閱讀理解技巧

1、嘉興英語教學(xué)網(wǎng) 收集整理 歡迎使用2011年高考英語閱讀理解解題技巧點(diǎn)撥一閱讀理解的測試要點(diǎn)如下：     1理解主旨大意；     2尋讀具體信息；     3理解細(xì)節(jié)；     4根據(jù)上下文提供的語境，推測生詞詞義，進(jìn)而加深對文段的理解；     5簡單的判斷和理解；     6理解文段的基本邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)；     7

2、理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度；     8理解文段的文化信息；     9理解圖表信息；     10理解指代關(guān)系。從高考命題的實(shí)際情況看，命題者常用下述方法提問：     1What is the purpose of the text?     2What does the author mainly tell US about in the passage?   

3、60; 3What can we infer from the passage?     4What can be inferred from the passage?     5It can be concluded from the text that    ?     6What can we learn from the text?     7What is the general idea/mai

4、n idea of the text?     8. The passage mainly focuses on    ?     9. What is the main subject discussed in the text?     10. It can be inferred from the passage that?     11. It can be inferred from the th

5、at the author seems to?     12. What is the best title of the text/for the article?     13. The best title for this passage is?     14. What can we infer from the last/the first two paragraphs?     15. The meaning of the

6、 word/sentence in Paragraph X is related to?     16. In Paragraph X, "X X X" can be replaced by?     17. The underlined word "X "/sentence in Paragraph X probably mean.     18. The text is mainly written to explain. 

7、;    19. Which of the following statements is true?     20. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?基于上述測試要點(diǎn)，學(xué)生在閱讀過程中必須具備下列技能，才能獲取和處理信息：    1略讀； 2找讀；  3預(yù)測下文；   4理解大意；    5分清文章中的事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)；    6猜測詞義

8、7推理判斷；  8，了解重點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)；  9。理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)； 10.理解圖表信息；    11.理解指代關(guān)系；  12.理解邏輯關(guān)系； 13.理解作者意圖；14.評價(jià)閱讀內(nèi)容。要具備上述技能，應(yīng)該做到：    1.學(xué)會使用3500個(gè)左右的單詞、400-500個(gè)合成詞與派生詞和400-500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配；    2.除教材外，課外閱讀量應(yīng)累積達(dá)到30萬詞以上，換言之，長度300詞左右的文段1000篇；3.能通過分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)理解難句和長句(能理解語言結(jié)構(gòu)有一定難度

9、或有一定新語言現(xiàn)象的文段)；    4.能根據(jù)閱讀目的和文段的不同，調(diào)整閱讀速度和閱讀方法，閱讀速度每分鐘70-80詞。二、文章分類分析    文章一般可分為說明文、論說文、敘述文以及廣告等。    根據(jù)歷年考試的情況看，說明文、論說文的文長基本控制在300詞左右。因此，文章的主旨大意多出現(xiàn)在第一段，甚至第一段的前幾句，最后一段多與第一段呼應(yīng)；至于中間的部分，多是論據(jù)或說明文的展開部。閱讀理解的問題也以如下形式出現(xiàn)：    1. What is the best title

10、for/of the passage?    2. What can be inferred from the passage?    3. What does the author mainly tell us about in the text？    4. What is mainly discussed in the article/passage/text?    做答這類問題時(shí)，將閱讀重點(diǎn)放在首尾部分，中間部分則可采用略讀或掃讀的方式，一則省時(shí)間，二則目標(biāo)明確，正

11、答率自然也相應(yīng)提高了。    示例 2004年全國卷，C篇，介紹1971年版大眾車。根據(jù)內(nèi)容，是一篇說明小文。     Its not the flashiest car in the worldNot even closeBut in the 1971 Volkswagen named Helios can do something most cars cant：run on solar energy-energy from the suns light and heat!    

