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1、動詞16個時態(tài)般現(xiàn)在時1. 概念:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況;有規(guī)律出現(xiàn)的情況;總是發(fā)生的;和事實真理。2. 時間狀語: Always, usually,ofte n, sometimes, every week (day, year, mon th, ),once a week(day,year, mon th, ) , on Sun days ( on Mon days ,),3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):動詞原形(如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),動詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式)4. 否定形式:主語+ am/is/are + no t +其他;此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加don't :如主語為第三人稱單

2、數(shù),則用 does n't ,同時還原行為動詞。5. 一般疑問句:把be動詞放于句首;用助動詞 do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時,還原行為動詞。6. 例句:It seldom snows here.這里很少下雪。He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于幫助別人。Action speaks louder tha n words.事實勝于雄辯。二、一般過去時1. 概念:過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài);過去習慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作、行為。2. 時間狀語:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, la

3、st week, last(year, ni ght,mon th, ),in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+動詞的過去式或be的過去式+名詞4. 否定形式:主語+ was/were + not +其他;在行為動詞前加did n't,同時還原行為動詞。5. 一般疑問句:was或were放于句首;用助動詞 do的過去式did 提問,同時還原行為動詞。6. 例句:She often came to help us in those days.那些

4、天她經(jīng)常來幫助我們。I did n't know you were so busy.我不知道你是這么忙。三、一般將來時1. 概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計劃或準備做某事。),soon, in a few minutes, by,其它;主語 + will/shall + do + ;主語 + will/shall n ot do +the day其它其它2. 時間狀語: Tomorrow, next day(week, mon th, year, after tomorrow, etc.3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ am/is/are + going to + do +4. 否

5、定形式:主語+ am/is/are not going to do5. 一般疑問句:be放于句首;will/shall 提到句首。首字母大寫6. 例句: They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain.天要下雨了。四、一般過去將來時1. 概念:立足于過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。2. 時間狀語:,year, ), the following month(week,) ,etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + was/were + going to + do +其它;主語 + woul

6、d/should + do +其它4.否定形式:主語 + was/were + not + going to + do;主語 + would/should + not + do.5. 一般疑問句:was或were放于句首; would/should提到句首。6.例句: He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他說他第二天要去北京。I asked who was going there.我問,誰要去那里。五、現(xiàn)在進行時1.概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。2.時間狀語:Now, at this time, days, etc. look

7、, listen3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + be + doing +其它4.否定形式:主語+ be + not +do ing +其它5. 一般疑問句:把be動詞放于句首。你今天感覺如何?在課上他表現(xiàn)得很好。6. 例句: How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his less ons.六、過去進行時1. 概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發(fā)生或進行的行為或動作。2. 時間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+was/were +do

8、ing +其它4. 否定形式:主語+was/were + not +doing+其它5. 一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。(第一個字母大寫)6. 例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段時間她在人民解放軍部隊工作。When he came in, I was readi ng a n ewspaper.他進來時,我正在讀報紙。七、將來進行時1. 概念:表示將來某一時間正在進行的動作,或表示要在將來某一時間開始,并繼續(xù)下去的動作。常 用來表示詢問、請求等。2. 時間狀語: Soon, tomorrow, this evening ,

9、on Sun day, by this time ,in two days, tomorrow evening3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ shall/will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它4. 否定形式:主語+ shall/will + not + be +現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它5. 例句: This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的這個時間,他們正坐在電影院。He won' t be comi ng to theparty. 他不去參加聚會了。八、過去將來進行時1. 概念:表示就過去某一時間而言,將來某一時刻或某一段

10、時間正在進行的動作,主要用于賓語從句中,尤其多用于間接引語中。2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would + be +現(xiàn)在分詞3. 例句:They said they would be comi ng.他們說了他們將要來。他說他不能來因為要開會。He said he could not come because he would be havi ng a meeti ng.九、現(xiàn)在完成時1. 概念:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動 作或狀態(tài)。2. 時間狀語:yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by no

11、w, since +時間點, for + 時間段,recen tly, lately, in the past few years, etc.3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ have/has + p.p (過去分詞) + 其它4. 否定形式:主語+ have/has + not + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它5. 一般疑問句:have或has放句首。6. 例句:rve written an article.我已經(jīng)寫了一篇論文。The cou ntryside has chan ged a lot in the past few years.在過去的幾年,農(nóng)村發(fā)生了巨大的變化。十、過去完成時1. 概念:

