全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)考試技巧培訓(xùn)教程

1、全國(guó)職稱英語(yǔ)考試技巧培訓(xùn)教程（八）補(bǔ)全短文補(bǔ)充口訣：銜接詞若是the/this/that/these/those/such + 名詞， 這種銜接（結(jié)構(gòu)）的指代內(nèi)容最好辨: the this/that/these/those/such + 名詞若在上文中有指代， 冠詞the后的名詞空格前句中能找見（留意“隱形指代”）。銜接詞若是人稱代詞，人稱代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)意義和指代特點(diǎn)要注意；人稱代詞若在上文中有指代， 空格前該代詞會(huì)出現(xiàn)， 或空格前有數(shù)量意義一致的名詞（名詞短語(yǔ)）能找見；銜接詞若是either/neither或both, 含有這三個(gè)詞的選項(xiàng)若想成答案， 空格前句中一定會(huì)陳述了兩個(gè)件事或物；銜接詞

2、若是some/many/most(+ 名詞)，先要看它們所在的句子，弄清它們代表的意義，（然后）空格前查看是否有及它們意義呼應(yīng)的名詞（名詞短語(yǔ)）， 空格前呼應(yīng)詞語(yǔ)能找見， 它們通常是答案；選項(xiàng)中若出現(xiàn)了however, 含however選項(xiàng)常常是答案， 選項(xiàng)及空格前句形成對(duì)比意， 選項(xiàng)及空格前后句常能找見對(duì)比詞；選項(xiàng)中若出現(xiàn)了also, 含also選項(xiàng)也常常是答案，選項(xiàng)及空格前句形成并列句；選項(xiàng)中若含有數(shù)字， 含數(shù)字選項(xiàng)常常是答案， 選項(xiàng)為重要的例子， 用于說(shuō)明或論證（空格前的概括句或觀點(diǎn)句）；例子常接連著出現(xiàn)，所以空格后有時(shí)也是含數(shù)字的句子；含專有名詞句子常是重要的例子， 含專有名詞的選項(xiàng)可

3、能是答案； 選項(xiàng)時(shí)態(tài)若是呈現(xiàn)出不同：有的用現(xiàn)在（時(shí)態(tài)），有的用過(guò)去（時(shí)態(tài)）， 則“相鄰句子基調(diào)時(shí)態(tài)常一致（陳述過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在對(duì)比的句子要除外）”要牢記，靠它排除干擾（項(xiàng)）很給力；選項(xiàng)中若出現(xiàn)了人名，英語(yǔ)人名出現(xiàn)有特點(diǎn)： （短文中）第一次出現(xiàn)是全名， 不是全名都非第一次出現(xiàn)。選項(xiàng)中若沒不是全名， 該選項(xiàng)若要成答案， 空格前句中一定有全名。實(shí)詞之間的呼應(yīng)也使語(yǔ)篇銜接和連貫， 選項(xiàng)中若有實(shí)詞及空格前后句中詞語(yǔ)相呼應(yīng)(同一單詞的反復(fù)出現(xiàn)， 近義詞之間的呼應(yīng)， 正反義詞之間的呼應(yīng)， 家族詞匯之間的呼應(yīng)， 概括詞和被概括詞之間的呼應(yīng))， 該選項(xiàng)可能是答案；補(bǔ)全短文主要考點(diǎn)：上下文之間的特殊意義關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，

4、因果關(guān)系， 并列關(guān)系， 綜述及分述， 觀點(diǎn)及舉例， 對(duì)比關(guān)系（轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系）however，but, yetand, also, too, as well, besides, in addition(因果關(guān)系)this is because.， therefore, thus, hence(觀點(diǎn)及舉例)for example, for instance,數(shù)字（對(duì)比關(guān)系）now/currently/ at present.in the past, agosome (people). others .some(people).most(people)課堂練習(xí)：第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（選自2008/A） W

5、hats Lacking in 'Sicko'?When it comes to economic decisions, there are always trade-offs（取舍）. Gain one thing and you lose something else. _（46） The central argument of Michael Moore's movie “Sicko” - that the cure to the nation's health care problems is a single - payer system - is h

6、ardly novel and is certainly worth consideration, whether or not you agree with it. But in comparing the American system with single-payer plans of other countries - Britain, France, Canada and Cuba - Mr. Moore left out the trade-offs, characterizing those countries as health care paradises. _（47） K

7、urt Loder, the film critic who is best known as the anchor（主持人）of “MTV News, ” wrote a critique（批評(píng)）of the film for MTV's website. “'Sicko,'” he said, “does a real service” in portraying（描繪）victims of American insurance companies - like the people who died because their only treatment opt

8、ions were considered “experimental” and therefore not covered. _（48） When “governments attempt to regulate the balance between a limited supply of health care and an unlimited demand for it, theyre inevitably forced to ration treatment.” Mr. Loder asserted. _（49）Mr. Loder cited the short film “Dead

