本科自考英語語言學(xué)概論精心整理 ChapterPhonology

1、Chapter 4 Phonology(音位學(xué))4.1 phonetics and phonology: 語音學(xué)與音位學(xué)的區(qū)分Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech. 語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)都士對(duì)語音的研究。定義區(qū)別-Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds.語音學(xué)是研究語音的生產(chǎn)、感知和物理性質(zhì)的。-Phonology studies how speech sounds are combin

2、ed，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究語音如何在在特定的語言中結(jié)合、組織和表達(dá)含義。-Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. 音位學(xué)是特定于語言的。它的研究對(duì)象是自然語言中的聲音是如何組織和使用的。-Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the so

3、und system of a language. 語音學(xué)是一個(gè)研究語音的然后音位學(xué)是研究一種語言的聲音系統(tǒng)的學(xué)科。4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位變體Different languages have different phonological systems. 不同的語言有不同的語音系統(tǒng)。定義： Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech.音子就是在連續(xù)的發(fā)音中可辨認(rèn)的最小語音單位或片段。 Alloph

4、ones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another. 音位變體是指代表語言中音位的音子，即使以一個(gè)取代另一個(gè)也不改變?cè)~義。 Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language. 音位是語言系統(tǒng)中最小的獨(dú)特的單位。Allophones are the realization of a

5、 particular phoneme while phones are the realization of phonemes in general. 音位變體是一個(gè)特定音素的認(rèn)知而音子則是一般的音素。4.3Minimal pairs 最小對(duì)立體The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaking, distinctive. Minimal pair-a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound.T

6、hree conditions（情況）:1） the two froms are different in meaning意義不同2） the two forms are different in one sound segment聲音片段不同 3） the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同聲音發(fā)生在兩個(gè)單詞的相同位置Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（滿足） the three conditions .Minimal pairs help determ

7、ine phonemes. 最小對(duì)立體用來定義音位。4.4 identifying phonemes 識(shí)別音素 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 對(duì)比分布，互補(bǔ)分布和自由變異The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear. 一個(gè)聲音的分布是指其有關(guān)的聲音可能出現(xiàn)的集體環(huán)境。1）contrastive distribution對(duì)

8、比分布If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning，they are said to be in contrastive distribution. 如果兩個(gè)或更多的聲音可以發(fā)生在相同的環(huán)境并且一旦一個(gè)聲音替換另一個(gè)會(huì)改變的意思,那他們就是處于對(duì)比分布。2）complementary distribution互補(bǔ)分布If two or more sounds never a

9、ppear in the same environment，that is，each sound only appears in the environments where the other sound never occurs，then they are said to be in complementary distribution. 如果兩個(gè)或更多的聲音從未出現(xiàn)在相同的環(huán)境中,也就是每一個(gè)聲音只出現(xiàn)在其他的聲音不出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境中,然后他們被稱為處在互補(bǔ)分布。3）free variation 自由變異When two sounds can appear in the same enviro

10、nment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause any change in meaning，they are said to be in free variation. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)聲音可以出現(xiàn)在相同環(huán)境但是替換一個(gè)其他不會(huì)導(dǎo)致任何意思的改變, 然后他們被稱為處在自由變異。 Principles of identifying phonemes 識(shí)別音位的四個(gè)原則（1） If two sounds are found to be in contrastive distribution,they are separate ph

11、onemes. 如果兩個(gè)音處于對(duì)比分布，那么它們是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的音位。（2） If two sounds are always in free variation, then they are two allophones of the same phoneme. 如果兩個(gè)音總是處于自由變異，則這兩個(gè)音是同一個(gè)音位的音位變體。 （3） If two phonetically similar sounds are in complementary distribution, then they are two allophones of the same phoneme. 如果語音上相似的兩個(gè)音處于