12、66. What would be the best title for the text?     AThe Making of Helios     B1999 American Tour on the Road     CSun-powered Cars On the Road    DUse of Green Cars in Connection(一)閱讀理解之細(xì)節(jié)題的解題思路     主題思想只是

13、文章的框架，作者在構(gòu)思過程中，還必須對要表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)或信息進(jìn)行具體的陳述，讀者應(yīng)能準(zhǔn)確記住作者在陳述中談到是何人、何處、何事、和何時(shí)何故，這是十分重要的。因此，讀者必須重視人名、日期、事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)和地點(diǎn)等。對于這類細(xì)節(jié)性的問題，多數(shù)文章都比較明顯地提供了事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，其答案必定在文章論述范圍之內(nèi)。讀者應(yīng)該找出文章中為所作的選擇提供依據(jù)的單詞和句子，而不能脫離原文去獲取信息，也不能倉促地作出沒有原文根據(jù)的假設(shè)。     細(xì)讀是獲取事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)不可缺少的方法之一，它使讀者能夠接受信息、記憶信息、分析信息，從而較深入地領(lǐng)會一篇文章。   

14、  這類題型主要有三種形式：問句式，不完整的陳述句和排除法。     1問句式     A其發(fā)問形式主要有以下幾種：     How did something happen?     Which of the following people should(not) do it?     Which of the following did somebody have to deal

15、with. ?     Where should somebody do something?     B解題技巧     在解這類題時(shí)，可采用“對號入座”的辦法，即帶著問題找句子，先看文章后面的問題(這常常被認(rèn)為是非常有效的方法)，注意記憶關(guān)鍵的詞語，如。人物、時(shí)間、事件等，確定每道題目的發(fā)問中心，也，就是說，某個(gè)問題是針對什么提問的。這樣我們就可以帶著問題去閱讀文章，做到有的放矢。     把每個(gè)問題的發(fā)問中心反饋到原文中去。當(dāng)讀到

16、有關(guān)解答發(fā)問中心的信息時(shí)，可在有關(guān)信息下面畫一直線以示突出。如果問題的順序沒有按順序給出，可以在原文信息下畫線的同時(shí)，把問題的題號也標(biāo)出來，便于最后檢查，并節(jié)約時(shí)間。在原文中找出對發(fā)問中心的解答信息后，可把原文信息放到問題中去，與每一選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對照，與原文信息相符的那項(xiàng)，即是正確的答案。     Cattle have served humanity since prehistoric(史前) days as beasts of burden and as supplier of leather, meat, and milk. Some of the e

17、arliest written records concern the sale of cattle. These valuable animals are unusual in that they do not have front teeth in their upper jaw. Instead they chew with their back teeth and gums (齒齦). Cows swallow their food quickly and store it in the fat stomach or rumen, the first of the four compa

18、rtments stomachs in their.     Questions: According to the passage, what is the rumen?     A. The first stomach compartment.     B. The name of the upper jaw.     C. The stomach where digestion (消化) takes place. 

19、60;   D. The name of the bacteria(細(xì)菌) in the cow's stomach.     帶著發(fā)問中心及選擇項(xiàng)目閱讀原文。當(dāng)我們讀到rumen這個(gè)詞時(shí)，可在它下面畫一橫線，緊接此詞下面一句“first of the four compartments in their stomachs”，正是解釋rumen的，可在它的下面畫一虛線并可標(biāo)出題號和選擇項(xiàng)。     2不完整的陳述句式     A常見形式有：

20、0;    Something can be best classified as        .     A certain kind of person is someone who         .     People are looking for better ways to    

21、     .     According to the author,“it”was caused by        .     B解題技巧：     這類題的答案與原文在字面上的差異很大，有時(shí)還要找出與前句的內(nèi)容在邏輯上的聯(lián)系，因此答這類題時(shí)準(zhǔn)確理解是關(guān)鍵，一定要冷靜，仔細(xì)分析。在做不完整的陳述式題目時(shí)候，仍可參考上面列舉的解題步驟。第一步，閱讀題目，找出問題的發(fā)