9、Meat,” which presents anecdotes（軼事）of failure in the Canadian single-payer system. In its one-sidedness, “Dead Meat” might have made for a nice double feature with “Sicko.” and left moviegoers with a more complete understanding of the complications of deciding on a health care system. _（50） This all

10、 makes an otherwise “emotionally compelling film not necessarily an intellectually satisfying one, ” wrote Darren Barefoot, a Canadian blogger（博客作者）. A Mr. Moore also decided to ignore problems in other countries, like Frances high taxes and Britains cash-short hospitals. B But the film as a whole,

11、he concluded, is “breathtakingly meretricious（似是而非的）,”in large part because of its characterizations of other countries' health care systems. C The problems have been noticedand criticism is coming not just from Mr. Moore's detractors（詆毀者）. D He ticked off a number of negative statistics to

12、counter the positive ones offered by Mr. Moore. E Health care is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness. F This is particularly true in health care, a market in which scarce（稀罕的）goods are ridiculously expensive, but needed by everybody.參考答案： 46. F 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. A第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（2009/

13、B） Reduce PackagingPressure increased recently on British supermarkets and retailers to reduce packaging as part of an anti-waste campaign. _(46) Britain generates 4.6 million tons of household waste every year by packaging. Dozens of people have expressed anger at the excess of plastic wrapping.Cam

14、paigners have called on Britain to learn from other European countries. _(47) When returned bottles are put in a vending machine (自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)), the deposit is refunded. Environmentalists warn that Britain lags behind in this. There were reports of growing unease among consumers over the amount of packagin

15、g they have to deal with. Trade standards officers also object to excessive packaging. _(48) In response to a campaign by Britain's The Independent newspaper, leading supermarkets have pointed to various initiatives to win the public confidence._ (49) But campaigners said retailers and the gover

16、nment could learn much from anti-waste practices on the Continent. In Sweden, non-recyclable batteries have been taxed since 1991 to encourage a switch to alternatives. _(50) in Germany, plastic bags are unheard of in supermarkets and deposits are paid for reusable plastic and glass beverage bottles

17、. A In Belgium, when you buy something in a plastic or glass container, you make a deposit. B This is because too much padding can give buyers a false impression of what they are buying. C This has resulted in a 74 percent reduction in sales. D Tesco said it was saving 112,000 tons of cardboard a ye

18、ar by switching to reusable plastic crates (裝貨箱) for transporting its fresh produce. E The campaign was initiated by The Independent newspaper. F If a product is over-packaged, don't buy it. 解析：E The campaign was initiated by The Independent newspaper. Pressure increased recently on British supe

19、rmarkets and retailers to reduce packaging as part of an anti-waste campaign. _(46) Britain generates 4.6 million tons of household waste every year by packaging. A In Belgium, when you buy something in a plastic or glass container, you make a deposit. Dozens of people have expressed anger at the ex

20、cess of plastic wrapping.Campaigners have called on Britain to learn from other European countries. _(47) When returned bottles are put in a vending machine (自動(dòng)售貨機(jī)), the deposit is refunded. Environmentalists warn that Britain lags behind in this. B This is because too much padding can give buyers a

21、 false impression of what they are buying. There were reports of growing unease among consumers over the amount of packaging they have to deal with. （觀點(diǎn)）Trade standards officers also object to excessive packaging. _(48) C This has resulted in a 74 percent reduction in sales. D Tesco said it was savi

22、ng 112,000 tons of cardboard a year by switching to reusable plastic crates (裝貨箱) for transporting its fresh produce. F If a product is over-packaged, don't buy it. 46. E 47. A 48. B 49. D 50. C第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（2010/A） I Know Just How You FeelDo you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way yo

23、u show these emotions is unique. Well, think again. Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified, according to Mind Readingame, a DVD displaying every possible human emotion. It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel the first visual distionary of the human heart. Att

24、empts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the emtions into six types-anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _(46) Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin's small group. More complex expressions of emotions were probably learned and th

25、erefore more specific to each culture. But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide. _(47) The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions. The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism (孤獨(dú)癥), who have dif

26、ficulty both reading and expressing emotions. But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses. Actors and teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an "emotion" _(48) Using this definition, 1,512 e

27、motion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from"afraid" to "wanting". Once these emotions were defined and classified, a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them. In Mind Reading, each expression is acted out by six

28、different actors in three seconds. _(49) The explanation for this is simple: we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words, but we instantly recognise one when we see it on someone's face. " It was really clear when the actors had got it right," says Cathy Collis, who direc

29、ted the DVD." Although they were given some direstion," says Ms Collis, " the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. " _(50) For example, when someone feel contempt, you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down. Someone who has tried to es

30、tablish such rules is the American, Professor Paul Ekman, who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion. The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called " action units". These can be combined into more than 10, 000 visible facial shapes. Ekmen has written out a pat

31、tern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion. A. He said that this expression of feeling is universal and recognizable by anyone from any culture . B. Any other method of showing the 412 emotions whould have been far less effective. C. Research has also been done to find out which are