12、以過去某個時間為標準,在此以前發(fā)生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。2. 時間狀語: Before, by the end of last year (term, mon th,),etc.3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + had + p.p(過去分詞) +其它4. 否定形式:主語+ had + not +p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它5. 一般疑問句:had放于句首。6. 例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.當我們到車站的時候,火車已經(jīng)開走了。By the end of last mon th, we

13、 had reviewed four books.到上個月底,我們已經(jīng)復習了四本書。基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ had + p.p(過去分詞)+其它 肯定句:主語+ had + p.p(過去分詞)+其它 否定句:主語+ had + n ot + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它 一般疑問句: Had +主語+ p.p(過去分詞)+其它 特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+ 一般疑問句將來完成時1. 概念:在將來某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態(tài)2. 時間狀語:by the time of; by the end of +時間短語(將來);by the time + 從句(將來)3. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + be going to/

14、will/shall + have + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它4 例句: By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.至M爾回 來的時候,就將發(fā)生巨大的變化。十二、過去將來完成時1. 概念:表示在過去某一時間對將來某一時刻以前所會發(fā)生的動作,常用在虛擬語氣中,表示與過去 的事實相反。2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would have done sth.3. 例句:I thought you'd have left by this time.我想這會兒你已經(jīng)走了。He told

15、them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告訴他們他會在8 點以前干完。十三、現(xiàn)在完成進行時1. 概念:表示從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作。這一動作可能剛剛開始,也可能仍在繼續(xù), 并可能延續(xù)到將來。2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + have/has + been + doing +其它3. 時間狀語:since +時間點,for + 時間段等。4. 例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已經(jīng)在這里坐了一個小時。The children have been watching TV since si

16、x o'clock.從 6 點起,孩子們一直看電視。十四、過去完成進行時1. 概念:表示某個正在進行的動作或狀態(tài),持續(xù)到過去某個時刻,還未完成,一直持續(xù)到之后的當前 才結(jié)束。其它2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ had + been + doing +她在考試之前一直患3. 例子: She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.重感冒。Had they bee n expect ing the n ews for some time?4. 特殊含義:尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.

17、企圖:He had bee n study ing the meaning of this proverb.他們期待這個消息有一段時間了吧?他已經(jīng)在寫小說了。(他沒寫完)他曾經(jīng)學習過這個諺語。(他曾努力學習過它)未得結(jié)果:We had bee n study ing what our en emy had said.我們一直致力于敵人所說的。(但是我們沒有理解)最近情況:He had bee n quarrelli ng with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一場架。He had bee n ask ing me the same questi on.情緒: What had he be

18、en doi ng?他做了什么?(不耐煩)反復動作:他一直問我相同的問題。(最近)(屢次)卜五、將來完成進行時1. 概念:表示動作從某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時間。是否繼續(xù)下去,要視上下文而定。2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu):shall/will have been doing3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years year.到今年年底,我將在這個工廠工作20年了。by the end of theIf we don't hurry up the store will have bee n clos

19、ing before we get there. 兒,等我們到了那兒,店門就會關(guān)了。過去將來完成進行時咱們?nèi)绮豢煲稽c八、1.概念:表示從過去某時看至未來某時以前會一直在進行的動作。2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu): should/would + have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞3. 例子: He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirtyyears.他告訴我,到年底時,他就在那住了30年了。主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)的用法:1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:is / am / are +及物動詞的過

20、去分詞Our classroom is clea ned every day.我們教室每天都被打掃。I am asked to study hard.我被告知要努力學習。Knives are used for cutti ng thin gs.刀是用來切東西的。2. 一般過去時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:was / were +及物動詞的過去分詞去年修了一座新商店。3.Dino saur eggs were laid long long ago.般將來時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:will+ be +A new hospital will be built in our city.Many more trees wi

21、ll be pla nted n ext year.恐龍蛋被放置了很久很久。及物動詞的過去分詞我們城市將要修建一家新醫(yī)院。 明年會種更多的樹。4.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:am / is / are + being +及物動詞的過去分詞A new shop was built last year.8#Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.王叔叔正在修理我的自行車。My bike is being repaired by Tom now.They are pla nting trees over there.Trees are bei ng pla nted ove

22、r there by them.他們在那里種植的樹木。5. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:has / have + been +及物動詞的過去分詞This book has bee n tran slated into many Ian guages.這本書被翻譯成多種文字。Many man-made satellites have bee n sent up into space by many coun tries.在許多國家有許多人造衛(wèi)星被送上了太空。6. 過去進行時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:was/were + being +及物動詞的過去分詞The boy was being operated o

23、n whe n his pare nts hurried to the hospital.當他的父母趕至U醫(yī)院的時候這個男孩正在做手術(shù)。The new road was being made.這條新路正在修筑。7. 過去完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:had + been +及物動詞的過去分詞The classroom hadn ' t been cleaned before the teacher came.在老師來之前,教室尚未打掃。The tickets had bee n sold out before I came to the cin ema.在門票被銷售一空前我趕到了電影院。8.

