的用法及翻譯

1、as far as so far as一用于指距離，表示“直到為止”之意時(shí)，as far as既可用于肯定句，也可用于否定句，但so far as只能用于否定句中。例如：We went as far as Lion Rock Tunnel. 我們一直走到獅子山隧道公路那兒。 They did not go as far as the others. 他們沒有像其他的人走得那么遠(yuǎn)。 （此句的as far as可以改作so far as） 二在表示“直到程度”之意的借喻說法中，as far as和so far as都可使用，但前者不及后者用得普遍。例：she went so far as （or

2、as far as） to call him a coward. 她甚至罵他是儒夫。 三在表示“就而論”之意時(shí)，as far as和so far as可互換使用。例： As （or So） far as I koow，she will be away from Macao for two months. 據(jù)我所知，她將要離開澳門兩個(gè)月。 As （or So） far as my knowledge goes，there is no such word in English. 據(jù)我所知，英語里沒有這樣一個(gè)字。 四在表示“只要”、“盡所能”之意時(shí)，應(yīng)用as far as，不用so far as。例

3、： I'll do my utmost to help you as far as I can. 只要可能，我一定竭盡全力來幫你。 Eric Partridge在他編著的Usage and Abusage一書中寫道（第44頁），在用作比喻意義的敘述句里，so far as比as far as用得普遍，他舉了這樣一個(gè)例子：so far as I can see，your idea is admirable.As long as so long as2.一、在表示during the whole time that(長達(dá)之久)或while(只要)的含義時(shí),往往用as long as。如:

4、1. they all continued their regard for me as long as they lived. 他們畢生都在關(guān)心著我.2. For almost as long as Juanita could remember, adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing seemed as easy as breathing, and as natural. 在胡安妮塔的記憶中,加減乘除對自己來說早就是如同呼吸一樣簡單而自然了. 3. As long as there is life there is hope. 留得生命

5、在,不怕沒希望. 二、在表示on condition that, provided that或if(只要,如果)的含義時(shí),用as long as或so long as的情況均很常見。如: 1 You can go out, as / so long as you promise to be back before 11 o'clock. 你可以出去,只要你答應(yīng)在11點(diǎn)以前回來. 2. I'll accept any job as / so long as I don't have to get up early. 只要不必早起,任何工作我都可以接受. 3. So / A

6、s long as electric current flows through a wire, there is a potential difference. 只要有電流通過,導(dǎo)線就有電位差. 4. these stories reinforced the idea that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy so / as long as they were hardworking. 這些故事強(qiáng)化了一種思想,那就是,所有人,不管有多窮,只要勤勞,都能變富有. 三、在表示since,

7、considering that(既然,因?yàn)?的含義時(shí),多用as long as。如: 1. As long as we've driven this far, we might as well go on. 我們既然已經(jīng)駛得這么遠(yuǎn)了,就不妨繼續(xù)前進(jìn). 2. As long as you are here, go on. 你既然已經(jīng)來到這里了,就干吧.3 As long as you are going, I'll go too. 既然你要去,那么我也去. 四、有時(shí),as / so long as與if only同義,由它引導(dǎo)的狀語分句可不依附主句而單獨(dú)使用,表示說話人的希望、

8、愿望或遺憾心情等。如: It's said it's going to turn colder and freeze later on. 聽說過些時(shí)候天氣要變冷,有冰凍.As long as it doesn't spoil the weekend. (=I hope that it doesn't spoil the weekend.) 只要不把周末弄糟了就沒事. 五、在用as / so long as連接的從句中,當(dāng)其謂語為be,而主語和主句的主語相同時(shí),則從句的主語和be可以省略。如: I'm sure we are safe as long as

9、(we are) in his care. 我深信只要在他的保護(hù)下,我們就會(huì)平安無事As Well As的用法及翻譯一、AS WELL AS，AND and NOT ONLYBUT ALSOAs well as可作為副詞，介詞以及連詞使用。在作并列連詞時(shí)，連接兩個(gè)相同的成分，如主語，謂語，賓語，表語和狀語等，表示“除之外、不僅還、既又、不但而且、同、和、并、也”之意?，F(xiàn)分別舉例如下：Tom as well as Jack blamed me.不僅杰克，就連湯姆也責(zé)怪我。To accomplish great things, we must dream as well as act. Anato

