城市與建筑專業(yè)英語Chapter FourUrban Morphology

1、Chapter Four: Urban Morphologyurban morphology 城市形態(tài)學(xué)！. ,1. .,ii'. .二， .：、.丨11. . yJ ！! 1 ！ d ，；. ,、. 'V ,廣.,：.:.、Article： Urban Morphology城市形態(tài)學(xué)是研究城市物質(zhì)形態(tài)的演變特征和內(nèi) 在動(dòng)因的一門學(xué)科，探討城市地塊、街道格局、建筑 的動(dòng)態(tài)演變過程及其內(nèi)在的文化、政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)影響因 素。本文全面介紹了城市形態(tài)學(xué)旳概念、研究元素、研究方法、原理以及主要的研究流派。 1 (丨,；丨 二 城市形態(tài)學(xué)的概念城市形態(tài)與城市形 態(tài)學(xué)城市形態(tài)學(xué)研究大 都市區(qū)、城

2、市或村 莊的空間結(jié)構(gòu)與特 征演變過程rban morphology is the study of the city as human habitathabitat 'heebitset «.棲息地，住處；聚落. Urban morphologists analyze a city's evolution from its formative formative 'fo:metlv a辦形成的，構(gòu)成的 years to its subsequent transformations transformation .treensfe'meijn «

3、;.轉(zhuǎn)變；轉(zhuǎn)化：變形， identifying and dissectingdissect di'sekt w.解剖；仔細(xì)分析或研究 its various components. The city is the accumulationaccumulation ekju:mju'leljn «.積聚，聚集，堆積物 and the integration'integration jntl'greijn «:結(jié)合：整合；一體化丨（不同膚色、種族、宗教信仰等的人的)混合，融合 of many individual and small group

4、actions governed by cultural traditions and shaped by social and economic forces over time. Urban morphologists study the outcomes of ideas and intentions as they take shape on the ground and mold cities. Buildings, gardens, streets, parks, and monuments, are among the main elements of morphological

5、 analysis.Urban form and urban morphologyUrban morphology is the study of the form of human settlementssettlement 'setlment «.居留地；部落;村落：聚落 and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitanmetropolitan .

6、metre'pollten a辦大都會(huì)的，大城市的 area, city, town or village by examining the patternspattern 'pwten «.方式，形式丨型，樣式 of its component parts and the process of its development. This can involve the analysis of physical structures at different scales as well as patterns of movement, land use, owner

7、ship or control and occupation. Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, lotlot lot n.塊地，場(chǎng)地：同 plot (or, in the UK, plot) pattern城市形態(tài)學(xué)研究城 市形態(tài)如何隨時(shí)間 進(jìn)行演變城市形態(tài)學(xué)也研究 城市組織與肌理城市形態(tài)學(xué)的原理形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化時(shí)間城市細(xì)胞與規(guī)劃單 元城市細(xì)胞的組成元 素城市細(xì)胞受歷史階 段和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)背景ands building pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as

8、 urban grainurban grain 城市肌理，城市紋理. Analysis of specific settlements usually uses cartographiccartographic kaite'graeflk adj.制圖的 sources and the process of development is deduced from comparison of historic maps.Urban morphology is, simply defined, the study of urban form. Special attention is gi

9、ven to how the physical form of a city changes over time and to how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this subfleldsubfield 'sAbfl:ld n.子域 deals with the study of the social forms which are expressed in the physical layout of a city and conversely, how physical

10、form produces or reproduces various social forms.Urban morphology is also considered as the study of urban tissuetissue f'tlsju: n.組織, or fabricfabric 'feebrlk «構(gòu)造，組織, as a means of discerning the underlying structure of the built landscape. This approach challenges the common perceptio

11、n of unplanned environments as chaotic chaotic kel'otlk a辦混沌的；一片混亂的：一團(tuán)糟的 or vaguely organic through understanding the structures and processes embedded in urbanisation.Principles of urban morphologyAt its most elemental level, morphological analysis is based on three fundamental components: form

