施心遠(yuǎn)主編《聽力教程》4-(第2版)Unit(00003)

1、施心遠(yuǎn)主編聽力教程4-（第2版）Unit-5答案AListeningCourse4施心遠(yuǎn)主編聽力教程4（第2版）答案Unit5SectionOne:TacticsforListeningPart1:ListeningandTranslation1. Stocks,bonds,land-peopleinvestindifferentthingsandfordifferentreasons.股票、債券、土地-人們由于不同原因進(jìn)行不同的投資。2. Butallinvestorssharethesamegoal.但是所有的投資者都有一個(gè)共同的目標(biāo)。3. Theywanttogetmoremoneyou

2、toftheirinvestmentthantheyputintoit.他們希望通過投資獲得比所有投入的資金更多的貨幣回報(bào)。4. Themoneytheyinvesttodayprovidescapitalforfuturegrowthintheeconomy.他們今天的投資為將來經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了資金。5. Investorshavetodecidehowmuchrisktheyarewillingtotakeandforhowlong.投資者必須決定自己愿意在多長的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)承受多大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。SectionTwoListeningComprehensionPart1DialogueTheBan

3、kManagerExercise:Listentothedialogueandchoosethebestanswertocompleteeachofthefollowingsentences.1.D2.A3.D4.B5.C6.C7.A8.CPart2PassageStockMarket:HowitWorksEx.A.Pre-listeningQuestionWhatdoyouknowaboutstockmarketinChina?TheShanghaiStockExchangewasfoundedonNovember26th,1990andinoperationonDecember19thth

4、esameyear,andShenzhenStockExchangewasestablishedonDecember1st,1990.Ex.B:SentenceDictation1. AwaveofsellingtriggeredwidespreadpricedeclinesinstockmarketsfromNewYorktoAustralia.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageplunged508pointsinthepanickedrushtosell.2. Thestockmarketisthemeansthroughwhichpreviouslyissuedco

5、rporatestocks,sharesofownershipinacorporation,aretraded.3. However,theforcesinfluencingthepricesofcorporatestocksarequitedifferentfromthoseinfluencingthepricesofgoodsandservices.4. Peopleandorganizationswhobuyandholdstockdosofortheincomestheyhopetoearn.5. WhenBlackMondayfinallyreeledtoaclose,manyapo

6、rtfoliohadlostoverafifthofthevalueithadthedaybefore.Ex.C:DetailedListening.1. B2.A3.D4.B5.B6.D7.C8.CEx.D:After-listeningDiscussion2. Whatis“BlackMonday"?OnOctober19,1987,awaveofsellingtriggeredwidespreaddeclinesinstockmarketsfromNewYorktoAustralia.Thatdayis“BlackMonday”.Onthatday,therewerehardl

7、yanybuyorders,andthemarketswerefloodedwithsellorders.Over600millionsharesweretradedontheNewYorkStockExchange-morethantwicetheNYSE'saveragesalesvolume.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageofthepricesof30stocksofmajorUScompanieslost22.6percentofitsvalueonthatmemorableday,plunging508pointsinthepanickedrusht

8、osell.WhenBlackMondayfinallyreeledtoaclose,manyaportfoliohadlostoverafifthofthevalueithadthedaybefore.3. Doyouliketobeabroker?Why?Open.ScriptofPassage:StockMarket:HowItWorksOnMonday,October19,1987,awaveofsellingtriggeredwidespreadpricedeclinesinstockmarketsfromNewYorktoAustralia.ONthatday,nowinfamou

9、sas“BlackMonday,over600millionsharesweretradedontheNewYorkStockExchange-morethantwicetheNYSE'saveragesalesvolume.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageofthepricesof30stocksofmajorUScompanieslost22.6percentofitsvalueonthatmemorableday,plunging508pointsinthepanickedrushtosell.Whatisthestockmarket,andhowisit

10、affectedbytheforcesofsupplyanddemand?Thestockmarketisthemeansthroughwhichpreviouslyissuedcorporatestocks,sharesofownershipinacorporation,aretraded.Stockexchangesareorganizationswhosemembersactasintermediariestobuyandsellstocksfortheirclients.About80percentofallstocktradingintheUnitedStatestakesplace

