屠浩民高級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義

1、高級(jí)語(yǔ)法講義主講：屠浩民省略：一、定語(yǔ)從句的回顧Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist.This is the right book that you are looking for.二、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候三、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)（1）謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)為實(shí)詞（2）謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)為be + 名詞四、先行詞為the way1. 定語(yǔ)從句省略A control box fitted to the car contains a mini-cellphone

2、, a micro-processor and memory, and a GPS (全球定位系統(tǒng) satellite positioning receiver. （06.6舊）She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. （06.6舊）Interest in pursuing international careers ha

3、s soared in recent years, enhanced by chronic (長(zhǎng)久的 personnel shortages that are causing companies to search beyond their home borders for talent. （06.6舊）It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.（07.12）Over the past three de

4、cades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, form 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million in 2004. (07.1218. W: You had a job interview yesterday, didnt you? How did it go?M: Not too bad, I guess. There were about 20 candidates competing for the

5、 sales managers job. And finally it was down to three of us, but the other two seemed better qualified. Q: What does the man imply?A He is confident he will get the job.B His chance of getting the job is slim.C It isnt easy to find a qualified sales manager.D The interview didnt go as well as he exp

6、ected.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 09.12漢密爾頓并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外國(guó)任職的教育家。When the board of the University of Colorado searched for a new president, it wanted a leader(who is familiar with the state government, a major source of the universitys budget. 科羅拉多大學(xué)董事會(huì)在遴選新校長(zhǎng)時(shí)，想聘用一個(gè)與州政府熟悉的領(lǐng)

7、導(dǎo)人，因?yàn)橹菡菍W(xué)校的主要資金來(lái)源。09.12Career experts say that one of the ways (that job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. 職業(yè)專(zhuān)家說(shuō)求職者用因特網(wǎng)找工作時(shí)保持安全的一個(gè)方法是隱瞞其真實(shí)身份。虛擬語(yǔ)氣【1】if 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.2. 倒裝形式Were I you (=if I were you , I would get up early in the morning.Had

8、 you arrived at the station ten minutes earlier yesterday (=If you had arrived, you could have caught the train.Should it rain (=If it should rain, the crops would be saved.【2】饅頭面條原理【3】固定句型It is time that .Would rather that .(1.I would rather he came tomorrow than today.(2.John would rather that she

9、 had not gone to the party yesterday evening.(4.I would rather everything hadn' t happened in the past.“It is (was+形容詞（或過(guò)去分詞）+that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略, 下同）have a walk now.2.It was necessary that we (should make everything ready ahead of time.3. It is required that nobo

10、dy (should smoke here.4. It is important that every pupil (should be able to understand the rule of school.練習(xí)1. Hell be busy this afternoon. If he _ free, he _ to the cinema with you.A. were to be; might go B. am going to be; will goB. will be; might have gone D. is; will go2. When Edison died, it w

11、as proposed that the American people _ all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.A. turn off B. turned offC. would turn off D. had turned off3. Had I known her name, _.A. or does she know mine? B. and where does she live?C. I would have invited h

12、er to lunch D. she would be beautiful4. Id rather you _ by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.A. would go B. should goC. went D. had gone5. The victim _ (本來(lái)會(huì)有機(jī)會(huì)活下來(lái) if he had been taken to hospital in time.would have a chance to survive （06.12翻譯）

13、6. The professor required that _ (我們交研究報(bào)告 。we hand in our research report(s (06.6翻譯7. If Sept. 11 had never happened, the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America, probably indefinitely. (06.6閱讀8. W: What would you do if you were in my place?M: If

14、 Paul were my son, Id just not worry. Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he is working hard himself, hes sure to do well in the next exam.Q: Whats the mans suggestion to the woman?13. A Teaching her son by herself. C Asking the teacher for extra help.B Having confidence in her son. D

15、Telling her son not to worry. （07.12）2.You d better take a sweater with you _ (以防天氣變冷in case it (should turn cold. （08.12）10. If she had returned an hour earlier , Mary (就不會(huì)被大雨淋濕了. 09.6. wouldnt have been caught by the rain11. You would not have failed if you _(按照我的指令去做.had followed my instructions/

