英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法講解及相關(guān)練習(xí)

1、構(gòu)詞法 Word Formation在英語(yǔ)中，詞的構(gòu)成方式主要有三種：合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生。一、 合成 Compounding 兩個(gè)或更多的詞合成一個(gè)詞。方式：1. 直接寫(xiě)在一起。 2. 用連字符(-)連接。 3. 由兩個(gè)分開(kāi)的詞構(gòu)成。(1) 合成形容詞方式例詞1形容詞形容詞red-hot2形容詞名詞first-class, full-time, part-time3形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容詞過(guò)去分詞ready-made5形容詞名詞-edgood-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded6名詞名詞-ediron-w

2、illed7名詞形容詞world-famous, day-long 8名詞現(xiàn)在分詞beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名詞過(guò)去分詞man-made, water-covered, 10副詞形容詞ever-green11副詞現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working, far-seeing12副詞過(guò)去分詞well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13數(shù)詞名詞five-year14數(shù)詞名詞+形容詞five-year-old15數(shù)詞名詞-edfour-legged, six-storied (2)合成動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成方式例詞1

3、名詞動(dòng)詞day-dream2副詞動(dòng)詞overcome, upturn翻起3形容詞動(dòng)詞white-wash(3)合成名詞構(gòu)成方式例詞1名詞名詞horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容詞名詞back-yard, forehead, 3動(dòng)名詞名詞hiding place, reading-room4動(dòng)詞副詞get-off, break in, 5副詞動(dòng)詞output, overflow(4)合成副詞however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代詞whoever, whatever, ever

4、yone, nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前綴前綴含義例詞a-處在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-不，否定dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-不做相反動(dòng)作unable, unknown, uncommon, uncomfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapa

5、ble, inpatient, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方向發(fā)展Decentralize（分散）, defrost（解凍）anti-反（對(duì)）anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-錯(cuò)誤的，壞的misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere重

6、復(fù)，再rewrite, remarry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele遠(yuǎn)程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-在上面，超級(jí)supermarket, superpower, under-在之下underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之間international, interact, inter-changesub-下，次subtitle, submar

7、ine, subconscious, subcontinent, trans-過(guò)，穿過(guò)，變transformation(變形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi兩個(gè)bicycle, biennial兩年一次的tri三個(gè)triangle三角形, tricycle三輪腳踏車(chē), triplets三胞胎mul-多，多種multiply, multi-national, multi-colouredkilo-千kilometre, kilogram 后綴 后

8、綴例 詞名詞-erfarmer, weaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-essactress, waitress, princess, hostess-orconductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istscientist, dentist, communist, soc

9、ialist, -ent/-antassistant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tiondictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ageshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalt

10、y, cruelty, penalty, sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial, arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -do

11、mfreedom, wisdom, kingdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以構(gòu)成名詞，又可以構(gòu)成形容詞。-er 構(gòu)成的名詞，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后 綴例 詞形容詞-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, comfortable, forgettable

12、, sensible-fulcareful, cheerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscou

13、rageous, famous, continuous, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excellent, frequent -lylively, frie

14、ndly, lovely, weekly, brotherly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后 綴例 詞動(dòng)詞-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后 綴例 詞副詞-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward-lyslowly, quickly, carefu

15、lly, loudly, happily, friendly三、轉(zhuǎn)化 Conversion: 指一個(gè)詞不變化詞形，而由一種此類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類(lèi)或幾種詞類(lèi)。1. 名詞和動(dòng)詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)化telephone電話打電話, mirror鏡子像鏡子一樣反映, drink喝飲料, record錄音記錄, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞 perfect完美的使完善3.名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞(副詞) front前面前面的4.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞 chief 主要的首領(lǐng).Match the right words from the right column with the word

16、s on the left. ( ) 1. enrichA. trying to find jobs( ) 2. semicircleB. remove, get rid of ice, frost( ) 3. troublesomeC. of, having, using imagination( ) 4. sharpenD. make or become sharp( ) 5. job-huntingE. half a circle( ) 6. limitlessF. causing trouble( ) 7. imaginativeG. make rich, improve in qua

17、lity, flavour, etc.( ) 8. defrostH. without limit.Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. The mother didnt know why her daughter was crying _. (noise)2. He was one of the best _ in yesterdays football match. (play)3. Look! How _ Kate is laughing! (happy)4. It snowed _ last ni

18、ght and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy)5. Edison was a great _. During his life he had many _. (invent)6. More and more _ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign）7. We want _ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy)8. Please give me some reference work. It will _ my tas

19、k. (simple)9. The boy had the _ of being half starved. (appear)10. The police have _ a plot against the President. (cover)11. The doctor said that Marys mother needed an _.(operate)12. She hoped that her son would become a _. (music)13. Few _ words made us excited. (speak)14. The days on the moon ge

20、t hotter than _ water. (boil)15. Thank you for your _. (kind)16. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _. (expensive)17. Most international _ letters are written in English, too. (busy)18. The boy noticed an _ mistake on his paper,

21、but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 19. When in Rome, do as the _ do. (Rome)20. The teacher was pleased with her _. (honest).根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境和提示的首字母，在劃線處寫(xiě)出一個(gè)合適的詞。A. RaftingRafting is an exciting adventure. A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams. Rafting i

22、s a good way to experience n_. If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few f_ trees or rocks. If you are looking for more e_, you may want to try whitewater rafting. Whitewater rafting is more a_ and difficult than normal rafting. It is done on rivers a

23、nd streams where the water moves q_. You have to be c_ not to hit rocks, trees and other dangers. The name “W_” comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly. B. Are we endangered?Steve Jones is an environmental expert who tries to keep animals and plants from becoming endangered. If we know more about what caus