11、attheNewYorkStockExchange.ThereareotherstockexchangesintheUnitedStatesaswellasinParis,London,SydneyandTokyo.Howarestockpricesdetermined?Theanswer,asyoumightexpect,isbysupplyanddemand.However,theforcesinfluencingthepricesofcorporatestocksarequitedifferentfromthoseinfluencingthepricesofgoodsandservice

12、s.Peopleandorganizationswhobuyandholdstockdosofortheincomestheyhopetoearn.Theincomesdependondividendspaidtostockholders,changesintheincomestheyhopetoearn.Theincomesdependondividendspaidtostockholders,changesinthepriceofstockovertime,andtheexpectedreturncomparedtothereturnonalternativeinvestments.Ona

13、nygivendayinthestockmarket,thereareorderstobuyandorderstosell.Theorderstobuyconstitutethequantityofastockdemandedatthecurrent(oranticipated)pricepershare,whiletheorderstosellconstitutethequantitysuppliedatthatprice.Thechiefinfluenceonboththesupplyofanddemandforstocksistheincomepotentialofholdingthes

14、tockcomparedtotheincomepotentialofholdingalternativeassetssuchasbonds,othertypesofsecurities,orrealpropertylikebuildingsandland.OntheNewYorkStockExchange,tradinginallstocksiscontinuous.Aspecialistisassignedtooverseetradingineachstock.Thisspecialistisa“broker'sbroker”whotriestoadjustthepriceofthe

15、stocksothatquantitydemandedequalsquantitysupplied.However,thespecialistisalsoallowedtopurchasethestocktoholdasapersonalinvestmentifnobuyercanbefound.Inthiswaythespecialistcanexertsomeinfluenceonthesupplyofanddemandforstocks,andwilldosoifit'sprofitable.OnOctober19,1987,therewerehardlyanybuyorders

16、,andthemarketswerefloodedwithsellorders.Becauseofthetremendoussurplusofstocksattheprevailingprices,specialistsandcallclerksloweredpricesuntilquantitydemandedequaledquantitysupplied.WhenBlackMondayfinallyreeledtoaclose,manyaportfoliohadlostoverafifthofthevalueithadthedaybefore.SectionThreeNewsNewsIte

17、m1Ex.A:SummarizethenewsThisnewsitemisaboutthefactthatArcticisthewarmestintwomillennia.Ex.B:Listenagainandfillintheblanks.Scientistshaveproducedevidenceshowingdramaticallythatthecurrenttemperaturerisethereishighlyunusual.Formostofthelasttwothousandyears,theArcticslowlycooled,aconsequenceofvariationsi

18、ntheEarth'sorbit.Butoverthelastcentury,thecoolingabruptlyreversed,andtheregionisnowwarmerthanatanytimeinthe2,000yearrecord.WritinginthejournalScience,theresearcherssaythisshowshowquicklytheArcticrespondstoclimaticchanges.NewsItem2Ex.A:ListentothenewsandcompletethesummaryThisitemisaboutWWF'sa

19、ccusationagainstEuropeantoiletandtissuepapermanufacturersofcontributingtoglobaldeforestationbynotusingenoughrecycledmaterial.Ex.B:Listentothenewsagainandanswerthequestions.1. Howmanytreesarebeingdiscardedastissuepapereachday?Morethanaquarterofamilliontrees.2. Whatdidthereportfind?Thereportfoundalarm

20、inglylowlevelsofrecycledfibersinthevastmajorityofproductsbyEuropeantoiletandtissuepapermanufacturers.3. WherearethefibersusedbyEuropeantoiletandtissuepapercompaniestakenfrom?ThefibersaretakenfromnaturalforestsinSouthAfrica,Asia,EuropeandacrosstheAmericas.4. Whathavemostofthetoiletandtissuepapermanuf

21、acturersfailedtodo?Mostofthecompanieshavefailedtotakeeffectivemeasurestopreventillegalorcontroversialtimberfrombeingusedintheirproducts.ScriptofNewsItemTwo:Theinternationalconservationgroup,WWF,hasaccusedEuropeantoiletandtissuepapermanufacturersofcontributingtoglobaldeforestationbynotusingenoughrecy

