考研英語閱讀翻譯及部分解析

1、Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.過去的 25 年，在英文報(bào)紙發(fā)生的所有變化中，或許最具有 深遠(yuǎn)意義的變化就是這些報(bào)紙的文藝報(bào)道范圍不斷縮小， 嚴(yán)肅性 不斷減弱，這是個(gè)無法逆轉(zhuǎn)的必然趨

2、勢(shì)。It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20 th century consi

3、sted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.對(duì)于年齡低于 40 歲的普通讀者來講，讓他們想象一下當(dāng)年 可以在許多大城市報(bào)紙上讀到精品的文藝評(píng)論簡直幾乎是天方 夜譚。然而，在 20 世紀(jì)出版的最重要的文藝評(píng)論集中，人們讀 到的大部分評(píng)論文章都是從報(bào)紙上收集而來。

4、 現(xiàn)在， 如果讀到這 些集子， 人們肯定會(huì)驚詫， 當(dāng)年這般淵博深?yuàn)W的內(nèi)容竟然被認(rèn)為 適合發(fā)表在大眾日?qǐng)?bào)中。We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of ththe 20 th century and the eve of World War , at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament

5、to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard S

6、haw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as acalling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“Sofew authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, ” Newman wrote, “ that I am tempted

7、to define journalism ' as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are' .”從 20 世紀(jì)早期到二戰(zhàn)以前， 當(dāng)時(shí)的英國報(bào)紙上的評(píng)論主題廣 泛，包羅萬象，我們現(xiàn)在離此類報(bào)紙?jiān)u論越來越遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)時(shí)的報(bào)紙 極其便宜，人們把高雅時(shí)尚的文藝批評(píng)當(dāng)作是所刊登報(bào)紙的一個(gè) 亮點(diǎn)。 在那些遙遠(yuǎn)的年代， 各大報(bào)刊的評(píng)論家們都會(huì)不遺余力地 詳盡報(bào)道他們所報(bào)道的事情，這在當(dāng)時(shí)被視為是理所當(dāng)然的事 情。他們的寫作是件嚴(yán)肅的事情，人們相信：甚至那些博學(xué)低調(diào) 不喜歡炫耀的評(píng)論家，比如

8、 George Bernard Shaw 和 Ernest Newman 也知道自己在做什么(即他們的文章會(huì)高調(diào)出現(xiàn)在報(bào) 紙上)。這些批評(píng)家們相信報(bào)刊評(píng)論是一項(xiàng)職業(yè)，并且對(duì)于他們 的文章能夠在報(bào)紙上發(fā)表感到很自豪。 “鑒于幾乎沒有作家能擁 有足夠的智慧或文學(xué)天賦以保證他們能在新聞報(bào)紙寫作中堅(jiān)持 不懈”， Newman 曾寫道，“以至于我非常想把新聞寫作' 定義為不受讀者歡迎的作家用來嘲諷受讀者歡迎的作家的一個(gè) 輕蔑之詞'” 注：tempted to do sth 的意思是：To cause to be strongly inclined: 很想做：使很傾向于，所以可以翻譯為“很

9、想做某事，很傾向于 做某事”。另外， keep one's end up 的英文解釋為： (Brit infml) continue to be cheerful and play one's part despite difficulties (不顧困難)仍樂觀而盡本分 , 不泄氣。Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death

10、in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England ' s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music cr

11、itic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.不幸的是，這些批評(píng)家們現(xiàn)在實(shí)際上已被人們遺忘。從 1917 年開始一直到 1975 年去世不久前還在為曼徹斯特衛(wèi)報(bào)寫文 章的 Neville Cardus ，如今僅僅作為一個(gè)撰寫關(guān)于板球比賽文章 的作家被人們所知。但是，在他的一生當(dāng)中，他也是英國首屈一 指的古典音樂評(píng)論家之一。他也是一位深受讀者青睞的文體家， 所以 1947

12、年他的自傳一書就成為熱銷讀物。 1967 年他被 授予爵士稱號(hào)，也是第一位獲此殊榮的音樂評(píng)論家。然而，他的 書現(xiàn)在只有一本可以在市面上買到。 他大量的音樂批評(píng)， 除了專 門研究音樂評(píng)論的人以外，已鮮為人知。Is there any chance that Cardus 's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for t