32、a of brain read the emotional expressions. D. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it. E. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by "I feel" "he looks" or"she sounds". F. We thought of trying to describe each e

33、motion, but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules of this. 解析：D. These particular muscles are difficult to control, and few people can do it. Although they were given some direstion," says Ms Collis, " the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move. "

34、; _(50) For example, when someone feel contempt, you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down. A. He said that this expression of feeling is universal and recognizable by anyone from any culture . Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s, when Darwin divided the em

35、tions into six types-anger, fear, sadness, disgust, surprise and enjoyment. _(46) Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin's small group.E. They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by "I feel" "he looks" or"she sounds". Actors and

36、teachers, for example, need to understand a wide range of expressions. The professor and his research team first had to define an "emotion" _(48) Using this definition, 1,512 emotion terms were identified and discussed. This list was eventually reduced to 412, from"afraid" to &qu

37、ot;wanting". B. Any other method of showing the 412 emotions whould have been far less effective. C. Research has also been done to find out which area of brain read the emotional expressions. F. We thought of trying to describe each emotion, but it would have been almost impossible to make cle

38、ar rules of this. 46 B 47. F 48. E. 49. A 50 D第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（2010/B） SemcoAt 21Ricard0 Semler became boss of his father business in Brazil，Semco，which sold partsfor shipsSemler Junior worked like a madman，from 7：30 am，until midnight every dayOne afternoon while touring a factory in New York he collapsed

39、The doctor who treated him said "There，s nothing wrong with youBut if you continue like this，you'11 find a new home in our hospital"Semler got the messageHe changed the way he workedIn fact，he changed the way his employees worked too He let his workers take more responsibility so that

40、they would be the ones worrying when things went wrongHe allowed them to set their own salaries，and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessarylike receptionists andsecretaries_(46)"Everyone at Semco， even top managers，meets guests in reception does the photocopying，sends faxes，types letter

41、s and dials the phone" He completely reorganized the office：instead of walls，they have plants at Semco，so bosses can't shut themselves away from everyone else_(47)As for uniforms，some people wear suits and others wear T-shirts Semler says"We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who

42、sits there reading the newspaper hour after hourHe doesn't even pretend to be busy But when a Semco pump on the otherside of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the seaRubin springs intoaction_(48)That's when he earns his salaryNo one cares if he doesn'

43、t look busy therest of the time" Semco has flexible working hours：the employees decide when they need to arrive at workTheemployees also evaluate their bosses twice a year_(49) It sounds perfectbut does it work?The answer is in the numbers：in the last six years Semco's revenues have gone fr

44、om$35 million to$212 millionThe company has grown from eighthundred employees to 3，000Why? Semler says it's because of"peer pressure"Peer pressure makes everyone work hard for every。one else_(50)In other words，Ricardo Semler treats his workers like adults and expectsthem to act like ad

45、ultsAnd they do AThis saved money and brought more equality to the company BHe knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them CAnd the workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want DMost managers spend their time making it difficult for workers to work EIf someone

46、isn't doing his job well，the other workers will not allow the situation to contin'Ue FAlso，Semco lets its workers use the company's machines for their own projeets，and makesthem take holidays for at 1east thirty days a year解析：A This saved money and brought more equality to the company He

47、 let his workers take more responsibility so that they would be the ones worrying when things went wrongHe allowed them to set their own salaries，and he cut all the jobs he thought were unnecessarylike receptionists andsecretaries_(46)"Everyone at Semco， even top managers，meets guests in recept

48、ion does the photocopying，sends faxes，types letters and dials the phone" BHe knows everything there is to know about our pumps and how to fix them Semler says"We have a sales manager named Rubin Agater who sits there reading the newspaper hour after hourHe doesn't even pretend to be bu

49、sy But when a Semco pump on the otherside of the world fails and millions of gallons of oil are about to spill into the seaRubinsprings intoaction_(48)That's when he earns his salaryNo one cares if he doesn'tCAndthe workers are free to decorate their workspace as they want DMost managers spe

50、nd their time making it difficult for workers to work EIf someone isn't doing his job well，the other workers will not allow the situation to continue FAlso，Semco lets its workers use the company's machines for their own projects，and makesthem take holidays for at 1east thirty days a year46.A

51、 47. C. 48. B 49. F 50. E第5部分：補(bǔ)全短文（2012/B） Flying into HistoryWhen you turn on the television or read a magazine, celebrities (名人) are everywhere. Although fame and the media play such major roles in our lives today, it has not always been that way. _ (46) Many historians agree that Charles Lindberg

52、h was one of the first major celebrities, or superstars. Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1902, but he grew up in Little Falls, Minnesota. As a child, he was very interested in how things worked, so when he reached college, he pursued a degree in engineering. At the age of 20, however, the allure(誘惑) of flying captured Lindbergh's imagination. _ (47) Soon after, Lindbergh bought his own plane and traveled across the nation performing aerial stunts(空中特技). In 1924, Lindbergh became more serious about flying. He joined the United States military and graduated first