22、cledmaterial.Aspokesmansaidmorethanaquarterofamilliontreeswereinfactbeingflusheddowntoiletsordiscardedasrubbisheachday.ThereportfoundalarminglylowlevelsofrecycledfibersinthevastmajorityofproductsandsaidthefiberswereinsteadbeingtakenfromnaturalforestsinSouthAfrica,Asia,EuropeandacrosstheAmericas.Usin

23、gvirginforesttomaketoiletpaper,saysthereport,iswastefulandunnecessary.Thereportalsowarnsthat川egalandunsustainableloggingandconflictsoverlandrightsstillexistinmanyoftheseareasandthatallbutoneofthecompanieshavesofarfailedtotakeeffectivemeasurestopreventillegalorcontroversialtimberfrombeingusedintheirp

24、roducts.NewsItem3Ex.A:ListenandsummarizethenewsitemThisnewsitemisaboutthewarningsfromspecialiststhatclimatechangecandrivesomespeciesofmigratinganimalstowardsextinction.Ex.BListentothenewsandcompletethefollowingoutlineFindings:Climatechangecandrivesomespeciesofmigratinganimalstowardsextinction.Reason

25、:Birds,mammalsandreptilesarefindingitincreasinglydifficulttofollowtheirusualmigratingpatterns.Examples:1. ThespreadingSaharaDesertcouldmakeitimpossibleforswallowstomaketheepicjourneyfromSouthernAfrica.2. Risingsealevelswilldestroymanycoastalhabitatsforturtlesandwadingbirds.3. Warmeroceanscouldleadto

26、someturtlespeciesbecomingentirelyfemale.ScriptofNewsItem3Scientistsarewarningthatclimatechangecoulddrivesomespeciesofmigratinganimalstowardsextinction.AreportbyEuropeanornithologistsandzoologistssaythatbirds,mammalsandreptilesarefindingitincreasinglydifficulttofollowtheirusualmigrationpatterns.Thisr

27、eportbyornithologistsandzoologistswarnsthatglobalwarmingwillcauseincreasingproblemsformanymigratingspecies.Forexample,thespreadingSaharaDesertcouldmakeitimpossibleforswallowstomaketheirepicjourneyfromSouthernAfrica,andrisingsealevelswilldestroymanycoastalhabitatsforturtlesandwadingbirds.Thestudyeven

28、suggeststhatwarmeroceanscouldleadtosometurtlespeciesbecomingentirelyfemale.Theselectionofsexiscloselylinkedtoseatemperature.SectionFourPart 1 FeaturereportScript:Money,Fame,PowerDon'tMotivateMostWorkersInhisnewbook,titledDrive,authorDanielPinksaysthere'sabiggapbetweenwhatscienceknowsandwhatb

29、usinessleadersknowabouthowtomotivateaworkforce.Pinksaysmostbusinessesoperatetodayonthecarrot-and-sticksystemofrewardsandpunishments.Employeesarerewardedforgoodperformance,andpenalizedforperformingbadly.AccordingtoPink,thecarrot-and-stickapproachusuallyworkswellinsituationswhereworkersareperformingsi

30、mple,routinetasks,likecheckingproductsonanassemblylineorpackingboxes.Butforjobsthatrequirecreativity,anddeeper,morecomplexthinking,suchaswritingordesigning,employersneedtotakeadifferentapproachPinksaysitisimportanttorecognizepeoplearenotasmotivatedbyexternalfactorslikecashrewardsastheyarebythingstha

31、tinterestthem.Hecallstheseintrinsicorinternalmotivators.aIntrinsicmotivatorisdoingsomethingforthesakeoftheactivityitself.Soyouplaythebanjobecauseyouliketoplaythebanjo.Extrinsicmotivatorisdoingsomethinginordertogetareward.SoImightworkreallyhardbecausewhoeverwiththemostsaleswillgeta$100giftcard.”Accor

32、dingtoPink,intrinsicmotivatorscanbebrokendownintothreecomponents:Thefirstisautonomy,thatis,self-direction.Anotheroneismastery,thatis,ourdesiretobecomebetteratsomethingthatmatters,andfinally,purpose,whichistodowhatwedoinserviceofsomethinglargerthanourselves."Thosearereallythepathwaytohighperform