13、he richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.Cardus 的評(píng)論有沒有機(jī)會(huì)重新流行？前景似乎渺茫。 在他去 世之前， 新聞業(yè)的品味早已改變很長時(shí)間了， 而且他所擅長的措 詞華麗的維多利亞愛德華時(shí)期的散文風(fēng)格對(duì)后現(xiàn)代的讀者沒有 什么用處。 何況， 由業(yè)余愛好者作音樂批評(píng)的傳統(tǒng)早已經(jīng)成為昨 日黃花了。Text 2Over the past decade, t

14、housands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. A received one for its “ one-click ” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.在過去的十年中，成千上萬的商業(yè)方法被授予了專利權(quán)。亞 馬遜網(wǎng)站獲得的專利是在線“單擊”

15、付費(fèi)系統(tǒng)。美林公司的資產(chǎn) 分配方案得到了法律保護(hù)。有個(gè)發(fā)明者的提箱技巧也獲得了專 利。Now the nation ' s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Cou

16、rt of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “ a very big deal, ” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of MissouriSchool of Law. It “ has the potential to eliminate an entire

17、class of patents. ”現(xiàn)在，該國最高專利法院似乎完全準(zhǔn)備好要縮減商業(yè)方法專 利，因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)方法專利自從十年前第一次批準(zhǔn)授予以來一直有爭 議。在一項(xiàng)使得知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)律師們議論紛紛的提議中， 美國聯(lián)邦巡 回上訴法院聲稱它將利用某個(gè)具體案件來對(duì)商業(yè)方法專利進(jìn)行 廣泛的復(fù)審。 密蘇里大學(xué)法學(xué)院 Dennis D. Crouch 說，“正如人 們所知道的那樣， Bilski 案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能將消 除整個(gè)專利類別”。Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the F

18、ederal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake

19、out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business

20、-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.對(duì)于商業(yè)方法訴求的限制是個(gè)戲劇性的徹底變化，因?yàn)檎?聯(lián)邦巡回法院自己引進(jìn)了這種專利。那是在19

21、98 年，對(duì)于所謂的美國道富銀行的案件中， 聯(lián)邦巡回法院做出了判決， 批準(zhǔn)了籌 集共同基金資產(chǎn)的方法具有專利權(quán)。 這一裁決使得商業(yè)方法專利 文件以幾何數(shù)級(jí)增加， 起初只是一些新興的網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司對(duì)于某些特 定類型的在線交易系統(tǒng)試圖爭取獨(dú)家專有權(quán)。 后來，更多的公司 競相添加這樣的專利權(quán)， 希望這樣一個(gè)防御性的行為可以先下手 為強(qiáng)。 2005 年， IBM 公司在一份法院報(bào)告中聲稱：盡管懷疑這 種專利授權(quán)的法律基礎(chǔ)，但它已經(jīng)申請(qǐng)了 300 多份商業(yè)方法專 利。同樣，當(dāng)一些華爾街投資公司出席某些反對(duì)其金融產(chǎn)品的法 庭案件時(shí)，他們會(huì)給其各類金融產(chǎn)品申請(qǐng)專利來作為自己的維權(quán) 武器。The Bilski ca

22、se involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court 's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “r

23、econsider its State Street Bank ruling.前面提到的 Bilski 案例牽扯到一份已申請(qǐng)的方法專利，即關(guān) 于能源市場的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避方法（注：也可譯為“套期保值或?qū)_風(fēng) 險(xiǎn)”）。上訴法院罕見地裁定，該案件將不由三位法官聽審，而 是由全部十二名法官共同進(jìn)行。另外，上訴法院還宣布，它想探 討的另一件事情是是否應(yīng)該“重審”道富銀行的裁決。The Federal Circuit 's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narr

24、owed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “ inventions ” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal Circuit are “ reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, ” says Harold C. Wegner, a pat