16、orders (09.12倒裝：全部倒裝在大學(xué)級(jí)別的考試中，應(yīng)用是非常廣泛的，包括在閱讀、完形、寫(xiě)作以及翻譯當(dāng)中；總共分為兩種形式：全部倒裝和部分倒裝全部倒裝:主謂賓構(gòu)成了正常的語(yǔ)序，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提到了動(dòng)詞的前面，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接發(fā)生在主語(yǔ)之前，那么就是全部倒裝。另外一種情況就是，仍然是主、謂、賓結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)的變化，把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上的助動(dòng)詞提到了主語(yǔ)的前面，這個(gè)就叫做部分倒裝。全部倒裝的情況： 1. The bus is coming here. Here comes the bus. 進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)在變?yōu)榈寡b的時(shí)候要變?yōu)橐话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)。 2. Students went away. Away w

17、entstudents. 3. The boy rushed out. Out rushed the boy. here/away/out/ 在英語(yǔ)當(dāng)中稱(chēng)作方位副詞或時(shí)間副詞。當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go ，come 等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。如果是進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的話(huà)，倒裝后要改為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.方位副詞或時(shí)間副詞置于句首如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。 The old man lives in the city center. In the city center lives th

18、e old man.A temple stands on the mountain. On the mountain stands a temple. 當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把be 動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)放在后面。 Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 18. On the floor lies a boy aged about 18. Sitted on the ground are a group of young people.eg. 訪問(wèn)北京的是300名日本青年。/ 300名

19、日本青年正在訪問(wèn)北京。 300 Japanese young people are visiting Beijing. Visiting Beijing are 300 Japanese young people.全部倒裝的情況：當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go ，come 等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把be 動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)放在后面。主要出現(xiàn)在閱讀當(dāng)中，在翻譯當(dāng)中考到全部倒裝的可能性比較小。部分倒裝：部分倒裝的形式: 主謂賓保持原來(lái)的形式，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的

20、助動(dòng)詞放到主語(yǔ)的前面。 1、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝這類(lèi)詞語(yǔ)有hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, never, few, little, less, at no time, by no means, in no case, under no circumstance, in no way, on no account, on no consideration, no longer, not only等。eg. He never smokes. 他從來(lái)不抽煙。 Never does he smoke. eg. Not onl

21、y did the customer complain about the food, he also refused to pay forit. 這位顧客不僅僅抱怨食物不好，還拒絕付費(fèi)。eg. 在任何情況下我都不會(huì)相信你。Under no circumstance do I trust you.2、當(dāng)句首為only 加狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。eg. Only with you can I feel happy. eg. 只有當(dāng)你來(lái)了這，我們才可以開(kāi)始會(huì)議。 Only when you come, can we start themeeting.3、so.that 結(jié)構(gòu)中的so 位于

22、句首時(shí)，常引起部分倒裝eg. He runs so fast that I can't catch up with him. 他跑得實(shí)在是太快了，以致于我都沒(méi)有辦法追上他。 So fast does he run that I can't catch up with him.eg. The moon was so bright that the flowers bright as by day. 皓月當(dāng)空，花朵就像白天那樣的鮮艷。 So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day.4、句子開(kāi)頭的as 處在第二個(gè)單詞

23、的位置上，表示雖然的意思。eg. Although I am young, I can live by myself. 雖然我很小但是我卻能養(yǎng)活自己了。 Young as I am, I can live by myself. eg. Although she is a girl, she can support the whole family. 雖然她是個(gè)女孩，但是她卻可以養(yǎng)活整個(gè)家庭的人。Girl as she is, she can support the whole family.eg. Although I like music very much,. Much as I like

24、 music,.5、常見(jiàn)的固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用倒裝的情況。hardly.when. 一. 就. scarcely .when. hardly ，scarcely 后面一定要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，when 后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。eg. Hardly had he seen me when he ran away. 他一看到我就跑開(kāi)了。eg. Hardly had the baby cried when his mother rushed to carry him. 嬰兒一哭，他媽媽就跑去抱他。no sooner.than. 一. 就. no sooner 后面一定要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，than 的后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)

