中考英語名詞、冠詞、代詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)及易錯(cuò)題精講精練

1、一名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-

2、thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-

3、heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不

4、規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle, staff5部分集

5、體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人

6、”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singe

7、rs, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels,

8、Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時(shí)間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the eart

9、hs atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stones throw, at

10、 ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指

11、A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time

12、7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the do

13、or? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invent

14、ed in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Who

15、se purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are

16、useful animals. 三代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that,

17、 these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，

18、也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I hav

19、e read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us)

20、has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students ar

21、e (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam

22、. 2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neithe

23、r和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.三道易錯(cuò)名詞考題分析 1. _ fathers made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and AnnsB. Peters and AnnsC. Peters and AnnD

24、. Peter and Ann【解析】此題容易誤選A或C。錯(cuò)誤的原因是由于受思維定勢(shì)的影響。平時(shí)考生們做多了“This is Lucy and Lilys bedroom. ”這樣的題，那么一看到這樣的題就想到只是在后面一個(gè)單詞后面用所有格。其實(shí)，到底用一個(gè)所有格，還是用兩個(gè)所有格，取決于它們所修飾的名詞：如果所修飾的名詞是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，就只在后面一個(gè)名詞后面用所有格；如果所修飾的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，就兩個(gè)名詞都用所有格。正確答案為B。2. There are a lot _ people today than yesterday. A. ofB. /C. mostD. more【解析】此題容

25、易誤選A。有不少考生因受“ a lot of +名詞”這一思維定勢(shì)的影響，一看到a lot，就選擇了A。其實(shí)，該句中的a lot是用來修飾形容詞的比較級(jí)more的，than引導(dǎo)的是比較狀語從句。正確答案為D。3. “Excuse me, are you _? ”“No, we are _. ”A. American, EnglishmanB. American, GermansC. American, GermenD. Englishman, Americans【解析】先從詞性來看，American 和 German 既可以用作名詞也可以用作形容詞，用作名詞時(shí)，其復(fù)數(shù)形式分別為American

26、s 和 Germans；選項(xiàng)中的Englishman只能用作名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式是Englishmen。先看第一空：如果單從Excuse me, are you _?來看，要是填Englishman，就應(yīng)該在其前加不定冠詞，即說成Excuse me, are you an Englishman? 但是，根據(jù)答語中的 we are可知，問句中的you 其實(shí)是指“你”，而是指“你們”，所以如果用Englishman，就應(yīng)換成 Englishmen 才對(duì)。由此可排除選項(xiàng)D。再看第二空：由于German的復(fù)數(shù)是Germans，不是Germen，由此可確定C錯(cuò)誤；再根據(jù)we are可知，其后若用名詞Engl

27、ishman，必須要用復(fù)數(shù)Englishmen，而不能是單數(shù)，所以排除A。所以此題答數(shù)為B。兩道中考英語冠詞易錯(cuò)題分析1. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _ second. A. /B. theC. aD. an【解析】此題容易誤選B。這是由于思維定勢(shì)引起的，很多同學(xué)認(rèn)為這里的second是序數(shù)詞，前面應(yīng)該用定冠詞the修飾。其實(shí)，second是“秒”的意思。正確答案為C。 2. _ India and China are of _ same continent. A. /; theB. The ; theC. /; /D.

28、 /; a【解析】此題容易誤選D。這是由于受漢語思維的影響造成的，因?yàn)樽g成漢語時(shí)這句話的意思是“印度和中國在同一個(gè)大洲”，漢語里說“同一個(gè)”，在英語中要說“the same”，這就是此題的陷阱所在。正確答案為A。語境·交際·常識(shí)打好語境基礎(chǔ)所謂語境就是指上下文。解答中考單項(xiàng)填空題，不要只盯在空格那個(gè)地方，也不要只盯在含空格的那一個(gè)句子，而要理解整個(gè)上下文的意思才能作出選擇。請(qǐng)看下面這道中考題：Youre very _, arent you? Yes. Our team has won the game.A. happyB. worriedC. sadD. afraid解答此

29、題時(shí)你若只看問句，填任何一個(gè)答案都是正確的，當(dāng)看到答句中的has won the match才知道只有答案A正確。打好交際基礎(chǔ)就是指考生還要懂得英語國家的人與中國人由于歷史文化和思維方式的不同所造成日常交往中語言表達(dá)的不同。請(qǐng)看下面這道中考題：Your spoken English is much better! _.A. Oh, noB. Youre rightC. thank youD. Not at all當(dāng)被別人稱贊時(shí)，謙虛的中國人常說“不，哪里哪里”或“不，還差得遠(yuǎn)咧”等等，若按這種思維，很容易錯(cuò)選答案A或D；而西方人卻是向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖兄x，所以答案是C。打好常識(shí)基礎(chǔ)有的中考試題既不是考

30、詞匯知識(shí)也不是考語法規(guī)則，而是考查考生的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科普常識(shí)，比如超市、加油站、公園、學(xué)校等公共場(chǎng)所的標(biāo)志和電視中的一些圖標(biāo)等等。因此，在平時(shí)的日常生活中要細(xì)心觀察，多看書報(bào)多看電視，廣泛涉獵，并注意生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和科普常識(shí)的積累。請(qǐng)看下面這道中考試題：Which of the following weather signs means “windy”?答案是D，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)圖表示windy。答案A表示cloudy，B表示rainy，C表示sunny。中考英語典型代詞考點(diǎn)易錯(cuò)題例析 1. I hear someone _at the door. Please go and see who _ i

