英語寫作基本模式

1、寫作部分寫作部分要求在 30 分鐘之內(nèi)寫出不少于 80 個(gè)詞的常見內(nèi)容的短文或短信， 句子語法 正確，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，條理清楚，緊扣主題，體 裁包括應(yīng)用文、記敘文、說明文和議論文。 從模擬試題分析看來，寫作試題均有題目， 每段有漢語提示；內(nèi)容日?；?，廣泛化，從 日常生活到科普； 體裁以說明文和議論文的 比重最重，短信其次。一、常見應(yīng)用文書信1. 注意的幾個(gè)問題： （1）日期寫在右上角，年份必須是放在最 后；（ 2）稱呼應(yīng)與左邊線對齊，后面的標(biāo)點(diǎn)一 定是用逗號；（ 3）結(jié)束語 Yours Sincerely, Sincerely yours, Yours Faithfully, Faithfully

2、yours, Yours Truly, Truly yours ，第一個(gè)字母要大寫， 結(jié)束語后要用逗號（ 4） 署名一般低于結(jié)束語一兩行，從信紙 中間偏右的地方開始（注意：考生在答卷時(shí)不要使用自己的真實(shí)姓名） ；（5）如果是要求寫電子郵件，在前面所講 的基本格式前面還要加上以下內(nèi)容： From: 任意一個(gè)電子郵箱地址To:任意一個(gè)電子郵箱地址Subject: Greetings / Invitation / Thanks二、記敘文記敘文通常要求描寫一段經(jīng)歷、一件事或 者描寫個(gè)人情感、觀感等。記敘文包括六大 要素：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié) 果。這種作文經(jīng)常用的是時(shí)間順序法，即按 照事情發(fā)

3、展的先后順序進(jìn)行講述。 在寫記敘 文的時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1在記敘文的開頭應(yīng)該交代時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和 人物；事件和原因放在文章中敘述，結(jié) 果要在文章結(jié)尾交代； 2在描寫一件事情、經(jīng)歷或講故事時(shí)，注 意選擇細(xì)節(jié)。如果細(xì)節(jié)太多，讀者會(huì)覺 得乏味；細(xì)節(jié)太少，讀者有時(shí)會(huì)不知所 云。所以選擇那些對主題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)； 3可以用第一人稱，也可以用第三人稱； 4要特別注意敘述的時(shí)間著眼點(diǎn)。敘述過 去的人和事要以過去時(shí)為基點(diǎn)；敘述現(xiàn) 在的人和事要以現(xiàn)在時(shí)為基點(diǎn)。5可適當(dāng)使用一些表示事件發(fā)生的先后順 序的詞語，是講述更有條理性。如 first第一 ,second 第一 ,third 第二, the n “然后” ,fin

4、 ally “最后” ,con seque ntly “結(jié)果” ,at last “最后” ,in the morning / after noon / eve ning “ 在早上 / 下午 / 晚上”, last week / month “ 上 個(gè) 星 期 /月 ”， yesterday / today / tomorrow “昨天 /今天 / 明天”等。三、說明文 說明文介紹事物（性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)、過程等） 或人物（情況、簡歷、特征等） 、解釋事理 （概念、原理、現(xiàn)象等） 。主要有事物說明 文和事理說明文。 寫說明文應(yīng)該注意以下幾 點(diǎn)：八、1抓住事物特點(diǎn)即本質(zhì)特征，從而使讀者 獲得全面、深刻

5、的認(rèn)識。2安排說明順序。說明文常用的結(jié)構(gòu)安排 有下列三種：時(shí)間順序；空間順序；邏輯順 序。3講究說明方法。寫好事物說明文，不僅 要抓住特征，注意條理，而且要巧妙運(yùn) 用說明方法，像下定義、舉例子、作比 較、分類別、列數(shù)字、畫圖表、打比方 等?？蛇m當(dāng)用一些詞匯來表明句與句之 間的邏輯關(guān)系。 如 first, second, third 等表 示分類，on the one hand“一方面”，on the other hand "另一方面”，but "但是”等 表 示 對 比 和 對 照 ； for example / for instanee "例如”表示舉例說明。4