33、anceonawholerangeofthings,"saysPink,"especiallyonthemorecreative,conceptual,complexthingsthatmoreandmorepeopleinthiscountry,intheUnitedStates,inWesternEurope,inCanada,inAustralia,inJapaninmuchoftheindustrializedworldaredoing."Pinkgoesontoexplaintheimportanceofautonomyinsituationswhere

34、peopleareinrestrictedenvironments:"Thehistoryofhumansofallkindsofsocieties-western,eastern,modern,ancient-isthathumanbeingstypicallyresistcontrol."Pinkbelievesthegreatestthingsthathavehappenedinhumancivilizationhavebeentheresultofpeoplebeingabletodowhattheywantedtodoandhowtheywantedtodoit:

35、"Mostgreatpiecesofart,mostgreatpiecesofmusic,manygreatarchitecturaltriumphs,manygreattechnologicalinnovations,thethingsthatlastandendure,areoftentheproduct,obviously,ofhumaningenuity,butalsotheproductoftheautonomythatallowedpeopletobeingenious,"hesays.Anotherelementofintrinsicmotivation,sa

36、ysPink,isthemastery."Whatthegreatestmotivatorwehaveisthedesiretogetbetteratstuff.ThereisaHarvardbusinessschoolresearchthatthebiggestmotivatoratwork-byfar-ismakingprogress.Thatarethedaysthatpeoplefeelmostengaged,mostmotivated,arethedayswhenthey'vemadesomeprogressintheirwork."Pinksaystha

37、t'swhyitissoimportantmanagersrecognizeandvalidateprogressintheiremployeeswork.“Inmyview,themanager'sgreatrolesistohelppeopleseetheirprogress,andtorecognizeprogressandcelebrateprogress.Makingprogressisoneofthosethingsthatmakeupthevirtuouscircle,sothatifyoumakeprogressoneday,you'remorelike

38、lytobemotivated,whichmakesitmorelikelythatyou'llmakeprogressthenextday."Andbeyondprogress,saysPink,there'sathirdelementofintrinsicmotivation,theuniversalhumandesireforasenseofpurpose."Wetendtoworkbetterwhenweknowwhatwe'redoingmattersinsomeway,"hesays."Notnecessarilyma

39、ttersinsomesupertranscendenteliminate-green-house-gasesfromtheatmosphereway,butcanbesimplywritingagreatstorythathelpspeopleunderstandtheirworldalittlebitbetter;orcreatingaproductthatmakespeoplelivetheirlivesalittleeasier,orcreatingsomethingthatbringsbeautytosomebody'slife."DanielPinkbelieve

40、sthataswelearnmoreaboutthescienceofhumanmotivation,societywilladapt.AuthorDanielPinksaystoday'sbusinessmanagers,facingtheincreasinglycompetitivepressuresofaglobalmarketplace,maybemoreinclinedthaneverbeforetoquestiontraditionalattitudesaboutwhatmotivates,andultimatelyfulfillsus,ashumans.Part 2 Pa

41、ssageExerciseBDictation1. Agreementsamongpartiesinacompetingrelationshipcanraiseantitrustsuspicions.Competitorsmaybeagreeingtorestrictcompetitionamongthemselves.2. Antitrustauthoritiesmustinvestigatetheeffectandpurposeofanagreementtodetermineitslegality.3. Pricesmayincreaseifconsumerdemandforaproduc

42、tisparticularlyhighandthesupplyislimited.4. RecentcasesinvolvedagroupofphysicianschargedwithusingaboycotttopreventamanagedcareorganizationfromestablishingacompetinghealthcarefacilityinVirginia.5. TheFTCrecentlychargedagroupofautodealerswithrestrictingcomparativeanddiscountadvertisingtothedetrimentof

43、consumers.ExerciseC1.T2,T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.T8,FScript:Agreementsamongpartiesinacompetingrelationshipcanraiseantitrustsuspicions.Competitorsmaybeagreeingtorestrictcompetitionamongthemselves.Antitrustauthoritiesmustinvestigatetheeffectandpurposeofanagreementtodetermineitslegality.競爭者間的橫向協(xié)定：相互之間有競爭關(guān)系的市場主體間