25、ent attorney and professor at GeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.聯(lián)邦巡回法院的這一裁決效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做 出了一系列的判決，縮小了專利持有者的受保范圍。例如，去年四月，法官們認(rèn)定太多的專利授予了一些顯而易見的“發(fā)明”。 喬治華盛頓大學(xué)法律學(xué)院的專利法律師 Harold C. Wegner 教授 表示，“聯(lián)邦巡回法院的法官們正在對(duì)最高法院的反專利動(dòng)態(tài)做 出反應(yīng)”。26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of .A. their

26、 limited value to business. 商業(yè)價(jià)值有限。B. their connection with asset allocation. 它們與資產(chǎn)配置關(guān)聯(lián)。C. the possible restriction on their granting. 批準(zhǔn)可能受到限制。D. the controversy over their authorization.對(duì)于專利授權(quán)有爭議。正確答案： C. the possible restriction on their granting【分析】：題目問題是：商業(yè)專利方法在最近引起關(guān)注的原因是 是什么?本題關(guān)鍵詞為 Business-me

27、thod patents ，可以定位于第二段。第 一段說：“過去 10 年商業(yè)方法授予了成千上萬的專利”；第二 段說，“國家最高專利法庭準(zhǔn)備對(duì)商業(yè)模式專利進(jìn)行縮減，這件 事引起了廣泛爭議。 ”AB 屬于無中生有。 而且文章強(qiáng)調(diào) recently 應(yīng)該是第二段 now 引出的內(nèi)容，即美國 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 要全面審查商業(yè)模式專利，有可 能會(huì) eliminate an entire class of patents 。C 選項(xiàng)是最近公眾對(duì)商 業(yè)專利方法關(guān)注的可能結(jié)果要限制過多授予 專利權(quán)。27. Which of t

28、he following is true of the Bilski case?A. Its ruling complies with the court decisions.B. It involves a very big business transaction.C. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.正確答案： D. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.【分析】 B 錯(cuò)誤的原因是錯(cuò)誤

29、理解原文 “a very big deal ”的含 義。文章不是指 big business transaction 的意思。而是指 Bilski 這個(gè)案子很重要。 文章第二段用 Bilski 的案例強(qiáng)調(diào) the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 要通過 Bilski 的案例來全面審 查商業(yè)專利方法。而且根據(jù)我們的傻瓜閱讀法，有 may 可以優(yōu) 先選。28. The word “about face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means .A. loss of good will.B. increa

30、se of hostility.C. change of attitude.D. enhancement of dignity.正確答案： C. change of attitude.【分析】：本題是典型的猜詞題，從前兩段主要內(nèi)容和第三段開 頭，不難看出原來 the Federal Circuit 鼓勵(lì)專利申請(qǐng)，現(xiàn)在要抑 制，約束(即三段第一個(gè)單詞 curbs)，即態(tài)度變化了。29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents .A. are important to legal challenges.B

31、. are often unnecessarily issued.C. lower the esteem for patent holders.D. increase the incidence of risks.正確答案： B. are often unnecessarily issued.【分析】：正確答案來自原文第五段： “ too many patents were being upheld for “ inventions ” that are obvious. ” D 是正反 混淆，與第四段第一句不符合，也不符合常識(shí)。專利不可能增加 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。 AC 無中生有。30.

32、Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A. A looming threat to business-method patents.B. Protection for business-method patent holders.C. A legal case regarding business-method patents.D. A prevailing trend against business-method patents. 正確答案： A. A looming threat to business-metho

33、d patents. 【分析】：本題是全文主旨題。文章首段提到“過去 10 年”， 而二段首句轉(zhuǎn)到 “ Now ”，文章的此脈絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)可知 “ A prevailing tread ”可統(tǒng)領(lǐng)文意，此外文章二至四段，主要談及聯(lián)邦法院對(duì)“ business-method patents ”的立場變化，即縮小保護(hù)范圍，要 重新審查商業(yè)方法專利。 AD 均像答案，但 D 選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞只出現(xiàn) 在第五段中最后一句， The judges on the Federal circuit are“ reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court, ”說明

34、 反對(duì)商業(yè)方法專利只是原文一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)， 不是主題， 而且文章主要 內(nèi)容說了最高專利法院的態(tài)度變化，勢(shì)必會(huì)威脅到商業(yè)方法專 利，所以選 A 是可以的。Text 3In his book The Tipping Point , Malcolm Gladwell argues that “ social epidemics ” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, p