24、將來完成時的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:shall/will + have doneThey will have been married for 20 years by then.屆時,他們結(jié)婚將滿20 周年。The project will have bee n completed before May.該項目將在五月前完成。9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成:情態(tài)動詞+ be +及物動詞的過去分詞You ng trees must be watered often.小樹需要經(jīng)常澆水。Your mistakes should be corrected right now.你應該現(xiàn)在就改正你的錯誤。The

25、door may be locked in side.這扇門可以反鎖。Your homework can be han ded in tomorrow.你的家庭作業(yè)可以明天交。二、怎樣把主動語態(tài)改成被動語態(tài)?把主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)非常簡單,可以遵循以下幾個步驟:1. 先找出謂語動詞;2. 再找出謂語動詞后的賓語;3. 把賓語用作被動語態(tài)中的主語;4. 注意人稱、時態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。例: 1. Bruce writes a letter every week.A letter is written by Bruce every week.2. Li Lei men ded the broke n b

26、ike this morning.The broke n bike was men ded by Li Leithis morni ng.李雷今天上午在修理壞的自行車。3. He has writte n two no vels so far.Two no vels have bee n writte n by him so far.至今他已寫了兩部小說。4. They will pla nt ten trees tomorrow. Ten trees will be pla nted by them tomorrow.5. Lucy is writ ing a letter now.A le

27、tter is being writte n by Lucy now.露西正在寫信。6. You must lock the door whe n you leave.the door must be locked whe n you leave.三、使用被動語態(tài)應注意的幾個問題:1. 不及物動詞無被動語態(tài)。What will happen in 100 years? 一百年里會發(fā)生什么事?The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.約 65 萬年前恐龍滅絕。2. 有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。This pen writes we

28、ll.這支鋼筆很好寫。This new book sells well.這本新書賣的很好。to 。3. 感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式,主動語態(tài)中不帶to ,但變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,須加上例: Make somebody do somethingsomebody+ be +made to do somethingSee somebody do something somebody +be +seen to do somethingA girl saw my wallet drop whe n she passed by.My wallet was see n to drop by a g

29、irl whe nshe passed by.一個女孩看到我的錢夾掉了,當她經(jīng)過的時候。The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The little boy was made to do heavy work bythe boss.這個老板讓這小男孩干重活。4. 如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時,直接賓語(物)做主語,那么動詞后要用介詞,這個介詞是由 與其搭配的動詞決定。He gave me a book. A book was give n to me by him.他給了我一本書。He s howed me a ticket. A ticke

30、t was shown to me by him.他給我展示了一張票。My father bought me a new bike.A new bike was bought for me by my father.5. 一些動詞短語用于被動語態(tài)時,動詞短語應當看作一個整體,而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。We can' t laugh at him.He can' t be laugh at by us.我們不能嘲笑他。He liste ns to the radio every day.The radio is liste ned to by him every day.The

31、 nurse is tak ing care of the sick man.The sick man is being take n care of by the nu rse.句子基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。、簡單句 基本形式:簡單句的基本形式是由一個主語加一個謂語構(gòu)成。其它各種句子形式都是由此句型發(fā)展而來,如五大基本句型:1. 主+謂這種句型簡稱為主謂結(jié)構(gòu),其謂語一般都是不及物動詞,例:Th ings cha nge. 事物是變化的。 Nobody we nt.沒有人去。-Did you go by sea ?你們走的是海路嗎?-NO , we flew. 不,