12、, resolution, and time. Form. Urban form is defined by three fundamental physical elements: buildings and their related open spaces, plots or lots, and streets.： . ,! Resolution. Urban form can be understood at four levels ofresolution, corresponding to the building/lot, the street/block, the city,

13、and the region. Time. Urban form can only be understood historically because the elements of which it is comprised undergo continuous transformation and replacement.City “cells”city cell城市細(xì)胞& plan unitplan unit規(guī)劃單元The smallest cell of the city is recognized as the combination of two elements: th

14、e individual parcel of land and its building or buildings and open spaces. The characteristics of the cell define the urban form's shape and density, as well as its actual and potential use over time.The attributes of the cell and its elements reflect both a period of history and the socioeconom

15、ic conditions present at the time of landP城市與建筑專業(yè)英語影響規(guī)劃單元的組成元 素德國(guó)起源與康澤恩 的貢獻(xiàn)城市形態(tài)學(xué)理論最 早產(chǎn)生于德國(guó)地理 學(xué)的研究L rofessional English in Urban Planning and Architecturedevelopment and building. Over time, these elements are either used differentlyfor example, by different social classes一transformed physically, eli

16、minated, or, replaced by new forms. The rate of change in either the function or the form of the cells varies from city to city, but also generally fits into cycles related to the economy and culture, Building and transformation cycles are important processes to explore for planning.Plan units are g

17、roups of buildings, open spaces, lots, and streets, which form a cohesive whole either because they were all built at the same time or within the same constraintsconstraint ken'streint «.制約，固定：約束，壓抑，拘束 or because they underwent a common process of transformation.German origins & the rol

18、e of M. R. G. ConzenM. R. G. Conzen康澤恩，城市形態(tài)學(xué)家Urban morphology started to take shape as an organized field of knowledge at the end of the nineteenth century. Some of its most important roots were in the work of German-speaking geographers. Arguably the father of urban morphology was the geographer Ot

19、to SchluterOtto Schluter斯盧特，德國(guó)地理學(xué)家. He postulatedpostulate f'postjulelt vf.假定，假設(shè) a morphology of the cultural landscapecultural landscape人為景觀：文化景觀 as counterpart in human geography to geomorphology geomorphology ,d3i:eumo:'foled3i «.地形學(xué)；地貌學(xué) in physical geography, thereby making the urba

20、n landscape, at least in industrial countries, a major research topic. This early period of urban morphology within geography had a marked influence on how the field developed in the course of the twentieth century. Urban morphology was from the beginning, in keeping with its origins in geography, i

21、nherently about distinguishing, characterizing and explaining urban landscapes.康澤恩繼承了德國(guó) 地理學(xué)的研究，在 城市形態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域做 出了重要貢獻(xiàn)Although Schliiter's direct influence extended little beyond the German- speaking countries, his idea was spread through the publications of M. R. G. Conzen, who laid the fundations fo

22、r urban morphogeneticsmorphogenetics 形態(tài)基因?qū)W in the English-speaking world. For understanding and managing urban landscapes Conzen's work is critical. Characteristics of it are morphogenetic method, cartographic representation and terminologicalterminological ,t8:mine'bd3ikl 辦術(shù)語學(xué)的，專門名詞的precisi

23、on. Arguably the most important are the concepts he developed. It was Conzen who put forward a tripartite tripartite tral"pa:talt a辦三重的，分成三部分的 division of urban form into first, the town plan, or ground plan (comprising the site, streets, plots and block plans of the buildings); secondly, build

24、ing fabric (the 3- dimensional form); and thirdly, land and building utilization. More important than this division of urban form are the concepts he developedabout the process of urban development. Schools of thoughtIn a broad sense there are three schools of urban morphology: Italian, British, and