22、問中心。第二步，帶著這些問題來閱讀文章。第三步，根據(jù)前兩步的分析和判斷，選擇出最符合題意的答案。     3排除式     A常見形式有：     Which of the following are NOT mentioned in the passage?     Which of the following is TRUE?     Which of the following is NOT

23、 listed in . ?     Which of the following is NOT included in the passage?     B解題技巧：     做這類題時(shí)，首先要仔細(xì)閱讀題后的選項(xiàng)，牢記各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所闡述的不同內(nèi)容，然后閱讀原文。凡是原文中的信息與選擇項(xiàng)內(nèi)容相同的，我們可以在這些信息下面劃線，以作為排除的內(nèi)容。如果基本選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容在原文找不到相應(yīng)的信息，那么該選項(xiàng)即為該題的答案。這類題與前兩種題型不同，后者答案應(yīng)包括在原文內(nèi)容中，即與所述的事實(shí)具有

24、直接或間接的聯(lián)系，而前者的答案是被排除在原文內(nèi)容之外的，因此在答題時(shí)要將與原文內(nèi)容有關(guān)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng)排除，剩下的一個(gè)才是答案。     Life on LandLife on land probably began about 430 million years ago, though it has existed in the water for perhaps as long as 3000 million years. When we think of the first life on land, we probably think of stran

25、ge animals coming out of the oceans, but, in fact ,no animals could have been living if plants had not been on land first. Plants had to be on land before animals arrived. They supplied the first land animals with the surrounding and food necessary, since they-the plants are the only form of life th

26、at is able to get and store energy.     The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae (海藻) which were followed by other plants that grew close to the ground and needed water in which to reproduce.     Which of the following is

27、 TRUE?     A. Algae have existed for more than 430 million years.     B. It is impossible that algae might be the earliest plant on land.     C. Plants get food from animals in the oceans.     D. Evolution began after an

28、imals appeared on land.     這是一道事實(shí)詢問題。需要把短文第一段首句“Life on land probably began about 430 million years ago”和短文第二段首句“The first plants to exist out of the water were probably certain kinds of algae”聯(lián)系起來考慮，正確答案為A。B、C、D三項(xiàng)與短文內(nèi)容均不符，應(yīng)排除。(二)閱讀理解之準(zhǔn)確找出主題句     閱讀理解的技巧中非常重要

29、的一點(diǎn)是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。     段落的構(gòu)成有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律，其中心思想往往是通過段落中的主題句來體現(xiàn)的。因此了解并掌握這些規(guī)律，迅速找出主題句，從而抓住中心思想對于提高閱讀理解能力大有益處。     這些規(guī)律主要是通過主題句在段落中所處的不同的位置體現(xiàn)的。因此同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)對以下四種段型有所了解，然后通過一系列有意識的訓(xùn)練掌握它們。     1首句是主題句的規(guī)律     給予例證、解釋或說明的段落； &#

30、160;   下定義的段落；     對兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的事物作比較或?qū)Ρ鹊亩温洌?#160;    表明原因和結(jié)果(往往結(jié)果交代在前)的段落。     主題句是首句的段落總是用演繹法撰寫，遵循從一般到個(gè)別或特殊的寫作程序，即以概述開段，隨之輔以細(xì)說。這樣的段落在文章中出現(xiàn)得最多，據(jù)專門研究閱讀理論與技巧的專家們統(tǒng)計(jì)，概率達(dá)到70%。請看下例：     People who talk and sing to plants hav

31、e no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. "In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better," says Dr Braymar. The reason is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better.

