初中英語語法-英語從句總結(jié)上課講義

1、初中英語語法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和 非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個成分。狀 語從句分為時間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句 包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及 there be句型。主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、there be結(jié)構(gòu)是英語的三大基本句式，無論 一個句子有多長、多復(fù)雜，它總是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學(xué)習(xí)基本句式，句子成分是一個關(guān)鍵的概念，它是指句子的組成單位，不同 的句式由不同的句子成分組成。如：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語、系動詞、 表 語；主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語、謂語、賓語；t

2、here be結(jié)構(gòu)的主要成分 是主語。英語中的句子成分主要有：主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語、補語、同位語， 等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、詞組或句子充當(dāng)，當(dāng)這些成分由句子充當(dāng) 時，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，如：充當(dāng)主語成分的句子為主語從句，充當(dāng)賓語成分的句子為賓語從句，等等。英語從句三大類型按一般說法，可分為三大類14種從句。一，名詞性從句1 主語從句 Whether it's right or not remains to be seen.2 賓語從句 I wonder whether it's right or not.3 同位語從句 This is a question wh

3、ether it's right or not.4 表語從句 The question is whether it's right or not.二，定語從句1 限定性定語從句 She is the student who can speak English well.2 三邯艮定性定語從句 She is the student, who can speak English well.三，狀語從句1 時間狀語從句 The fact will come out when he comes here.2 地點狀語從句 You can go wherever you like.3 原

4、因狀語從句 Pay more attention to your lessons because you are a student.4 方式狀語從句 He walks as if he were a king.5 目 的狀語從句 She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well.6 結(jié)果狀語從句 She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well.7 條件狀語從句 I will understand it if he tells me.8 讓步狀語從句 He knows a lo

5、t though he is little.1.定語從句There are some old books in the box.The boy dressed in blue is from America.? 分清幾個概念：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是指定語從句所修 飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有 who, whom, whose, which, that;關(guān)系副詞主 要有when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個作用，一是連接主句和從句的作用，二是在定語從句中做成分。定語從句分為：限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，限定性定語從句如果去掉會影響句子意義的完整性，非限定性定

6、語從句即使去掉也不會影響句子意義的完整性，如：July is the month when we have a lot of rain.There are many plays (that) d like to see.The meeting was put off, which surprised us a lot.This note is left by Mary, who was here a moment ago.1.非限定性定語從句，其作用為:對所修飾的成分作進一步的說明，它與主句 用逗號隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中， which可代表前面的整個句子；代

7、表人時只能用who, whom,而不能用that;as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如：1 .The telephone as we know, was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell2 .Franklin D. Roosevelt, who died there on April 12, 1945.3 .Living in a damp (潮濕的)house for a long time is harmful to one ,' s healthwhich is known to everyone.2 限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事，而wh

8、ich只代表事；二者在從句中作 主語或賓語。that作賓語時?？墒÷?，which則不能，而且其后的 不及物動 詞+介詞中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時，先行詞與 which之間的介詞 不能省。例如：1 .The first doll that could say“ mama was invented in 18302 .The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous pa rduring whichhe sailed round the Cape Ho哈 恩角.? 代表 all, anything, something

9、, nothing, much 等詞時，用 that 而不用which, that作賓語可省略。例如：1.I care anything that has something to do with it2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please hi m3.That is the last time we met each othe r4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterda y? who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)

10、系副詞，用于表示地點的定語從句，而 when用來表示時間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如：1 .Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production.2 .The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.3 .The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beamin

11、g with the pleasureof a new, great discovery.4 .The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department注意幾點：that可替代who, whom （指人），也可替代which （指物） whose既可指人又可指物引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語時，不用 that,只 用which/ 不能用which,只能用that的情況.幾個例子：Is she the girl that/who sells flowers?The train tha

12、t/which has just left is for Xi an.The people （who/that/whom） you were talking to were Russians.The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.I have never met the boy whose mothers a famous actress.My book is on the table whose legs are broken.He went to China in 1945, when the War World II was over.Look, t

13、his is the house where the writer was born.The tool with which he is working is called a wrench（扳手）.2.狀語從句He swims fast.Nervous, he opened the letter.Legs broken, the soldier crawled back home.She used to stay up until midnight.With a book in his hand, the teacher came in.? 狀語從句可分為：時間狀語從句（主要由when, w

14、henever, after, before, a5, since, once, until, while等連詞引導(dǎo)"結(jié)果狀語從句（由sothat和such - that 連接），讓步狀語從句（由 though, although, no matter, even if, however, whatever等詞引導(dǎo)），原因狀語從句（由as, because since和for弓I導(dǎo)），條件 狀語從句（由if. whether, as long as, provided that等詞引導(dǎo)）.地點狀語從 巨L（由where引導(dǎo)），行為方式狀語從句（由as引導(dǎo)）。有時條件狀語從句中， 主句

15、不可以用將來時，而用一般時代替。? 狀語從句中的主語+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語“bet略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞介詞短語/形容詞 /名詞短語”。）例如：1.If necessary I would like to see you in your office.2.Although seriously wounded, he never complained條件狀語從句：1) Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.(除非，若不；相當(dāng)于 if-not)即：If you are too t