32、我們是飛去。2. 主+聯(lián)系動詞+表這種句型稱為主系表結(jié)構(gòu),其實聯(lián)系動詞在形式上也是一種謂語動詞,但實質(zhì)上表語成了謂語,例:Mr. Turner is an artist.特納先生是位畫家。The milk turned sour.牛奶變酸了。She became a lawyer. 她當了律師。3. 主+謂+賓這種句型可稱為主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),它的謂語一般多是及物動詞,例:We never beat childre n.我們從來不打孩子。My sister will fix everythi ng.我姐姐會料理一切。4. 主+謂+賓+賓這種句型可稱為主謂賓賓結(jié)構(gòu),其謂語應是可有雙賓語的及物動詞,兩個賓

33、語一個是間接賓語,一個 是直接賓語,例:He gave the book to his sister. I'll write you a long letter.5. 主+謂+賓+賓補這種句型可簡稱為主謂賓補結(jié)構(gòu),其補語是賓語補語,與賓語一起即構(gòu)成復合賓語,例:I found the book easy.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書不難。(形容詞easy作補語)I'll let him go.我將讓他去。(不定式go用作補語)注意:有時兩個或更多的并列主語擁有一個共同的謂語,甚至并列有兩個主語和兩個謂語,這樣的句子仍然是簡單句,例:China and other coun tries in t

34、he east Asia are develop ing rapidly.中國和東亞其它國家正在迅速地發(fā)展。(Chi na and other cou ntries并列主語)Mr. Wang and I ofte n work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相幫助。It引導結(jié)構(gòu)It既是代詞又是引詞。作代詞時,它可做人稱代詞、指示代詞、非人稱代詞,用于前指、非確指或習 語中。作引詞時,它本身無實義,只起先行引導的作用??勺餍问街髡Z(it is + adj. + for/of sb. to dosth.)或形式賓語(it + adj. + to

35、do sth.),真實地主語或賓語是不定式、動名詞或名詞從句,它們則放在后面。It也用于強調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)。如想強調(diào)某個詞或部分,可用it is (was) + 強調(diào)部分(主語、賓語或狀語)+ that(who ),的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。本章要求了解代詞it和引詞it的各種用法,重點掌握it用于前指或后指;引詞 it用于強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。二、并列句兩個或兩個以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句”。并列連詞有:and, but, or, so等。并列句是由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接而成。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要,相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系,是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間

36、用連詞連結(jié)。三、復合句復合句(Complex Sentence )由一個主句(Principal Clause )和一個或一個以上的從句(SubordinateClause )構(gòu)成。主句是全句的主體,通??梢元毩⒋嬖?;從句則是一個句子成分,不能獨立存在。從句不能單獨成句,但它也有主語部分和謂語部分,就像一個句子一樣。所不同在于,從句須由一個 關(guān)聯(lián)詞( connective )弓丨導。1、名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句(Noun Clauses )。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組,它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞性 從句

37、又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1 )主語從句作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that , whether , if和連接代詞 what , who,which , whatever , whoever 以及連接副詞how, when, where , why 等詞弓丨導。 that 在句中無詞義,只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用,在從句中充當從句的成分。例如:What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么,還不清楚。Who will win the match is

38、still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。It is kn ow n to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the En glish evening will be held has not yet bee n announ ced.英語晚會將在哪里舉行,還沒有宣布。有時為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首,而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下:It + be + 名詞+ that 從句It + be +形容詞 + that從句It + be +動詞的

39、過去分詞 + that 從句It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應如此等語氣時,謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣"(should) +do ",常用的句型有:It is n ecessary (importa nt, n atural, stra nge, etc.) that ,It is suggested (requested,proposed, desired, etc.) that,2 )賓語從句名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一 樣,在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動

40、詞的賓語。1. 由連接詞that引導的賓語從句由連接詞that引導賓語從句時,that在句中不擔任任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但 如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如:He has told me that he will go to Sha nghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。We must n ever thi nk (that) we are good in everyth ing while others are good in nothing.我們決不能認為自己什么都好,別人什么都不好。注意:在 dema nd、order、sugg

41、est、decide、in sist, desire, request, comma nd, doubt等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后,賓語從句常用“(should)+動詞原形”。例如:I in sist that she (should) do her work alo ne.我堅持要她自己工作。The comma nder ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令員命令部隊馬上出發(fā)。2. 用 who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, what

42、ever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導的賓語從句相當于特殊疑問句,應注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如:I want to know what he has told you.She always thi nks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人,她都會給予熱情的支持。3. 用whether或if引導的賓語從句,其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒,仍保持陳述句語序。此外,whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用wheth

43、er,不用if :a. 引導主語從句并在句首時;b.引導表語從句時;c.引導從句作介詞賓語時;d.從句后有“ or not”時;e.后接動詞不定式時。例如:Whether there is life on the moon is an in teresti ng questi on.月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。The questi on is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?現(xiàn)在的問題是她是否應該有對測試的小意見?Everyth ing depe nds on whether we have eno ugh mon ey.