6、說明文通常以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為基點(diǎn)，涉及 到過去才用過去時(shí)態(tài)，提到將來才用將來 時(shí)。5說明語言要準(zhǔn)確、簡明。四、議論文議論文是針對某一觀點(diǎn)闡述自己的看法， 并且通過擺事實(shí)， 將道理說明自己看法的依 據(jù)是什么。寫作中應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1議論文要求論點(diǎn)明確，不要空洞或泛泛 而談；2論據(jù)充分有力； 3論證嚴(yán)密，采用的方法有因果法、舉例法、比較法等；4議論文短文篇章的組成：一般是In troducti on - Body -Con clusi on 三段 式文章，即于第一段中引出話題，從而 提出主題，中間用一段到兩段的篇幅采 用舉例、列舉或比較的方式論證或說明 自己的觀點(diǎn)，于結(jié)論處重述主題、或歸 納總結(jié)照應(yīng)

7、首段，或提出問題的解決方 式等。基本結(jié)構(gòu)模式： 第一段： Topic Sentence （主題句） 提出中心論點(diǎn)或話題第二段： Supporting Sentence1 （主要擴(kuò)展 句 1 ）Supporting Sentence1 （次要擴(kuò)展 句 1 ）Supporting Sentence2 （次要擴(kuò)展 句 2）采用舉例、 列舉或比較的方式第三段： Supporting Sentence2 （主要擴(kuò) 展句 2）論證或說明自己的觀點(diǎn)Supporting Sentence1 （次要擴(kuò)展句1）Supporting Sentence2 （次要擴(kuò)展句 2 ）第四段： Conclusion Sente

8、nce （結(jié)尾句）五、各種體裁作文練習(xí) 練習(xí) 1短信Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to tell your American friend a day in your life. You should write at least 80 words, and base your letter on the Chinese outline below:1日?；顒?dòng) 2主要工作（職業(yè)活動(dòng)）3社交生活Feb.23, 2008Dear Bob,How is everything wi

9、th you? I ' ltlell you something about my daily life in this letter and hope you will find it interesting.I usually get up early and go to work at 8 o' clock. I have lunch in the office. AndI come back home at six. As a secretary, I deal with phone calls, and faxes during work hours. I also

10、do the paper work for the manager.After work, I like to do shopping with friends or watch TV at home. Sometimes, I also like to chat on the Internet.Best wishes!Yours,Michelle 練習(xí) 2記敘文Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a story about what happened to you or some else. Y

11、ou should write at least 80 words, and base your story on the Chinese outline below: 1事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)2人物3事件的經(jīng)過One morning last week, I ate breakfast in a small restaurant not far from my home. Unfortunately, I found that I did not have any money with me. I had forgotten my wallet at home. I tried to expl

12、ain this to the manager of the restaurant, but he did not believe me and wanted to call the police. I tried to call my wife, but she was not at home. Just then, I saw a former classmate walking past the restaurant, and I asked him to pay for my breakfast. 練習(xí) 3說明文(科普)Directions: For this part, you ar

13、e allowed thirty minutes to write a passage on Energy Sources. You should write at least 80 words, and base your passage on the outline below.Energy Sources1. 能源包括 不可再生 能源( nonrenewable energy source® 和再生能源。2. 如今人類面臨能源短缺( energy shortage) 的嚴(yán)重問題。3. 必須采取一些措施盡可能地節(jié)約能源 (save energy as much as possib

14、le)。Energy SourcesEnergy sources are providing power for our life and social activities. Energy sources include nonrenewable energy sources like oil, coal and wood and renewable energy sources like wind, solar and thermal energies.With the rapid growth of world economy, we are using greater amount o

15、f energy than ever. Energy sources are becoming less and less. Today mankind is facing a very serious problem of energy shortage.Something must be done to find new energy sources and save energy as much as possible in our daily activities. Human beings can' t sustainably develop on this earth un

16、less we successfully solve the problem of energy sources.練習(xí) 4 議論文Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a passage to state your views on the topic: The Internet. You should write at least 80 words, and base your writing on the Chinese outline below:The Internet1. 因特網(wǎng)的好處。2

17、. 因特網(wǎng)的弊端。3. 我的看法。The InternetThe internet has many advantages: giving us information in a great volume and at very fast speed and providing us a platform to communicate, entertain ourselves and learn knowledge our wonderful distance education is a good example.However, the internet has some disadvan

18、tages. Some people distribute bad or unhealthy news or pictures online which may have bad effects on the society. Some teenagers may get addicted to the web, playing QQ or online games all day long, affecting their lessons and health.I think we should take advantage of the internet to serve our econ

19、omy and daily life. On the other hand, we should make necessary laws and regulations to avoid its shortcomings and educate our kids to surf the web appropriately and wisely.練習(xí)5 -短信Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write an E-mail to your former classmates. You should write

