農(nóng)村勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移文獻綜述英文

1、I.IntroductionThetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceisthemainproblemfacingChinasmodernizationprocess.ThecontradictionbetweenthelandandthepeopleinChinahavebecomeincreasinglyprominentinruralareashasgeneratedalotofsurpluslabor.Excessiveruralsurpluslaborforcewillleddirectlytothelowefficiencyofagriculturalp

2、roductionandfarmersincomes,restrictingtheconstructionofanewsocialistcountrysideandurban-ruralcoordinateddevelopment.Ruralmillionrurallaborersneedtobetransferred,thetransferofruralsurpluslaborisstillanarduoustask.Tocomprehensivelypromotetheconstructionofanewsocialistcountryside,thedifficultyisthetran

3、sferofruralsurpluslaborforce,thekeyistostrengthenthetrainingofrurallabor,andstrivetoimprovethecomprehensivequalityoftherurallaborforce,makepopulationpressureintohumanresourceadvantages,andthepromotionofrurallabortonon-agriculturalindustriesandurbanorderlytransferofafundamentalsolutiontothethreeagric

4、ulturalissuestoachievetheharmoniousdevelopmentofurbanandruraleconomicandsocial.n.literaturereview(A) Foreignresearchtheoriesandperspectives1. Lewismodelemphasizesthecontributionofindustrialhighproductivityoflabortransfer.LewiscreatedadualeconomyofruralsurpluslabormodelinhisarticleUnlimitedlaborsuppl

5、yundertheconditionsofeconomicdevelopmentpublishedin1954.1assumethattheLewissurplusagriculturallaborwasanunlimitedsupplytheproductionsectorwasDividedintothetraditionalagriculturalsectorandruralcentercityasthecenterofthemodernindustrialsector,labortransferfromruraltourbaniscausedbythetransformationoft

6、hestructureofindustrialproductionledtotheemploymentthestructuraltransformation.Theaccumulationofcapitalmadethescaleoftheindustrialsectorcontinuetoexpand,thedemandforlaborisalsoincreasinglyexpanding,drivenbythehighmarginalproductivityofmodernindustrial,agriculturalsurpluslabortransfertotheindustrials

7、ectorConstantly.Lewissdualeconomymodelshowsthedevelopmentprocessindevelopingcountriesistheprocessoftheagriculturalsectorshrinking,industrialsectorever-expandingwiththetransferofruralsurpluslabor.2. JohnC.H.FeiandRanisstressedtheimportancetoincreaseagriculturalproductivityforlabortransfer.In1961,theA

8、mericaneconomistJohnC.H.FeiandRanispublishedanimportantpaperentitledAtheoryoftheeconomicdevelopment,onthebasisofLewissdualeconomymodel,theprocessthelaborflowtotheindustrialsectorisdividedintothreestages.ThefirststageissimilartotheLewismodel,thestateoflaborisinunlimitedsupply;thesecondstage,theagricu

9、lturallaborforcecontinuestodecreaseandagriculturalproductivitycontinuetogain,laborsupplydecreaseselasticity;inthethirdstage,theindustrialandagriculturalproductivityachieveabalance,zerovalueoftheagriculturallaborandlowthevalueoflaborcompletelydisappeared,tocompletethetransformationfromtraditionalagri

10、culturetomodernagriculture.Themodelstakefullaccountoftheagriculturalself-developmentimpacttolabortransfer.FeiandRanisthatdirectlythinkthatanychangeinaproductionsectorproductivitymustberelatedtothesamerateofstrengthandqualityoftechnologicalrevolution,anyanalysisofthegrowthofthelaborsurpluseconomy,sho

11、uldfocusonnotonlychangesintheproductivityoftheindustrialsector,butalsoattentionthesameexpansionoftheagriculturalsectoratthesametime.3. Jorgensonsdoctrineofconsumerdemand-drivenlaborforcetransfer.Inthedualeconomypublishedin1961,Jorgenson(DaleW.Jorgenson)pointedoutthattechnologicaladvanceswillpromotei

12、ndustrialandagriculturalsectorwagetoincrease,andthereforeindustrialandagriculturalwagelevelisnotfixed.ButJorgensonpointthatthewagegapisnottherootcauseoflabortransfer.In1967,Jorgensonpresentedtheviewofconsumerdemanddrivelabortransferinanarticleentitledsurpluslaborandbinaryeconomicdevelopment,thefunda

