MYCIN (Feigenbaum and Shortliffe, Stanford University)PROSPECTOR (Stanford Research Institute)PROLOG - a logic

5、programming language (Colmerauer,Roussel and Kowalski, France)EMYCIN (Stanford University)Waterman, A Guide to Expert Systems, 198650PeriodKey EventsThe rebirth ofartificial neuralnetworks(1965onwards)Hopfield, Neural Networks and Physical Systems withEmergent Collective Computational Abilities, 198

6、2Kohonen, Self-Organized Formation of TopologicallyCorrect Feature Maps, 1982Rumelhart and McClelland, Parallel DistributedProcessing, 1986The First IEEE International Conference on NeuralNetworks, 1987Haykin, Neural Networks, 1994Neural Network, MATLAB Application Toolbox (TheMathWork, Inc.)51Perio

7、dKey EventsEvolutionarycomputation (early1970sonwards)Rechenberg, Evolutionsstrategien - OptimierungTechnischer Systeme Nach Prinzipien der BiologischenInformation, 1973Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems,1975.Koza, Genetic Programming: On the Programming of theComputers by Means o

8、f Natural Selection, 1992.Schwefel, Evolution and Optimum Seeking, 1995Fogel, Evolutionary Computation Towards a NewPhilosophy of Machine Intelligence, 1995.52PeriodKey EventsComputing withWords(late 1980sonwards)Zadeh, Fuzzy Sets, 1965Zadeh, Fuzzy Algorithms, 1969Mamdani, Application of Fuzzy Logic

9、 to ApproximateReasoning Using Linguistic Synthesis, 1977Sugeno, Fuzzy Theory, 1983Japanese “fuzzy” consumer products (dishwashers,washing machines, air conditioners, television sets,copiers)Sendai Subway System (Hitachi, Japan), 1986The First IEEE International Conference on FuzzySystems, 1992Kosko, Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems, 1992Kosko, Fuzzy Thinking, 1993Cox