25、。eg. No sooner had they reached home than it rained more and more heavily. 他們一到家，雨就越下越大起來(lái)。the more .the more. 越. 越. eg. The harder you work, the happier you feel. 你工作越努力，就越覺(jué)得快樂(lè)。倒裝分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝。全部倒裝：當(dāng)首句為方位或時(shí)間副詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go ，come 等時(shí)通常用全部倒裝。如果句首出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，句子也可以進(jìn)行全部倒裝。當(dāng)句子當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，可以把現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)聯(lián)系在一起放在句首，把b

26、e 動(dòng)詞留在中間當(dāng)作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)放在后面。部分倒裝： 1、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，這個(gè)句子就需要部分倒裝。 2、當(dāng)句首為only 加狀語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，這個(gè)句子需要部分倒裝。 3、so.that 結(jié)構(gòu)中的so 位于句首時(shí)，常引起部分倒裝。 4、句子開(kāi)頭的as 處在第二個(gè)單詞的位置上，表示雖然的意思。 5、常見(jiàn)的固定搭配結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用倒裝的情況。hardly.when. ； scarcely .when. ；no sooner.than. ： hardly ，scarcely ，no sooner 后面一定要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，when 后面用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；the more .the more

27、. 越. 越. ；實(shí)例練習(xí)（1）：1. 直到他完成使命（Not until he had fulfilled/finished his mission）did he realize that he was seriously ill. (08.06 2. The witness was told that under no circumstance ( should he lie to the court 他都不應(yīng)該對(duì)法庭撒謊。（07.12） 3. Only in the small town( does he feel secure and relaxed 他才感覺(jué)安全和放松，he feel

28、s secure and relaxed. (07.6 4. Not only ( did he charge me too much 他向我收費(fèi)過(guò)高, but he didn't do a good repair job either. (06.6 5. Only after I found out the truth( did I realize (that he was innocent 我才意識(shí)到他是無(wú)辜的。6. Not until the game had begun ( did he arrive at the sports ground 他才到達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)。閱讀中的倒裝：1.

29、 Among the report are more outrageous （令人無(wú)法容忍的）findings - a Geman fertilizer described itself as "earthworm-friendly", a brand of flour said it was " non- polluting", and a British toilet paper claimed to be "environmentally friendlier".（05.06閱讀）該報(bào)道當(dāng)中，有很多讓人無(wú)法忍受的發(fā)現(xiàn)，如：一種德

30、國(guó)肥料被描繪成“對(duì)蚯蚓無(wú)害”；一種新的品牌的面粉寫(xiě)道“沒(méi)有任何污染”；還有一家英國(guó)公司的衛(wèi)生紙被宣稱(chēng)為“環(huán)保者”。 2. Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become me reply to any and all provocations: I don't talk about that anymore.（07.06閱讀）幾年前的一天，我說(shuō)了一句話(huà)并最終成為我對(duì)任何和全部挑釁的回答：關(guān)于那個(gè)問(wèn)題我再也不討論了。3. Deeply involved w

31、ith this new technology is a breed of modern business people who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. （03.01閱讀）與新技術(shù)息息相關(guān)的是一些現(xiàn)代商人，他們?nèi)找婵粗貒?guó)外生意的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。實(shí)例練習(xí)（ ） 實(shí)例練習(xí)（2） 1. Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water, which is harvested from icebergs o

32、ff the coast of Newfoundland, Canada.（06.12 閱讀）萃取自加拿大紐芬蘭沿岸冰山 的“冰水”在北美的受歡迎程度一再創(chuàng)出新高。 閱讀當(dāng)中遇到的句型： 一般情況下開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)了地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)或者是分詞引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)， 中 間出現(xiàn)了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞， 后面出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主語(yǔ)， 主語(yǔ)后面接上一些限定 （包括從句、 補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明等） ， 這種形式就是出現(xiàn)的全部倒裝的形式。 2. Not only has the highway system affected the American economy by providing shipping routs, it has led to t