35、ersuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn 't explain how ideas actually spread.在引爆流行 這本書中， 作者 Malcolm Gladwell 認(rèn)為社會(huì) 流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊個(gè)體的行為引起的， 這 些人就是人們常說的影響者。 他們異乎尋常的博聞多識(shí)， 能言善 辯，人脈廣泛。從直覺上講， Malcolm Gladwell 的理論似乎很 有說服力，但是它沒有解釋流行觀念的實(shí)際傳播過程。The supposed importa

36、nce of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “ two-step flow of communication ” : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just f

37、ind and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was weari

38、ng, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.人們之所以認(rèn)為影響者很重要，是因?yàn)槭艿搅恕皟杉?jí)傳播” 理論的影響， 即信息先從媒體流向影響者， 然后再從影響者流向 其他人。這一理論看似合理，但未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證。營銷人員接受兩級(jí)傳 播理論是因?yàn)樵摾碚撜J(rèn)為， 如果他們能夠找到影響者，

39、并對(duì)他們 施加影響，這些精英們就會(huì)替他們完成大部分的營銷傳播工作。 這一理論似乎還可以解釋某些裝扮、 品牌或社區(qū)為何會(huì)突然受到 出乎意料的追捧。 對(duì)于許多諸如此類的情況， 如果只是走馬觀花 地尋找原因，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)總是有一小群人開風(fēng)氣之先，率先穿上、 宣傳和開發(fā)人們此前從未留意的東西。 這種事實(shí)證據(jù)與該觀點(diǎn)正 好一拍即合只有一些特別的人才能引領(lǐng)潮流。In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social

40、 epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don 't seem to be required at all.但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，影響者對(duì)社會(huì) 流行潮流的影響力遠(yuǎn)比人們認(rèn)為的要小。 事實(shí)上， 他們似乎根本 就是無關(guān)緊要。The researchers' argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey

41、 whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence even themost influential members of a population simply don't interactwith that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to dri

42、ve social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people h

43、as little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won ' t propagate very far or affect many people.研究者的觀點(diǎn)源于對(duì)社會(huì)影響力的簡單觀察：除了少數(shù)像 Oprah Winfrey 這樣的名人之外 （她強(qiáng)大的人氣影響力主要來自 媒體影響力，而

44、非她與觀眾互動(dòng)的人際影響力），即使人群中最 有影響力的人也無法與那么多的 “其他人” 互動(dòng)，從而引領(lǐng)潮流。 然而， 根據(jù)兩級(jí)傳播理論， 正是這些非名人影響者直接影響了他 們的朋友和同事，從而推動(dòng)了社會(huì)流行潮流。但是，要讓一種社 會(huì)流行潮流真正發(fā)生， 每個(gè)受影響的人還必須影響他的熟人， 而 他的熟人又必須影響其他熟人， 依此類推； 但是會(huì)有多少人去關(guān) 注這些熟人中的每個(gè)人， 與最初的影響者幾乎沒有關(guān)系。 舉個(gè)例 子來說， 在這個(gè)人際影響的網(wǎng)絡(luò)中， 如果第一個(gè)影響者受到兩次 抵制， 那么他的連鎖影響范圍就不會(huì)繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大， 或者說影響的人 不會(huì)很多。Building on the basic trut

45、h about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people ' s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the

46、 principal requirement for what is called“ globalcascades” the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.基于這一人際影響力的基本事實(shí)，研究者們研究了社會(huì)影響 的動(dòng)力機(jī)制。 我們對(duì)不同人群進(jìn)行了成千上萬次計(jì)算機(jī)模擬， 不 斷調(diào)整人們影響他人和受他人影響的各種變量。 他們

47、發(fā)現(xiàn)， 人們 所說的“全球連鎖反應(yīng)” 影響力通過（人際）網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行廣 泛傳播 發(fā)生的主要前提， 并不取決于是否存在著那么幾個(gè) 影響者，而主要取決于易受影響的人們是否達(dá)到了臨界數(shù)量。 Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced t