32、Plants absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking have good effect on plants, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster.本段的首句是主題句，其后的句子

33、或是解釋說明“對植物說話或唱歌有益于植物”，或是為這一主題思想提供論據(jù)。本段的結(jié)尾句呼應(yīng)主題句，在給予主題思想又一論據(jù)的同時(shí)，幽默地收尾。     2段落尾句是主題句的規(guī)律     (1)闡述一個(gè)不常見的或難以令人接受的觀點(diǎn)的段落。     (2)旨在說服讀者相信甚至信服其論點(diǎn)的段落。     尾句是主題句的段落總是用歸納法撰寫的，其程序是先表述細(xì)節(jié)或交代論據(jù)，最后作出概括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性的句子收尾。這種寫作方法的特點(diǎn)是從個(gè)別到一般，

34、由特殊性到共性。請看下例：     If you hadn't known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both walked with a steady stride (堅(jiān)定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made them selves seem much older than they rea

35、lly were. Both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often flared into terrible anger (勃

36、然大怒) at little things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.     這段文字從喬與吉姆兩個(gè)人相像和不同的細(xì)節(jié)敘述，最后一句作了歸納總結(jié)：這兩人表面相似，但實(shí)質(zhì)極不相同。     3段落中間句是主題句的規(guī)律     表述某種觀點(diǎn)的段落的主題句往往處于段落的中間。這樣段落先以一句或幾句為

37、主題句的出現(xiàn)作鋪墊，或是交代一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)或論據(jù)。在主題句出場后，仍有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的句子陳述細(xì)節(jié)或繼續(xù)給予例證。這類段落包括幾個(gè)層次：引題主題思想解釋或“提問”回答問題或繼續(xù)給予例證。這樣段落的撰寫總是遵循這條規(guī)律：先歸納后演繹。給出一兩個(gè)例證之后，作出概括性的總結(jié)，然后根據(jù)這一結(jié)論再給予例證來證實(shí)其論點(diǎn)。請看下例：     When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment,

38、and then it comes down. When a bullet (子彈) is shot straight up, it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long.

39、 Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing else, the plane must come down.     本段文字中間劃線的這句話是主題句。其行文順序與寫作方法與上述的發(fā)展程序完全吻合。     (三)如何抓住長句的核心          如何抓住長句的核心     閱讀較難的讀物時(shí)，經(jīng)常遇到

40、很長的句子。這些長句往往是初學(xué)者在閱讀理解中的攔路虎。倘若初學(xué)者具備準(zhǔn)確找出長句的核心的能力，那么這只攔路虎也就變成了紙老虎，一點(diǎn)也不可怕了。     何為句子的核心?所謂句子的核心(the core of a sentence)，就是指句子最主要的成分：主語、謂語動詞及其賓語或表語。這三種句子成分是句子最基本的要素。雖然有的句子表面上很長，其實(shí)它們的核心部分只不過是幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞。其他的部分統(tǒng)統(tǒng)都是為這幾個(gè)核心詞服務(wù)的，或是描述修飾它們，或是解釋說明以下細(xì)節(jié)：時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、原因(why)、方式(how)、何物(what)、數(shù)量(ho

41、w many或how much)及何種結(jié)果(what result)等。下面將對曾在近年高考試題中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)長句進(jìn)行分析，因其具有權(quán)威性、代表性和實(shí)用性。實(shí)例Twenty students had just climbed their way to the top rung (最高的臺階) out of four million students taking part in the Fifth National Hua Luogeng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest on Tues-clay evening at Jintan County, Jiangsu Pro

42、vince.     分析過程的演示：     句子的核心：studentsclimbedway     句子的一系列細(xì)節(jié)：     How many：twenty out of four million     What result: to the top rung     What thing: the Fifth National Hua Luoge

43、ng Gold Cup Mathematics Contest     Doing what: taking part in the. Contest     When: Tuesday evening     Where: Jintan County, Jiangsu Province     抓住句子的核心后，我們首先準(zhǔn)確地理解了句子最主要的成分：學(xué)生登上最高的臺階。再經(jīng)過對這個(gè)長句的一系列細(xì)節(jié)的分析，我們可以更進(jìn)一步地了解到：四百