13、mentaltransferofrurallaboristhatconsumerdemandchanges,thetransferisbasedonagriculturesurplusratherthantheexistofthatmarginalproductivityiszeroorgreaterthanzerobutlessthantheactualincomelevelofthelaborforce.Peoplestayintheagriculturalsectorinordertomeetthephysicalneedsforagriculturalproducts,withthef

14、armproductsremaining,theagriculturalsectorwilllosethetensiononthelabor,sothelabortransfertotheindustrialsectorofmoreexuberantdemand.(B) DomesticresearchDomesticThreeRuralIssuesexpertsandscholars,theCentralPolicyResearch,PolicyResearchOfficeoftheStateCouncil,thevariouscollegesanduniversitiesandprovin

15、cialresearchinstituteshavecarriedoutalotofresearchworkandtheresults.1.Industrializationandeconomicdevelopmentarealwaysaccompaniedbylarge-scalerural-urban(RuralfCity)labormobility.Thisflowwillbringincomerises,theupgradingofindustries,andultimatelytopromotethemodernsectordevelopment,(NongZhu,2002).InC

16、hina,alargenumberofruralsurpluslaborforcearetiedtothelimitedarableland,donottreatthemfromruraltransferredoutofreasonableuse,isnotonlyawasteoflaborresources,andmakethispartofthelaborforcehasbecomeaconsumptionofsocialwealth.TheTenthFive-YearperiodisthepeakperiodofgrowthinthelaborforceinChina,andforalo

17、ngperiodoftimeinthefuture.Withthecontinuedincreaseofpopulationanddecreasingarableland,coupledwiththeadvancesinagriculturalscienceandtechnology,Chinassurpluslaborforce,willalsobeincremented.WiththeAgriculturalproductivityleveladvancing,laborrequiredinthecultivatedlandwillbegreatlyreduced.Thenumberofa

18、griculturallaborandland,capitalandotherresourcescomparedsituationnodoubttherearealotofsurpluslaborintheagriculture(FengWen,SixueZhao,2004)2 .ThetransferofrurallaboristheproductoftherapidexpansionoftheinitialstageofindustrializationsinceChinasreformandopeningup.Labortransferissimpletransferofemployme

19、ntspace,thenatureoflaborforcehasnotchanged,stillretainsitsstatusasfarmers,toretaintheland,isanotencouragedfarmerstoleavetheirhomes,intothefactorycityparttransferofrurallaborthejuniortransferorso-calledlaborTheoncetransfer.Theoncetransferischaracterizedthattheeasterncoastaldevelopedareasarethemaininf

20、lowareasoflabor,laborsownlevelofeducation,qualityfactors,andgoouttotheemploymentstructureofthelaborforceismainlyconcentratedinthemanufacturingandprocessing,construction,businessservices.Theinflowoflabormobilityperformanceoftheeconomyisrelativelydevelopedareastothemosteconomicallydevelopedregionsandb

21、ackwardregionstoeconomicallydevelopedareas(NaiquanLiu,2005).Rurallaborforce,Thetwicetransfer,alsoknownasthelabortransferagain,referstotheruralhumancapitalinvestment,improverurallaboremploymentskillsandabilities,relyingonthemarketmechanismandpolicyguidance,realizerurallaborfromthelaborintensiveindust

22、riestocapital,technologyintensiveindustryandburgeoningindustry,thirdindustrialtransfer,occupation,identityandresidencemigrationflowconversionoccursimultaneously,lifestyleproducedsimplechange,entertownandbecometheself-runoccupationofurbanresidents(JiafuChen,2004).3 .Labortransferwillhelptoimprovetheq

23、ualityofurbanization.WiththeacceleratedpaceofChinaseconomicreform,moreandmorefarmersgetintothecitytomakealiving,thefarmersofalargenumbergoingtocity,largeandmedium-sizedcitiesinChinaenteredarapidperiodofexpansioninthe1990s,Chinasurbanizationlevelrapidimproved,butthequalityofurbanizationwasworryingus(