33、he growth of spin-off industries like service stations, motels, restaurants, and shopping centers/malls. （0606 閱讀）公路系統(tǒng)不但為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供了運(yùn)輸路線(xiàn)，還 帶動(dòng)了一批諸如加油站、 汽車(chē)旅館、 酒店、 購(gòu)物中心等相關(guān)行業(yè)的發(fā)展。3. Only when it's gone do you wish you've done more to protect it.（0806 閱讀）當(dāng)你失去的時(shí)候，你才會(huì)希望自己原 來(lái)能夠多做點(diǎn)事情以保護(hù)好它。 only 后面必須接狀語(yǔ)

34、的時(shí)候，句子才可以部分倒裝。 eg. Only you can do this job. 4. Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain.（0706 閱讀）我們不僅要找出疼痛的病因，幫助我們更好地治療；還 要提

35、供綜合療法，治療與慢性疼痛相關(guān)的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問(wèn)題。 5. Had I not attended this workshop, I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel.（0906 閱讀）如果我不是參加了這 次講習(xí)班， 我肯定會(huì)不由自主地認(rèn)為那位男士候選人更合適， 因?yàn)槲覀冞@個(gè)空缺的崗位需要 頻繁出差。 6. It is said that never before has

36、man been so highly successful in his attempts to modify the weather on a very small scale. 據(jù)說(shuō)人們從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)這么大的成功嘗試用這么小的規(guī)模去 描述氣候。 一般情況下，全部倒裝會(huì)在閱讀中出現(xiàn)，只需要看出結(jié)構(gòu)就可以了；部分倒裝在翻譯題中也 會(huì)進(jìn)行考查，在備考過(guò)程中還是要特別的關(guān)注。 否定： 否定： 全部否定和部分否定： 全部否定和部分否定 eg. All the birds can not fly. Not all the birds can fly. 不是所有的鳥(niǎo)都會(huì)飛。 1. 部分否定 eg. All

37、the birds can not fly. 并非所有的鳥(niǎo)都會(huì)飛。 None of the birds can fly. 所有的鳥(niǎo)都不會(huì)飛。代詞或副詞如 all, both,every,everybody, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere 等與 not 搭配使用時(shí)，表示部分否定，意思為“并非都是"等。eg. All is not gold that glitters. 發(fā)光的并非都是金子。= Not all is gold that glitters. 2. 全部否定英語(yǔ) 中常用 not, none, nobody, nothi

38、ng, nowhere, neither, never 等表示全部否定的概念。eg. Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上無(wú)難 事，只怕有心人。 eg. W: Daddy, Ive decided to give up science and go to business school. choice as long as pay your own way, but I should warn you M: Well, it is your that not everyone with a b

39、usiness degree will make a successful manager. learn from the conversation? Q: What do we A. The man doesn't have money for his daughter's graduate studies. B. The man doesn't think his daughter will get a business degree. C. The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in

40、 science. D. The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision. 雙重否定： 雙重否定： 1.在閱讀當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)的頻率更高一些。 在一個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)否定詞： never, hardly, scarcely, not, rarely, seldom, few, little, none 等，雙重否定表示肯定的概念。eg. No one can command others who cannot command himself. A person can command others wh

41、o command himself. 正人先正己。eg. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy. 如果沒(méi)有能力進(jìn)行批判性 思維，維護(hù)自己的觀點(diǎn)，并理解他人的觀點(diǎn)，他們就不能充分的參與我們的民主政治中來(lái)。 2.形式否定，意義肯定 eg. A man can never have too many ties. 一個(gè)男人可以擁有很多的領(lǐng) 帶。 A

42、woman can never have too many dresses. 一個(gè)女人擁有再多的衣服也不為過(guò)。 eg. We can hardly praise his achievement too much. 對(duì)他的成就我們無(wú)論怎樣贊揚(yáng)也不過(guò)分。 eg. A mother can never be patient enough with her child. 一個(gè)母親對(duì)她的孩子再怎 么耐心也不為過(guò)。 A teacher can never be strict enough with his students. 一個(gè)老師對(duì)他 的學(xué)生 再怎么嚴(yán)格也不為過(guò)。這種形式主要運(yùn)用于閱讀當(dāng)中。 3. 形