48、hem to report enormous losses, and it 's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.臺(tái)面上，銀行家們將他們的麻煩歸咎于己身。 (但)臺(tái)面下， 他們卻一直把目標(biāo)對(duì)準(zhǔn)他人： 會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則制定者。 銀行業(yè)抱怨會(huì)計(jì) 規(guī)則迫使他們報(bào)告巨大損失， 認(rèn)為這不公平。 規(guī)則規(guī)定他們必須 以第三方

49、愿意收購的價(jià)格， 而非按照管理者和監(jiān)管者期望它們能 夠賣得的價(jià)格來評(píng)估部分資產(chǎn)的價(jià)值。Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices

50、 that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.不幸的是，銀行的游說活動(dòng)看來已顯成效。其中細(xì)節(jié)可能無 法獲知，但是準(zhǔn)則制定者在獨(dú)立性方面這正是資產(chǎn)市場正常 運(yùn)行的關(guān)鍵已經(jīng)做出妥協(xié)了。 銀行如果不以能夠吸引買家的 價(jià)格計(jì)量有毒資產(chǎn)，銀行系統(tǒng)的復(fù)蘇將會(huì)非常困難。After a bruising encounter with Congress, America ' s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule chang

51、es. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB' s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives. ” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance wh

52、at one lobbying group politely calls “ the use of judgment by management. ”美國財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì) (FASB)在與國會(huì)一場激烈交鋒之 后，匆匆通過了準(zhǔn)則的修改。 這些修改使得銀行在使用模型評(píng)估 非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)方面用有更大的自由， 同時(shí)使得它們確認(rèn)收益表中長 期資產(chǎn)損失時(shí)更為靈活。 FASB主席 Bob Herz 大聲反對(duì)那些 “懷 疑我們的動(dòng)機(jī)”的人們。然而銀行股票上漲了，這些修改強(qiáng)化了 “管理層使用理性判斷” 的說法， 這種說法是一個(gè)游說團(tuán)的客氣European ministers instantly demanded

53、that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it d

54、id “not live in a political vacuum ” but “in the real world ” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.歐洲的部長們立刻要求國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則委員會(huì) (IASB)也這么 做。 IASB表示它不想沒有完整計(jì)劃就冒然行動(dòng)，但它在今年下 半年完成規(guī)則修訂時(shí)必須屈服的壓力十分巨大。 歐洲委員會(huì)委員 Charlie McCreevy 警告 IASB 說：它不是“處在政治真空中”而 是“在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界里”，并表示歐洲可能最終會(huì)發(fā)展出不同的會(huì)計(jì) 規(guī)則。It was banks that were o

55、n the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks' sharestrade below their

56、book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.正是這些銀行呆錯(cuò)了星球，它們的賬目上充斥著估值過高的 資產(chǎn)。 現(xiàn)在他們認(rèn)為市場價(jià)格高估了損失， 因?yàn)槭袌鰞r(jià)格主要反 映了市場的暫時(shí)性流動(dòng)性不足， 而非壞賬的可能程度。

57、幾年內(nèi)不 會(huì)有人能了解到真相。 但是， 銀行股票以低于賬面價(jià)值的價(jià)格交 易，這一點(diǎn)反應(yīng)了投資者的懷疑。 死寂的市場一定程度上反應(yīng)了 癱瘓的銀行由于怕賬面損失既既不愿出售資產(chǎn)， 也不愿意去購買 那些看似不錯(cuò)的廉價(jià)資產(chǎn)。To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America ' s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find at

58、tractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.為了讓銀行系統(tǒng)重新運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)起來，損失必須被確認(rèn)和處理。美 國收購有毒資產(chǎn)的新計(jì)劃只有在銀行將資產(chǎn)定價(jià)在足夠吸引買 家的水平上才會(huì)有效。 成熟的市場需要獨(dú)立的， 甚至是好斗的準(zhǔn) 則制定者。 FASB和 IASB 以往正是這樣對(duì)抗特殊利益集團(tuán)的敵意 的，例如改進(jìn)股權(quán)和退休金的相關(guān)規(guī)則。 但是現(xiàn)在向批評(píng)者妥協(xié) 是自尋壓力，他們會(huì)進(jìn)一步做出讓步。36. Bankers complained that they were fo