20、 at least 80 words, and base your E-mail on the Chinese outline below: 1了解對方最近的學(xué)習(xí)情況 2你的學(xué)習(xí)情況 3請對方說說提高英語水平的經(jīng)驗(yàn) Date：01/30/2008 To： Jack WangDear Jack,How is everything with you? I am so sorry for not having written to you for such a long time. I have heard that you are pursuing your Master degree abroa

21、d. Have you been used to the life abroad? And how about your study?After graduating, I also continued my studying while working. And now, I have been the graduate student studying English Literature at Sichuan University for two years. This semester I am preparing my thesis.In addition, I will feel

22、very grateful if you can talk about your experience or your adviceon how to improve English.With best wishesSincerely yours,Tom附錄附 1：書信開頭常用語及結(jié)束語 一、開頭常用語1. As I have not heard of you for long, I feelan xious.因?yàn)楹芫脹]有你的來信，所以很擔(dān) 心。2. I am so sorry for not having written to you for such a long time. 十分抱歉，

23、好久沒有給 你寫信了。 3. Your letter of the 4th this month was duly received. I have the pleasure to tell you that 你這個(gè)月 4 號的 信已經(jīng)按時(shí)收到。我很高興告訴你 4. I have just received your letter. 我剛收到 你的信。5. HoW s everything with you ?你一切都好 嗎？6. I often think of you. How have you been recently ?我常常想起你，你近來好嗎？7. How are you gett

24、ing along these days? I miss you very much. 你近來過得如何， 我十 分想念8. I have been so busy recently that I could hardly find any time to write. 我最近很忙， 未能抽出時(shí)間給你寫信。二、結(jié)束語1. Looking forward to your early reply. 期望 你盡早的回復(fù)。2. I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience. 如能盡早收到你的 回復(fù)我將非常感謝。3. Please

25、 write to me when you have time. 有 時(shí)間請給我寫信。4. I ' mlooking forward to hearing from you soo n.盼望早日收到你的來信。5. With best wishes.致以良好的祝愿。6. With kind regards to your family. 向你家 人表示良好的祝愿7. Please give my compliments to your family. 請代我向你的家人問候。8. Please remember me to sb. 請代我問某人 好9. Hoping you will ha

26、ve a pleasant trip. 希望 你將有一個(gè)愉快的旅行。附 2：議論文寫作常用邏輯銜接詞 在寫作中特別強(qiáng)調(diào)銜接詞在寫作中的正 確運(yùn)用。銜接詞是指在文章中用來說明上、 下或前、后句間關(guān)系的詞或詞組，是連接句 與句、段與段的紐帶，是使文章具備連貫性 的主要工具。 在作文中恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂勉暯釉~可 以保證作文段落結(jié)構(gòu)清晰、邏輯合理、過度 自然流暢。根據(jù)銜接詞本身在文章中起到的作用，主 要分為以下四類：(一) 表示“起”的詞或詞組：用于開篇引 出擴(kuò)展句at first 最初first / firstly 首先，第一點(diǎn)at present 現(xiàn)在，當(dāng)今for one thing (for anoth

27、er) 首先 其次 now 現(xiàn)在on the whole 總起來來說 in general 一般說來 generally speaking 一般說來 first of all 首先，第一 In the first place 首先，第一on the one hand （on the other hand） 一方面 （另一方面）（二）有關(guān)“承”的常用詞語：用來承接上 文Furthermore 而且，此外 in addition 此外In other words 換句話說 moreover 而且，此外Second / secondly 第二 third / thirdly 第三For anothe

28、r 其次what is more 而且，此外（三）有關(guān)“轉(zhuǎn)”的常用詞語：用來表示轉(zhuǎn) 折，表示不同或相反的意見 However 然而，無論如何nevertheless不過，仍然Though / although 盡管but 但是On the contrary 相反地conversely 相反地（四）有關(guān)“合”的常用詞語：用于小結(jié)上 文或結(jié)束本段落的內(nèi)容Above all 最重要的是as a con seque nee 因此匕In sum 總之，簡而言之in summary 簡要地說At last 最后to sum up 總而言之In conclusion 總之，最后all in all 總之In

29、 a word 總之finally 最后On the whole 總體來說therefore 因此As has bee n no ted 如前所述as I have said如我所述附 3：熱點(diǎn)話題1關(guān)于自己各方面的話題。（ 1）自己的家的描述：A. 可能用到的詞匯： be located, in the south / north / east / west of the city, have three rooms, in addition to, kitchen, bathroom, living room, first / second / third room, is used fo