10、le Keats要完成偉大的事業(yè)，既要實(shí)干，更要有崇高的理想。阿納托爾·濟(jì)慈愛（王國棟，2004：548）Living things need light as well as air and water. 生物不僅需要空氣與水，還需要陽光。He is courageous as well as strong.他既強(qiáng)壯又勇敢。A man may usually is known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps. S. Smiles通常不但可以從一個(gè)人所交往的人，還可以從所讀的書來了解一個(gè)人。斯邁爾斯（英

11、國傳記作家）（王國棟，2004：548）（改譯：通常，了解一個(gè)人不僅可以通過他所交往的人，還可以通過所讀的書。）As well as雖有“同、和、也”的意思，但與and的表意用法不同，并列連詞and可以連接名詞、代詞或數(shù)詞，其所連接的成分不分主次、輕重，但as well as有主次、輕重之分。例如：“he as well as I”并不等于“he and I”?！癶e as well as I”，he是重點(diǎn)，I居次要地位，譯為“不僅我，而且他”。 The teacher blamed you and him as well as me. 老師不僅責(zé)備我（次要），而且也責(zé)備了你和他。（“你和他”

12、是重點(diǎn)。）He masters English as well as French. 他不僅精通法語（次要），而且精通英語（重點(diǎn)）。He masters English and French. 他精通英語和法語。（英語和法語并重）（杜永文，2002：1056-1057）As well as也不同于not onlybut also。As well as的重點(diǎn)在前面，而not onlybut also的重點(diǎn)在后面，即在but also之后，例如：The teacher, as well as students wishes for holidays.不但學(xué)生連老師也都希望放假。=Not only

13、the students but also the teacher wishes for holidays.不但學(xué)生就連老師也希望放假。（王國棟，2004：549）所以在翻譯過程中，要謹(jǐn)慎對待as well as。應(yīng)該先譯后面，再譯前面，因?yàn)橹形睦锏摹安粌H還”、“不但而且”等關(guān)聯(lián)詞所連接的成分，其強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分在后面，正好與as well as相反。Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.無知是羨慕的根源，也是恐懼的根源。（蔡宗源，2000：73）He grows flowers as well as vegetables.

14、 他不但種菜而且種花。She is a talented musician as well as being a photographer. 她是一個(gè)攝影師又是很有才華的音樂家。(李振華、楊廣育，1991：1834)He gave me money as well as advice. 他除了給我忠告外，還給我錢。 We shall travel by night as well as by day, both by night and by day. 我們將日夜趕路。(A S Hornby, 1994：1307)但這常常被英語學(xué)習(xí)者忽視，也不免于大家之手。張道真先生在其編著的各版語法書中，對

15、as well as的翻譯基本上都錯(cuò)了?，F(xiàn)將其摘抄并改譯如下：（其書中相同的句子不重列）I have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays.我念過他的一本小說和他的幾個(gè)劇本。（張道真，2002：454）改譯為：我不僅讀過他的一些劇本，還讀過他的一本小說。It is important for you as well as for me.這對你對我都很重要。（張道真，2002：454）改譯為：這不僅對我很重要，對你也很重要。This is a political as well as an economic question.這

16、是一個(gè)政治也是經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。（張道真，2002：502）這是一個(gè)政治問題，也是一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。（這句譯文出現(xiàn)在實(shí)用英語語法最新版中）（張道真，2003：467）改譯為：這不僅是個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問題，更是個(gè)政治問題。We cannot expect her to do the homework as well as look after the children.我們不能指望她既做作業(yè)又照看孩子。（張道真，2002：502）改譯為：我們不可能叫她既照顧孩子又做家庭作業(yè)。John can speak Chinese as well as French.約翰能講漢語及法語。（張道真，2003：467）改譯為：約翰不

17、僅能講法語，還能講漢語。We shall travel by night as well as by day.我們將日夜兼程。（張道真，2003：467）這是唯一譯對的一句，應(yīng)是源于牛津現(xiàn)代高級英漢雙解詞典。The conflict spread everywhere, into villages, as well as into cities.沖突到處蔓延，蔓延到了農(nóng)村，也蔓延到了城市。（張道真，2003：467）改譯為：沖突到處蔓延，蔓延到了城市，也蔓延到了農(nóng)村。二、AS WELL AS的注意事項(xiàng)：1. As well as連接三個(gè)成分時(shí)，可用A and B as well as C; A