31、s. A. knock, heB. knocking, heC. knock, itD. knocking, it【解析】此題容易誤選A或B。這是由于漢語思維的影響引起的。大家都知道hear sb. do sth. 意為“聽見某人做某事”，hear sb. doing sth. 意為“聽見某人正在做某事”，這樣一來很多人就會(huì)選擇A或B，因?yàn)楹竺妗叭タ纯此钦l”從漢語的角度來看是沒有錯(cuò)的。其實(shí)，在英語中常常用it來指代身份(姓名、職業(yè)等)不詳?shù)娜?。有人敲門時(shí)我們常常用英語問“Who is it?”正確答案為D。2. Lucy and I are classmates. We _ in Class

32、 One. A. all areB. are allC. both areD. are both【解析】此題容易誤選A或C。這里受到漢語思維的影響引起的，譯成漢語正好是“我們都在一班”。表示兩者都要用both，both一般放在be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞之前。正確答案為D。3. There is _ egg at home. Will you please get _ for me, please?A. no, someB. not, someC. not any, anyD. not an, any【解析】此題容易誤選C或D。這是由于死記語法條文引起的。因?yàn)榇蠹叶贾纒ome一般

33、用于肯定句中，而any一般用于疑問句或否定句中，這樣一來A和B首先就給排除了。其實(shí)，在表示請(qǐng)求或建議的疑問句，如Would you like? / What would you like? / Could you/ I ? / What about? / How about? / Would/ will you please?等等疑問句中習(xí)慣上要用some而不用any。又因?yàn)閚o可以直接修飾名詞，而not必須加上a/an或any之后才可以接名詞。因此正確答案為A。4. A latest English newspaper, please!Only one copy left. Would yo

34、u like to have _, sir?A. oneB. this C. that D. it【解析】此題容易誤選A。這是由于忽略語境和思維定勢(shì)造成的。這里是在詢問是否有報(bào)紙賣，很多同學(xué)認(rèn)為這里最后一句話的意思是“先生，你是否想要一份”。其實(shí)，由上文中的Only one copy left. 可知，只剩下一份報(bào)紙了，這暗示了購買者別無選擇，只能買“它”了。正確答案為D。中考英語交際口語易錯(cuò)題10例(有詳解) 1. Dont make any noise in the living room! My baby is sleeping. _. A. Sorry, I wontB. I

35、t doesnt matterC. Excuse me, Im wrongD. Certainly, I wont【解析】此題容易誤選 C 或 D。一方面可能由于不知道 Excuse me. 與 Sorry. 的區(qū)別，而誤選為C；另一方面可能由于不理解這一語境而誤選為D。這里聽話者是做錯(cuò)了事情，做錯(cuò)的事情首先應(yīng)該說 Sorry 表示歉意，然后現(xiàn)表示不會(huì)再那樣做了。正確答案為A。2. I havent seen Jack for three days, is he ill?_. His mother told me that he was in hospital. A. I am afraid

36、soB. I hope notC. I dont expectD. I am afraid not【解析】此題容易誤選B或D。一般來說我們不希望別人生病，如果不注意語境的話，就很可能誤選為B或D。由下文His mother told me that he was in hospital. 可知Jack可能生病了。I am afraid so. 意為“恐怕是這樣的”，常用來表示一種不太肯定的語氣。正確答案為A3. Excuse me. May I use your computer?_. Its broken. A. SureB. Yes, here you areC. With pleasur

37、eD. Im afraid not【解析】此題易犯草率答題的錯(cuò)誤而誤選A或B。對(duì)于別人的請(qǐng)求大多數(shù)要用肯定回答，如果沒有下文的Its broken. 選擇A或B那肯定是正確的。由下文的Its broken. 可知，這里應(yīng)該拒絕對(duì)方的請(qǐng)求，故正確答案為D。這里Im afraid not. 意為“恐怕不行”。4. Can I get you something to drink, Mr Smith? _. I am thirsty. A. Here you are B. No, thank youC. Youre welcomeD. Yes, please【解析】此題容易誤選B。因?yàn)楫?dāng)對(duì)方問自己是

38、否需要某物時(shí)可以說Yes, please. 表示接受，也可以說No, thank you. 表示拒絕。如果不注意看下文的Im thirsty. 就很可能誤選為B。正確答案為D。5. Your sweater is very beautiful, Joan!_. A. thank you all the sameB. Not at allC. Just so-soD. thank you【解析】此題容易誤選B或C。在漢語中受到別人的表揚(yáng)或贊美時(shí)往往感到不好意思，要謙虛一番，受漢語思維的影響就很容易選擇B或C。在英語中受到表揚(yáng)或贊美時(shí)往往要欣然接受，向?qū)Ψ奖硎局x意。如果草率做題此題也很可能會(huì)誤選為

39、A。正確答案為D。6. What do you do? _. A. I am thirteenB. I work hardC. Im fineD. Im a student【解析】此題容易誤選B。What do you do? 所問的不是經(jīng)?！白鍪裁础?，而是在詢問對(duì)方的“職業(yè)”，它相當(dāng)于Whats your job? 因此正確答案為D。注意：以下句型的意思：What is he? (用來詢問職業(yè))他是干什么的？What does he do? (= Whats his job? ) (用來詢問職業(yè)) What is he like? (用來詢問長(zhǎng)相或人品) 他長(zhǎng)得怎么樣？/他是怎樣一個(gè)人？ How is he? (用來詢問身體狀況)他身體怎么樣？How old is he? (用來詢問年齡) 他多大了？7. Andy isnt going out this evening, is she?_. She has to stay at home to look after her sick mother. A. Yes, she isB. No, she isntC. Yes, she isntD. No, she is【解析】此題容易誤選C。答語應(yīng)譯作“是，她不出去”才對(duì)，因此受到漢語思維的影響此題就很可能選C，但是這不符合英語的習(xí)慣。其實(shí)，否定的疑問句回答與肯定的疑