30、r, have meals, relax, read, watch TV , bedroom, sleep, belong to, spacious, furniture, comfortable, warm, like, be satisfied with.B. 提示：可為說明文文體?；緯r(shí)態(tài)用一 般現(xiàn)在時(shí)?？刹捎萌问阶魑?，在首段提出 你家的位置，然后在第二段描述家的房間， 比如說有幾間屋子，以及各自的用途，最后 在結(jié)尾處表達(dá)你對自己家的態(tài)度。（2）你的家鄉(xiāng)：A. 可能用到的詞匯： in the southwest / north / south of China beautiful ci

31、ty, be famous for, climate, pleasant, people, friendly, charming girls, fashion, leisure, food, delicious, most popular food, hot pot, Long Chaoshou, Zhong dumpling, Dan Dan noodle, and so on, traveling, , traffic, convenient, like.B. 提示：可為說明文文體?；緯r(shí)態(tài)用一 般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。采用三段式。在首段提出你的家 鄉(xiāng)的位置，總體的形象，也可以提出以什么 為特色，然后在

32、第二段分別介紹家鄉(xiāng)的人， 特色食品，交通，氣候等，最后在末段表達(dá) 你對家鄉(xiāng)的態(tài)度。（ 3）童年的夢想（理想的工作） ：A. 可能用到的詞匯： as a child, wanted to be / dreamed, doctor / teacher / police, cure patients （cultivate the youth, impart knowledge / solve criminal cases, do justice）, help others, social status, feel happy, be needed by others / society, now,

33、but, come true, do my best, contribute, like, be fit for B. 提示：可為說明文文體?；緯r(shí)態(tài)用一 般過去式， 可能涉及到現(xiàn)在要用一般現(xiàn)在式 或者是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式。 在首段提出你童年的夢 想是什么，然后在第二段說明原因，最后可 說明現(xiàn)在夢想是否實(shí)現(xiàn)， 或者說明你現(xiàn)在的 狀況。（ 4）愛好（比如聽音樂，跳舞，爬山等） ： A. 可能用到的詞匯： like / enjoy listening to music (dancing / mountain climbing), relax yourself, make friends, bring pe

34、ople closer, kill free time, be away from job pressure, seek for interests in life, enjoy my life (keep healthy, inhale fresh air, find beautiful scene) pop / classic / country / blue / music B. 提示：可為議論文或者是說明文?；?時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 在首段點(diǎn)題指出你的愛 好，然后分析你喜歡這個(gè)愛好的原因，最后 再次點(diǎn)題，說明這個(gè)愛好對你有益。 (5)喜歡的電視節(jié)目：A. 可 能 用 到 的 詞 匯 ：

35、 a great variety of, programs, meet different needs and states, satisfy different people 's interests, for example / instance, weather forecast, serials, films, sports, and so on, however, favorite, news, be worth mentioning, for one thing (first), important events, at home and abroad, for anoth

36、er thing (second), timely, reliable, finally (at last), save time, reading through, news paper, current affairs, in short (in a word), become, daily life.B. 提示：可為議論文文體。基本時(shí)態(tài)為一 般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。采用總分總?cè)问降慕Y(jié)構(gòu)。在首 段點(diǎn)題指出你喜歡的電視節(jié)目。 然后在第二 段分析你喜歡這個(gè)節(jié)目的原因， 最后再次點(diǎn) 題指出這個(gè)節(jié)目成為你日常生活的一部分。 (6)喜歡的交通方式：A. 可能用到的詞匯： modern city, means /

37、 ways, transportation, such as, subway, taxi, bus, car, airport, and so on, however (but), favorite, by bike, first, be good for, keep healthy, good form of, physical excise, second, money-saving, price of gas, higher and higher, third, be beneficial for, protect the environment, reen II form of transportation, therefore (all in all), like best, although, disadvantages.B. 提示：可為議論文文體?；緯r(shí)態(tài)為一 般現(xiàn)在式。采用總分總?cè)问浇Y(jié)構(gòu)。在首段 提出盡管有許多交通方式，但是你喜 歡 ,在第二段說明你喜歡的原因， 最后 在末段照應(yīng)首段。2遠(yuǎn)程教育問題A. 可能用到的詞匯： distance education, be fit for, full time, have a job, take care of family, with the help of, tutor, contact, have difficu