25、 French.The Italian school is known as typologytypology tal'poled3i n.類型學(xué)2 Saverio Muratori瑪拉托利，意大利建筑師，城市理論家3 Gianfranco Caniggia坎尼吉亞，意大利建筑師，城市理論家4 Aldo Rossi羅西，意大利建筑師，城市理論家5 syntax 'slnteeks n.句法：句法規(guī)則6 conceptualise ken'septjuelaiz v.使有概念7 artifact 'aitlfeekt «.人造物品8 collective

26、 memory 集體記憶9 town-plan analysis 市鎮(zhèn)規(guī)劃分析10 plan unit, morphological period, morphological regions, morphological frame, plot redevelopment cycles and fringe belts 規(guī)劃單 元，形態(tài)周期，形態(tài)區(qū)域，形態(tài)框架，地塊循環(huán)和城鎮(zhèn)邊緣帶 research, which centres around the work of Saverio Muratori2, Gianfranco Caniggia3 and Aldo Rossi4.Murator

27、i attempted to develop an "operational history" for the cities he studied (in particular Venice and Rome), which then provided the basis for the integration of new architectural works in the syntax5 of the urban tissue. Stemming from this view are contributions such as Gianfranco Caniggias

28、，which conceptualise6 the city as an organic result of a dynamic procedural typology, which sees political-economic forces as shaping a built landscape already conditioned by a particular logic, set of elements, and characteristic processes. Aldo Rossi criticized the lack of understanding of the cit

29、y in current architectural practice. He argued that a city must be studied and valued as something constructed over time; of particular interest are urban artifacts7 that withstand the passage of time. Rossi held that the city remembers its past (our "collective memory8"), and that we use

30、that memory through monuments; that is, monuments give structure to the city.研究流派三大學(xué)派 - .I,意大利學(xué)派一瑪 拉托利、坎尼吉 亞、羅西英國(guó)學(xué)派一康澤 恩及其追隨者The British school centres around the work of M.R.G. Conzen, who developed a technique called "town-plan analysis9". The key aspects for analysis according to Conzen

31、 are: plan unit, morphological period， morphological regions, morphological frame, plot redevelopment cycles and fringe beltslp The plan unit in turn contains three complexes of plan element: streets and their arrangement into a street-system, plots (or lots) and their aggregationaggregation segrl&#

32、39;geljn «.集合，集合體，聚合12 street-block 街段13 block-plan街區(qū)平面14 J.W.R. Whitehand懷特漢德，城市形態(tài)學(xué)家，康澤恩理論的繼承者dialectical .dale'lektikl 方言的，辯證的 ! city building城市建筑，城市營(yíng)建，城市營(yíng)造 plague pleig W.折磨；煩擾；使苦惱 into street-blocks12, and buildings, in the form of the block-plans13. For Conzen, understanding the layeri

33、ng of these aspects and elements through history is the key to comprehending urban form. Followers of Conzen such as J.W.R. Whitehand14 have examined the ways in which such knowledge can be put to use in the management of historic and contemporary townscapes.P城市與建筑專業(yè)英語法國(guó)學(xué)派- 賽學(xué)派：-凡爾發(fā)展?jié)摿鐚W(xué)科發(fā)展把城市當(dāng)做有機(jī)生

34、命體rofessional English in Urban Planning and ArchitectureThe French school, based principally at the Versailles School of Architecture, has generated extensive methodological knowledge for the analysis of urbanisation processes and related architectural models. Much emphasis is placed upon the import

35、ance of built space for sustaining social practices; the relationship between the built landscape and the social world is dialectical concentric zones, sector theory, multiple nuclei同心圓理論，扇形理論，多核心理論，為芝加哥學(xué)派的三大經(jīng)典理論 ! concentric kon'sentrlk 同一中心的，同心圓的, with both shaping the other.Issues and potentialUrban morphology spans geography, history, archaeology, architecture, and planning. It pulls all together these disciplines and professions to focus on city building2, which includes the physical forms and all of the processes related to the act of