12、互補(bǔ)分布，則它們是同一個(gè)音位的音位變體。（4）If two sounds are in complementary distribution but have no phonetic similarity, then they are two different phonemes. 如果兩個(gè)音處于”互補(bǔ)分布”，但沒有語音相似性，他們肯定是兩個(gè)不同的音位。Procedures:過程 1 check principle (1) and find minimal pairs. If yes, then two sounds are phonemes. 2 If no minimal pair is

13、found, check principle（2）. The answer is always NO, direct 3 Check principle （3）. if yes, phonemes. If no, come to principle 4 4 Check principle （4）, if yes, phonemes4.5 Distinctive features 區(qū)別性特征定義：A distinctive feature is one which distinguishes one phoneme from another,區(qū)別性特征就是把兩個(gè)音位相互區(qū)分的特征 like /n

14、asal/,/voiced/. Phonetic features are used to describe allophones, or phones. The distinctive feature theory is put forward by Jakobson.4.6 Phonological rules 音位規(guī)則 Assimilation rule 同化規(guī)則定義：An assimilation rule is a phonological rule that is to describe the effect of phonetic context or situation on

15、a particular phone.同化規(guī)則是描述一個(gè)特定音子下語音上下文和情形效果的一個(gè)語音規(guī)則。It assimilates one segment to another by“copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme to another, thus making the two phones more similar. 它通過“模仿”一個(gè)序列音位的一個(gè)特征使一個(gè)語音與另一個(gè)語音相似，從而使兩個(gè)音子變得相似。 Deletion rule 省略規(guī)則定義：The deletion rule in phonology concerns the re

16、lation between letters and sounds within the phonetic condition. 在音位學(xué)中省略規(guī)則是關(guān)于在語音條件下字母與聲音的關(guān)系。The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. 它告訴我們什么時(shí)候一個(gè)語音盡管在拼寫中存在，但再發(fā)音時(shí)卻可以省略。 Sequential rules 序列規(guī)則Sequential rules state the possible combination of

17、phonemes and the constraint over such a combination for a language. 序列規(guī)則規(guī)定了音位的可能的組合以及其的組合制約。With this sort of linguistic knowledge which is stated in phonology as a phonological rule，a string of phonemes can be judged whether it is a word or a possible word for a language. 用這樣的語言知識(shí),闡述了音位學(xué)作為一個(gè)語音規(guī)則,一連

18、串的音位可以判斷它是否是一個(gè)詞或一個(gè)可能的單詞。4.7 suprasegmental features(超音段特征)segmental features(音段特征): features that have effect on only one segment, like voicing, aspiration.只對(duì)音段產(chǎn)生作用的特征。suprasegmental features（超音段特征）: features that have effect on more than one segment, The distinctive（phonological）features which appl

19、y to groups larger than the single segment such as a syllable，a word，or a sentence. 定義：(語音)的獨(dú)特特性,適用于團(tuán)體大于音段如一個(gè)字、一個(gè)字,或一個(gè)句子。which also known as prosody(韻律特征).The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture. 重音、聲調(diào)、語調(diào)、連音。 stress(重音,重讀) Stress is a feature for which the smal

20、lest unit of application is syllable.重音是最小應(yīng)用到音節(jié)的特征。Word stress：the noun has the stress on the first syllable and the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.Sentence stress: an unstressed word in a sentence is stressed Tone(聲調(diào))Tone(調(diào)):an identifiable movement or the level of pitch(音

21、高) that is used in a linguistically contrastive ways. 一個(gè)可識(shí)別的運(yùn)動(dòng)或音高水平用于一個(gè)語言的對(duì)比方法。Tone language:the meaning-distinctive function of tone is especially important .Chinese is a typical tone language. 中文是典型的聲調(diào)語言。Four tones：level，rise，fall-rise，and fall Intonation(語調(diào))English is an intonation language.Five basic types of tones:1 the falling tones: certainty;2 the rising tones: uncertainty3 the level tones: undecided yet whether known or unknown, 4 falling-rising tone: seems certain but turns out not to be.5 rising-falling tones: seems uncerta