44、的協(xié)定很可能引起反托拉斯當(dāng)局的懷疑。競爭們可能協(xié)商在他們自己之間進(jìn)行限制競爭。反托拉斯當(dāng)局需要通過調(diào)查該協(xié)定的影響和目的來確認(rèn)其合法性。Agreementsaboutpriceorprice-relatedmatterssuchascredittermspotentiallyarethemostserious.That'sbecausepriceoftenistheprincipalwaythatfirmscompete.A"naked"agreementonprice-wheretheagreementisnotreasonablyrelatedtothefirm

45、s'businessoperations-isillegal.Hardcore-clearorblatant-price-fixingissubjecttocriminalprosecution.關(guān)于價(jià)格或諸如信用證條款等有關(guān)價(jià)格事項(xiàng)的協(xié)定是極具潛在危害性的。這是因?yàn)閮r(jià)格通常是商家之間競爭的最主要的手段。一項(xiàng)與公司的商業(yè)運(yùn)作不適當(dāng)?shù)芈?lián)系在一起的純價(jià)格協(xié)定是非法的。Hardcore-clearorblatant-price-fixingissubjecttocriminalprosecution.限價(jià)行為不論其是清晰的還是極為顯著的，都將面臨到刑事指控。Aresimilarityofpr

46、ices,simultaneouspricechangesorhighpricesindicationsofprice-fixing?Notalways.Theseconditionscanresultfromprice-fixing,buttoprovethecharge,antitrustauthoritieswouldneedevidenceofanagreementtofixprices.Pricesimilarities-ortheappearanceofsimultaneouschangesinprice-alsocanresultfromnormaleconomicconditi

47、ons.Forexample,vigorouscompetitioncandrivepricesdowntoacommonlevel.Ageneralincreaseinwholesalegasolinecostsduetoproductionshortagescancausegasolinestationstoincreaseretailpricesaroundthesametime.Asfortheappearanceofuniformly"high"prices,collusionmaynotbetheonlybasisforthesituation.Pricesma

48、yincreaseifconsumerdemandforaproductisparticularlyhighandthesupplyislimited.Askanyshopperinsearchofaparticularlypopularchildren'stoy.是否近似價(jià)格、同時(shí)發(fā)生的價(jià)格變動或高價(jià)格都是限價(jià)行為的跡象呢？并非總是如此。這些情形可以是由限價(jià)行為而引發(fā)的，但是反托拉斯當(dāng)局需要有一限價(jià)協(xié)定作為證據(jù)以支持其指控。近似價(jià)格、同時(shí)發(fā)生的價(jià)格變動也可以是由正常的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境變動而引發(fā)的。例如，激烈的競爭促使價(jià)格下降到一個(gè)正常的水平；因產(chǎn)量不足而引起的汽油成本整體性上升會促使各加油站

49、在一個(gè)大體相同的時(shí)間提高它們的零售價(jià)格；至于出現(xiàn)的統(tǒng)一的高價(jià)格，串謀也可能不是出現(xiàn)這樣情形的唯一原因。價(jià)格上漲可能是由于消費(fèi)者對某一供應(yīng)不足的產(chǎn)品需求特別大。如，要求商家提供一非常受歡迎的兒童玩具。Anagreementtorestrictproductionoroutputisillegalbecausereducingthesupplyofaproductorserviceinevitablydrivesupitsprice.一項(xiàng)關(guān)于限制產(chǎn)量的協(xié)定是非法的。因?yàn)樗鳒p了產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的供應(yīng)量，這就不可避免地引發(fā)了價(jià)格上漲。Agroupboycott-anagreementamongcompetitorsnottodealwithanotherpersonorbusiness-violatesthelawifitisusedtoforceanotherpartytopayhigherprices.一團(tuán)體的聯(lián)合抵制（即競爭者之間有關(guān)禁止與其它人交易的協(xié)定）若是以迫使另一團(tuán)體支付更高的價(jià)格為目的，那么這種行為就是非法的。Boycottstopreventafirmfro