43、式肯定， 意義否定more A than B 意思為 “是 A 不是 B ；與其說(shuō)是 B ， 不如說(shuō)是 A” eg. The book seems to be more a dictionary than a grammar. 這本書(shū)看起來(lái)與其說(shuō)是 一本語(yǔ)法書(shū)，不如說(shuō)是一本詞典。 He is more a composer than a singer. 與其說(shuō)他是一 個(gè)歌唱家不如說(shuō)他是一個(gè)創(chuàng) 作者。 anything but 意思為“一點(diǎn)都不是，根本不是，絕對(duì)不是”eg. I am anything but a teacher. 我一定不是一個(gè)老師。 I will do anything bu

44、t that. 我決不干那件事。 no more . eg. than 與 not more .than no more .than 意為“兩者都不.”eg. This book is no more interesting than that one. 這本書(shū)和那本書(shū)一樣特別沒(méi)趣。 not more.than 意為 “兩者都肯定， 前者不如后者” This book is not more interesting eg. than that one. 這本書(shū)不如那本書(shū)有趣。eg. This boy is not more honest than that one. 這兩男 孩都很誠(chéng)實(shí)，前面的

45、男孩不如后面的男孩誠(chéng)實(shí)。 This boy is no more honest than that one. 這兩個(gè)男孩都不誠(chéng)實(shí)。 no more than 與 not more than no more than 強(qiáng)調(diào) “少” ， 譯作“只有、不過(guò)、僅僅”eg. He said no more than we had expected. 他只是說(shuō)了我們所預(yù)料 的而已。eg. Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than si

46、x days. 雖然他們認(rèn)為完成這任務(wù)只需三天，但我卻認(rèn)為至少需 要六天。 not more than 是客觀敘述，意為“不超過(guò)” 。eg. He has not more than five dollars on him. 他 身上帶的錢(qián)不超過(guò)五美元。eg. He is not more than 10 years old. 他最多不超過(guò) 10 歲。 實(shí)例練習(xí)： 實(shí)例練習(xí) 1 M: Wow, that's a big assignment we've got for the psychology class. W: Well, it's not as bad as i

47、t looks. It isn't due until Thursday morning. Q: What does the women mean?。 A. The assignment looks easy but actually it's quite difficult. B. The assignment is too difficult for them to complete on time. C. They cannot finish the assignment until Thursday. D.Theyhave plenty of time to work

48、on the assignment. 2 M: I ran into our friend Mark yesterday on the street and he said he hadn't heard from you for two months. W: Yes, I know. But I've been too busy to phone him. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation? A. The man saw Mark on the street two months ago. B. The woman h

49、ad forgotten Mark's phone number. C. The woman made a phone call to Mark yesterday. D.Mark and the woman had not been in touch for some time. 閱讀當(dāng)中：eg. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO s

50、tandards.（0506 閱讀） 調(diào)查者將約 2，000 種產(chǎn)品上所標(biāo)有的環(huán)保聲明記錄了下來(lái)，發(fā)現(xiàn)許多聲明要么過(guò)于模糊， 要么誤導(dǎo)性太強(qiáng)，都不符合 ISO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 eg. "Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise." said Dr.HansSelye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. （0512 閱讀） 人們不應(yīng)該躲避壓力就像他

51、們不應(yīng)該躲避食物、 愛(ài)情或鍛煉身體一樣， no more .than.= not.any more than. eg. But those captured were anything but terrorists, most of them illegal immigrants from Central or South America.（0606 閱讀）這些被捕獲的人絕對(duì)不是恐怖分子，他們之中大多數(shù)人只是 中南美洲的非法移民。 eg. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defens

52、e Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems. 0506 閱讀） （ 國(guó)家資源防御委員會(huì)堅(jiān)信政府勘探預(yù)測(cè)中數(shù)據(jù)的下限， 認(rèn)為在 ANWR 的沿岸平原地帶可以經(jīng)濟(jì)性開(kāi)采的石油只有 32 億桶。這個(gè)數(shù)量對(duì)于緩解美國(guó)的能源問(wèn)題實(shí) 際上起不到什么作用，簡(jiǎn)直是滄海一粟。 總結(jié)： 1. 部分否定 2. 全部否定 3.