24、TaizengRen,LiuyanLi,2004).(C)ReviewofresearchliteraturecontentThroughthearticleanalyzesandconsolidationaboutthelabortransfer,Ifoundthatdomesticreseachesofdomesticlabortransferanalyzedmainlyfromthe10aspects:thestatus,problemsandcountermeasuresofthetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceinChina;(2)thefactoro

25、frestrictingthetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceandcountermeasures;(3)industrialrestructuringandlabortransfer;(4)thetransferofrurallaborintheprocessofurbanization;(5)thequalityofthepeasantsonthetransferofruralsurpluslabor;(6)themechanizationofagricultureandrurallabortransfer;(7)Chinasinvestmentinhuma

26、ncapitalinruralareasandruralsurpluslabortransfer;(8)thedevelopmentofsmalltownsandagriculturallaborforcetransfer;(9)agriculturalsurpluslabortransferproblemandoutletintransitionperiodofChina;(10)usecomparisonofproductivitytoanalysisthetransferoftheagriculturallaborforceinChina.Specificallyinvolvedcont

27、entaresummarizedasfollows:Theexistingproblemsofruralsurpluslaborforce,theconstraintsofruralsurpluslabortransfer,thecountermeasuresofruralsurpluslaborforcetransfer.(1)thetransferpointofdepartureisnotstandardized,theconstraintsofthelevelofagriculturalproductivityandagriculturalburdens,andlowfarmincome

28、.Vigorouslydevelopsmalltowns,theurbanizationprocess.(2)transferprominentspontaneous,unorganized,chaoticorder.Theconstraintsofthelaboritself,thequalityofthefulluseofagriculturalresources,developtheagriculturalpotentialemploymentopportunities.(3)transferofasinglechannel,directlyundertheinfluenceofgeog

29、raphicalconstraintsplustransfercosts.Strongtraining,improvethecomprehensivequalityoftherurallaborforce.(4)thetransferofregionalincome.Shortageoffundsconstraints.Deepeninstitutionalinnovation,andensuretheeffectivetransferofagriculturallabor.(5)ruralsurpluslaborforcedispersed,thewaytransferbiased,thed

30、evelopmentoftownshipenterprisesdidnotcorrespondwiththecapacityofruralsurpluslaborforce.Vigorouslypromotetheindustrializationofagriculture.(6)socialenvironmentalconstraintsofthetransferprocess.Consolidationanddevelopmentoftownshipenterprises.transferredcitiesgrimemploymentsituation.Establishandimprov

31、eaunifiedlabormarket.(8)toacceleratethedevelopmentoftertiaryindustry.(9)activeintheorganizedinter-provincialandcrossinternationallaboroutput.differences,exacerbatedinter-regionalinequalityofeconomicdevelopmentandm.ResearchsummaryofthetransferofrurallaborDomesticresearchonthetransferofrurallabor,most

32、lyinreferencebasedonmodelsthecombinationoftheactualsituationofChinatomakesomeimprovementstoobtainusefulinspiration.Emergedasagrowingtrendforthetransferofagriculturallaborfromthedepthandbreadthofview.Thetransferofrurallaborissuesrelatedtomotivation,implementationanddevelopment,coveringeconomicdevelop

33、ment,economicprogress,institutionalchange,industrialchangeandotherfactors.Theiroverallcharacteristicscanbesummarizedasfollows:moreontransferproblems,lessonstudyforthetransferofrurallaborregionalcontributionandcontributiontothedevelopmentoffarmersandfarmers;moreoncountermeasureresearch,lesstomeetfarm

34、erstodevelop;characteristicdigitalsignificantofrurallabortransferaremorequalitativeresearch,quantitativeresearchisless;multi-referencestatistics,andthescopeofthestudyismainlyconcentratedinthedevelopedcoastalareas;morecontributiontotheregiontherurallaborforceintoandlessonrurallaboroutflowregion.Altho

35、ughinfluencefactorsoflaborTransferhasbeencomprehensive,becauseourcountryisatthedualsocialandeconomictransitionperiod,weshouldcloseconnectionwithChinaslabortransferstatusandtheproblemstoexpandthescopeofthestudy,anddeepentheimpactofvariousfactorsresearch.Studyregardedthefocusontherurallaborforceforthetransferofrurallaborissuesasthedeterminantspowerofagriculturalproductionandeconomicdevelopment,itstotalgrowth,sectorallocation,theoveralllevelofqualityandtheuseofrea