44、一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。I won der whether he will come or not.我想知道他來還是不來。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?4. 注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應,當主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時,從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況,而使用不同時態(tài)。如:he studies En glish every day.(從句用一般現(xiàn)在時)he studied En glish last term.(從句用一般過去時)I kn ow (that) he will study En glish next year.(從句用一般將來時)he has stu

45、died En glish si nee 1998.(從句用現(xiàn)在完成時)當主句動詞是過去時態(tài)(could, would 除外),從句則要用相應的過去時態(tài),如一般過去時,過去進行時,過去將來時等;當從句表示的是客觀真理,科學原理,自然現(xiàn)象,則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如:The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America5. thi nk, believe, imagi ne, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中,要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:We don' t thi nk you are

46、 here.我們認為你不在這。I don ' t believe he will do so.我相信他不會這樣做。3 )表語從句在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語從 句位于聯(lián)系動詞后,有時用as if 引導。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語+系動詞+ that 從句。例如:The fact is that we have lost the game.事實是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。That' s just what I want.這正是我想要的。This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。That is

47、why he d idn ' t come to the meet in g.那就是他為什么不到會的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的,當主語是reason時,表語從句要用 that引導而不是 because。例如:The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【注意】whether 可引導表語從句,但與之同義的 if卻通常不用于引導表語從句。4)同位語從句同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位

48、語從句通常由that引導,可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice、dema nd、doubt、fact 、hope、idea、in formati on、message、n ews、order、problem、promise、question 、 request 、suggestion 、truth 、 wish、word 等。例如:The n ews that we won the game is excit ing.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。I have no idea whe n he will come back home.我不知道他什么時候回來。The thought came

49、to him that Mary had probably falle n ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別:that作為關(guān)系代詞,可以引導定語從句,充當句子成分,在從句中作賓語時可以省略;that引導同位語從句時,起連詞的作用,沒有實際意義,不充當句子成分,一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個例句:I had no idea that you were here.( that引導同位語從句,不能省略)Have you got the idea(that ) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? ( that 弓丨導定語從

50、句,作賓語,可以省略)5)名詞性that-從句1)由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用,在從句中不擔任任何成分,本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語,如:主語: That she is still alive is her luck.她還活著全靠運氣。賓語:Joh n said that he was leavi ng for London on Wedn esday.約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。表語:The fact is that he has not bee n see n recen tly

51、.事實是最近誰也沒有見過他。同位語:The fact that he has not bee n see n recen tly disturbs every one in his office.最近誰也沒有見過他,這一事實令辦公室所有的人不安。形容詞賓語:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.2)That-從句做主語通常用it作先行詞,而將 that-從句置于句末,例如:It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚,整個計劃注定要失敗。It's

52、 a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系:a. It + be + 形容詞+ that- 從句It is necessary that,有必要 ”It is important that,重要的是”It is obvious that,很明顯”b. It + be + -ed分詞 + that- 從句It is believed that,人們相信 ”It is known to all that,眾所周知”It has bee n decided that,已決定”c. It +

53、 be + 名詞 + that- 從句It is com mon kno wledge that,是常識It is a surprise that,令人驚奇的是 ”It is a fact that,事實是”d. It + 不及物動詞 + that- 從句It appears that,似乎,It happe ns that,碰巧,It occurred to me that,我突然想起”6)名詞性wh-從句1 )由wh-詞引導的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括 who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever,which, whichever 等連

54、接代詞和 where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that- 從句一樣外,還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等,例如:書銷售如何取決于作者本人。 在自己家里可以隨心所欲。俱樂部將給得勝者設(shè)獎。我的問題是誰將接任主語: How the book will sell depends on its author. 直接賓語: In on e's own home one can do what one likes. 間接賓語: The club will give whoever wins a prize.表語: My questi on is who will take over preside nt of the Foun dati on.該基金會主席職位。賓語補足語:She will name him whatever she wants to.她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。同位語: I have no idea whe n he will return.我不知道他什么時候回來。形容詞賓語:I'm not sure why she refused their in vitati on.。介詞賓語: That depe nds on where we shall go.那取決于我們

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