18、 as well as B and C。但不可用A, B as well as C。（王國棟，2004：549）比如：通常不使用“you, he as well as I”，卻使用“you and he as well as I”（=“不僅我，而且你和他”）。（杜永文，2002：1056-1057）2. As well as連接復(fù)合主語時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞形式取決于as well as前面的名詞。例如：Lynn as well as I likes mathematics. 不僅我，林恩也喜歡數(shù)學(xué)。Tom as well as they wants to go back home. 不僅他們，連湯姆

19、也想回家。3. As well as連接兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它們的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)保持一致。例如：She publishes as well as prints her own novels.她的小說是她自己印刷出版的。She is cleaning the house as well as taking care of her child. 她在照顧孩子的同時(shí)也打掃房屋。4. As well as連接人稱代詞的主格和賓格時(shí)，句意不同。例如：Steven helped you as well as me. 史蒂文幫過我，也幫過你。（you和me都作help的賓語）Steven helped you as w

20、ell as I. 我?guī)瓦^你，史蒂文也幫過你。（they和I都作help的主語）5. As well as用在否定句中，當(dāng)as well as在not之前，兩者均否定；當(dāng)as well as在not之后，否定前者，肯定后者。例如：Phil, as well as David, has been to Lushan. 不僅大衛(wèi)，菲爾也去過廬山。Phil hasnt been to Lushan as well as David. 大衛(wèi)去過廬山，菲爾沒有。（菲爾并沒有和大衛(wèi)一樣去過廬山。）Phil, as well as David, hasnt been to Lushan. 不僅大衛(wèi)沒有去過廬

21、山，菲爾也沒有。6. As well as有時(shí)也會(huì)引起歧義，如：She can speak French as well as English. 她不僅能講英語（次），也能講法語（主）。也可以理解為：她法語與英語說得一樣好。7. As well as作為介詞時(shí)，相當(dāng)于besides，in addition to，后面通常接名詞或v-ing形式，尤其位于句首時(shí)，例如： As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm. 他不但摔斷了腿，而且還傷了胳膊。She sings as well as playing the violin. 她會(huì)拉小提琴，還會(huì)唱歌。

22、（王國棟，2004：549）此處as well as是介詞，所以其后接v-ing形式，當(dāng)然as well as也可作連詞連接兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，上文已舉例。綜上所述，在使用as well as時(shí)，要特別小心，既不能與and等同，也不能與not onlybut also相提并論。翻譯是要先譯后者，再譯前者。參考書目：A S Hornby,牛津現(xiàn)代高級英漢雙解詞典。北京：商務(wù)印書館，1994：1307蔡宗源，大學(xué)英語成功策略翻譯。上海：上海教育出版社，2000：73杜永文，新編英語語法分析全書。北京：中國大百科全書出版社，2002：1056-1057李振華、楊廣育，最新牛津現(xiàn)代高級英漢雙解詞典。太原：山

23、西人民出版社，1991：1834王國棟，英語深層語法。北京：商務(wù)印書館國際有限公司，2004：548-549張道真，實(shí)用英語語法。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2002：454張道真，實(shí)用英語語法最新版。北京：外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，2003：467張道真，英語語法新編。北京：社會(huì)科學(xué)文獻(xiàn)出版社，2002：305張道真，張道真英語用法。北京：商務(wù)印書館，2002：502章振邦，新編英語語法教程。上海：上海外語教育出版社，2002：46英語就近原則 謂語動(dòng)詞與后面主語一致1.There be 句型 There is a book&

24、#160;and some pencils on the desk.  =There are some pencils and a book on the desk. 2.neither.nor.  Neither you nor he is right. = Neither he nor you 

25、are right. 3.either.or. Either they or Jim is going to Shanghai next Saturday.  = Either Jim or they are going to shanghai next Saturday4.not only.but also. Not 

26、;only Ann but also her parents stay at home every Sunday就遠(yuǎn)原則：謂語動(dòng)詞與前面主語一致代表詞匯：as well as；（together/along/combined）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from, like, as much as, no less than,E.G：Nobody but two students is in the classroom.除了這兩個(gè)學(xué)生，沒有人在教室Everybody except you is down on me. 除了你，大家都看不起我。A woman with two children has come. 一位婦女帶著兩個(gè)孩子已經(jīng)來了。John, rather than his roommates, is to blame. 約翰，而不是他的室友，應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備。Jim, together with his classmates, has seen