16、ired,we ' ll not go out for a walk.2) You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean.(只要，表示條件的唯一性)3) Take your umbrella in case it rains. (以防-, 以免-)4) I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret件是-)5) Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?(口果,如

17、)6) He won't be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we ask for his advice in advance.(假如，除非以 為條件)7) You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.( 一旦-就-)方式狀語從句方式狀語從句通常由as, (just) as -so-, as if, as though。1) as, (just) as弓身的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as so構(gòu)中位于句首，這時a

18、s從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如L "就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎樣待你， 你就要怎樣待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。2) as if, as though兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作 "仿佛似的"，"好像似的"，例如：1. T

19、hey completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)2. He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。(與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。)3. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看來天氣很快就會好起來。(實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。)說明：as if / as though也

20、可以引導(dǎo)一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。比較狀語從句1） You seem to know music as well as you know astronomy伍文學(xué)).(as-as 結(jié)構(gòu))2） There was no garden so lovely as his in this city. （no so-as 結(jié)構(gòu)）3）

21、 Finally he has made as much money as he wanted. （as +adj +n.+as 結(jié)構(gòu)）4） Your watch is not the same as his.（the same as 結(jié)構(gòu)）5） I never met such a man as your younger brother.（suchas 結(jié)構(gòu)）6） She studies more diligently than her classmates.（more than 結(jié)構(gòu)）7） No other book has had a greater influence on my li

22、fe.（否定詞和比較級連用 表示最高級含義。）8） This teacher explained the problem more clearly than any other teacher.（比 較級與 “anyother one”連用表示最高級含義。）9） The more you read, the better will you write.（the morethe more 結(jié)構(gòu)）11） He earned no more than 800 dollars a month.他一個月只掙 800美元。（no + 比較級+than結(jié)構(gòu)）.3.名詞從句名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中

23、有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。1）主語從句He is a teacher.Learning English well could take you a lot of time.a.由what、wh-ever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句，一般放在句首，不能用it做形 式主語：What I want to know is his address.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever she did was right.Whoever comes will be welcome.b.由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，在大多數(shù)情況

24、下，這個從句都放在句子后部， 而用代詞it作形式上的主語：That I may not be able to come is possible. = It is possible that I may not be able to come.That we need more equipment is quite obvious. = It is obvious that we need more equipment.That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. = It is unlikely that he will refuse the offer

25、.三個固定句型（屬于此類）：It + 名稱 + that： It is a pity that we can't go.It + 形容詞 + that： It is clear that Tom has returned.It + 過去分詞 + that ： It is said/believed/reported/known that .c.由連接代詞或連接副詞(或whether)引導(dǎo)的主語從句,這個從句可以直接 放在句首作主語，也可放到句子后部去，前面用 it作形式主語：Which is the better choice is obvious. = It is obvious w

26、hich is the better choice.Who will go for the meeting has not been decided. = It has not been decided who will gofor the meeting.Where he 10st his gold watch remained a mystery. = It remained a mystery where he losthis gold watch.When we shall have our sports meet is still a question. = It is still

27、a question when weshall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us won 't make much difference. = It won 't make much difference whether he will join us.Why the 01d man went to the castle is still unknown. = It is still unknown why the oldman went to the castle.How he had managed to achiev

28、e so much at such a young age fascinated many people.=It fascinated many people how he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age.2)賓語從句He likes Chinese very much.I，m surprised at his young age.a.由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，一般做動詞的賓語，that可以省略The letter says (that) they are leaving on the 1t3I don't doub

29、t (that) they will be able to overcome the difficulties.She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.b. 由 what, who, which, how , where, when, whether (if) 等弓I導(dǎo)的賓語從 句，既可以做動詞的賓語，又可以做介詞的賓語I don't know whether these figures are accurate.I 'll read whichever book you recommend.I 1

30、l show you what I have put down in my note-bookHas she informed you when they are to hold the meeting.She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.Whether that is a good solution depends on how you 100k at it.c.在某些句型中，特別是帶符合賓語的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的從句常常移到后 部去，前面用it做形式賓語We all thought _il a pity that the

31、conference should have been cancelled.I took it for granted that they were not coming.d.在“be +形容詞”這類結(jié)構(gòu)后，that引導(dǎo)的從句，有些在概念上接近賓 語，而在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻接近狀語I m afraid that I have made a mistake.We are sure that we shall success.We are fully confident that we can overcome the difficulties.I m not sure whether she would

32、like the idea.一些表語性的形容詞 ，如：alarmed, amazed, annoyed, astonished, certain, confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表語時，后面可跟由that, how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures2.He is confident that he will p

33、ass the Band 6 examination3.She was surprised how simple his problem i s4.We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.3）表語從句He is kind. / He is a teacher.The Smiths are from Australia.This is where our basic interest lies.My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.What I really what to know is how you have managed to remember 1000 words within an hour.表語從何對主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用;若表語從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。表語從句也可用連接詞 how, when, where, why,