44、多萬參加“全國第五屆華羅庚數(shù)學(xué)金杯賽”中的中學(xué)生里有二十個(gè)學(xué)生在星期二于江蘇省金壇縣登上了最高的臺階。    2找出謂語動詞是抓住核心的關(guān)鍵    英語與漢語的一個(gè)區(qū)別就是英語中有三種非謂語動詞形式：動詞不定式、分詞與動名詞。這三種非謂語動詞形式又各自有其一系列的形式，如果在句子中不能迅速而又準(zhǔn)確地找到謂語動詞，勢必會對理解形成嚴(yán)重的障礙。因此找出句子的謂語動詞就成了抓住核心的關(guān)鍵。     找出句子的謂語動詞后，用who或what放在謂語動詞前發(fā)問，就可以輕而易舉地找到主語，然后再用whom或

45、what發(fā)問，就可迅速找出其賓語或表。語，以及一系列狀語，這樣正確理解長句或難句就會變得輕松而容易。請看下面例證中的劃線的句子：     Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins, corals have tiny plants which act

46、as "dustmen", taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs very much to breathe.        乍看劃線的這個(gè)句子，第一印象是這個(gè)句子很長，再看下去，就會感到這個(gè)長句中動詞很多，多至六個(gè)。那么哪一個(gè)是謂語動詞呢?根據(jù)我們已掌握的基本知識，經(jīng)過語法分析，不難看出這個(gè)句子的謂語動詞是have。于是我們用that放在have

47、前提問：What have?回答這個(gè)問題的過程就是找出主語的過程：corals have。然后再用what放在謂語動詞后發(fā)問：corals have what?找出這個(gè)問題的答案也就找到了這個(gè)謂語動詞have的賓語：    have tiny plants。這樣該句的最核心的部分：主語、謂語和賓語就都準(zhǔn)確地找到了。     3語法分析法是準(zhǔn)確理解細(xì)節(jié)行之有效的方法        通過對上例的分析，我們可以令人信服地讓同學(xué)們接受我們關(guān)于如何抓住句子核心的觀點(diǎn)和方法。但

48、是僅有這些，就想正確理解這么長這么復(fù)雜的句子，那是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。要想進(jìn)一步正確而又深入地理解這個(gè)句子，語法分析法在實(shí)踐中已被反復(fù)地證實(shí)了是行之有效的。在上例劃線的句首處，用了介詞詞組：in their skins(在它們的皮膚上)，交代了corals have tiny plants的地點(diǎn)狀語，實(shí)際上回答的是where(何處)的問題；在plants之后用的是限制性的定語從句：which act as“dustmen”(起到是清潔工作用的微生物)，實(shí)際上回答的是what effect do they have(它們起的是什么作用)的問題。在這個(gè)定語從句后出現(xiàn)的是現(xiàn)在分詞短語：taking some

49、of the wasted products from the coral and giving in return oxygen。經(jīng)過語法分析，不難看出此處的分詞短語起的是解釋說明的作用，其意為：從珊瑚中清理掉一些廢料的產(chǎn)物而歸還其氧氣。在oxygen之后又出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)定語從句：which the animal needs very much to breathe(此種動物非常需要呼吸的氧氣)。誠然，對于一個(gè)訓(xùn)練有素的考生，上述這一切是在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成的。但是其閱讀、理解及思維等過程，必須經(jīng)過上面敘述的每一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，因此他的正確理解結(jié)果必然是：在珊瑚的皮膚中，有著一些微生物，這些微生物在它們身

50、體上充當(dāng)著“清潔工”，清理掉它們身體產(chǎn)生的廢料，而還給珊瑚這種動物非常需要呼吸的氧氣。     (四)猜詞技巧     閱讀理解的測試中經(jīng)常有猜測詞、短語、習(xí)語意義的題目，這些詞、短語、習(xí)語要么是生詞，要么是熟詞新義，單靠平時(shí)積累是不夠的，還要掌握一定的做題技巧。總結(jié)如下：     (1)根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法(轉(zhuǎn)化、合成、派生)進(jìn)行判斷：在英語中，有很多詞可以在前面加前綴(prefix)，或在后面加后綴(suffix)，從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞，乍看起來，這個(gè)詞可能是生詞，但掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞法，就不難猜出它的詞義。例如：     "Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10," Anaclerio said, "and they're very interactive and creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject."