金融銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)論文中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

1、論文外文翻譯中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)Managing Credit Risks with Knowledge Management forFinancial BanksAbstract-Nowadays,financial banks are operating in a knowledge society and there are more and more credit risks breaking out in banks.So,this paper first discusses the implications of knowledge and knowledge managemen

2、t, and then analyzes credit risks of financial banks with knowledge management. Finally, the paper studies ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management. With the application of knowledge management in financial banks, customers will acquire better service and banks will acquire mo

3、re rewards.Index Termsknowledge management; credit risk; risk management; incentive mechanism; financial banksI.INTRODUCTIONNowadays,banks are operating in a“ knowledge society ”So,. what is knowledge? Davenport(1996)1thinks knowledge is professional intellect, such as know-what, know-how, know-why,

4、 and self-motivated creativity, or experience, concepts, values, beliefs and ways of working that can be shared and communicated. The awareness of the importance of knowledge results in the critical issue of “ knowledge management So,”.what is knowledge management? According to Malhothra(2001)2, kno

5、wledge management(KM)caters to the critical issues of organizational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially it embodies organizational processesthat seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of inform

6、ation technologies and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. Through the processes of creating,sustaining, applying, sharing and renewing knowledge, we can enhance organizational performance and create value.1論文外文翻譯Many dissertations have studied knowledge managementapplications in s

7、ome special fields. Ayb beüR.Holdsworth(2005)4study knowledge management in the aerospace industry. Li Yang(2007)5 studies knowledge management in information-based education and Jayasundara Chaminda Chiran(2008)6 review the prevailing literature on knowledge management in banking industries. L

8、iang ping and Wu Kebao(2010)7study the incentive mechanism of knowledge management inBanking.There are also many papers about risks analysis and risks management. Before the 1980s, the dominant mathematical theory of risks analysis was to describe a pair of random vectors.But,the simplification assu

9、mptions and methods used by classical competing risks analysis caused controversy and criticism.Starting around the 1980s, an alternative formulation of risk analysis was developed,with the hope to better resolve the issues of failure dependency and distribution identifiability. The new formulation

10、is univariate risk analysis.According to Crowder(2001)8, David of identical failure distribution and to some extent, it also relaxes the single failure risk restriction. However, the independent failures as well as single failure events are still assumed in the univariate survival analysis. Of cours

11、e,thesedeficiencies do not invalidate univariate analysis, and indeed, in many applications, those assumptions are realistically valid.Based on the above mentioned studies, Ma and Krings(2008a, 2008b)11discuss the relationship and difference of univariate and multivariate analysis in calculating ris

12、ks.As for the papers on managing the risks in banks, Lawrence J.White(2008)12studies the risks of financial innovations and takes out some countermeasuresto regulate financial innovations. Shao Baiquan(2010)13studies the ways to manage the risks in banks.From the above papers, we can see that few sc

13、holars have studied the way to manage credit risks with knowledge management. So this paper will discuss using knowledge2論文外文翻譯management to manage credit risks for financial banks.This paper is organized as follows: Sectionis introduction. Sectionanalyzes credit risks in banks with knowledge manage

14、ment. Sectionstudies ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management. Sectionconcludes.II.ANALYZING CREDIT RISKS IN BANKS WITHKNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTA.Implication of Credit RiskCredit ris k is the risk of loss due to a debtornon-payments of a loan or other line ofcredit, which may be th

15、e principal or interest or both.Because there are many types of loans and counterparties-from individuals to sovereign governments-and many different types of obligations-from auto loans to derivatives transactions-credit risk may take many forms.Credit risk is common in our daily life and we can no

16、t cover it completely,for example,the American subprime lending crisis is caused by credit risk,which is that the poor lenders do not pay principal and interest back to the banks and the banks do not pay the investors who buy the securities based on the loans.From the example,we can find that there

17、are still credit risks,though banks have developed many financial innovations to manage risks. B.Sharing KnowledgeKnowledge in banks includes tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge,which is scatteredin different fields.For example, the information about the customersassetincome,and creditis controll

18、ed by different departments and different staffs and the information canbetcommunicated with others. So it is necessary for banks to set up a whole system tocommunicate and share the information and knowledge to manage the risks.C.Setting up Incentive Mechanism and Encouraging Knowledge InnovationTh

19、e warning mechanism of credit risks depends on how bank s staffs use the knowledge of customers and how the staffs use the knowledge creatively.The abilities of staffs to innovate depend on the incentive mechanism in banks,so, banks should take out incentive mechanism to urge staffs to learn more kn

20、owledge and work creatively to manage credit risks.We can show the incentive mechanism as Fig.1:3論文外文翻譯MeasuringDirect contributionknowledgeStimulativeIndirectpunitive measurescontributionPunitivemeasuresStimulativemeasuresYellow-card warningWealthyRed-card warningrewardsDismissingorTraininglaying-o

21、ffPromotionFig.1 The model of incentive mechanism with knowledge managementFrom Fig.1,we can see there are both stimulative and punitive measures in the incentivemodel of knowledge management for financial banks.With the incentive mechanism ofknowledge management in financial banks,the staffs will w

22、ork harder to manage risks and toacquire both material returns and spiritual encouragement.III.MANAGING CREDIT RISKS IN BANKS WITH KNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTThere are four blocks in managing credit risks with knowledge management.We canshow them in Fig.2:DistinguishingcreditAssessing and calculatingcredit

23、risksrisks4論文外文翻譯Managing credit risksReducing credit risksand feedingbackFig.2 The blocks of managing credit risks A.Distinguishing Credit RiskDistinguishing credit risks is the basis of risk management.If we canrecognizet the risks,we are unable to find appropriate solutions to manage risks.For ex

24、ample,the United States subprime crisis in 2007 was partly caused by that the financial institutions andregulators didn recognizet the mortgage securitization risks timely.With knowledge management,we can make out some rules to distinguish credit risks,which are establishing one personal credit rati

25、ng system for customers and setting up the data warehouse.We can use the system to analyze customers creditindex, customers credithistory and the possible changes which may incur risks.At the same time,we should also watch on the changes of customers property and income to recognizepotential risks.B

26、.Assessing and Calculating Credit RiskAfter distinguishing the credit risks,we should assess the risk exposure,risk factors and potential losses and risks, and we should make out the clear links.The knowledgeable staffs in banking should use statistical methods and historical data to develop specifi

27、c credit risks evaluation model and the regulators should establish credit assessment system and then set up one national credit assessment system.With the system and the model of risk assessment,the managers can evaluate the existing and emerging risk factors,such as they prepare credit ratings for

28、 internal use.Other firms,including Standard Poor s,Moody s and Fitch,are in the business of developing credit rating for use by investors or other third parties.Table shows the credit ratings of StandardPoor s.TABLE ISTANDARD POOR S CREDITT RATINGSCredit ratingsImplicationsAAABest credit quality,ex

29、tremely reliable5論文外文翻譯AAVery good credit quality,very reliableAMore susceptible to economic conditionsBBBLowest rating in investment gradeBBCaution is necessaryBVulnerable to changes in economicCCCCurrently vulnerable to nonpaymentCCHighly vulnerable to payment defaultCClose to bankruptDPayment def

30、ault has actually occurredAfter assessing credit risks,we can use Standardized Approach and Internal Rating-Based Approach to calculate the risks.And in this article,we will analyze how Internal Rating-Based Approach calculates credit risk of an uncovered loan.To calculate credit risk of an uncovere

31、d loan,firstly,we will acquire the borrower s Probability of Default(PD),Loss Given Default(LGD),Exposure at Default(EAD)and Remaining Maturity(M).Secondly,we calculate the simple risk(SR)of the uncovered loan,using the formula as following:SR=MinBSR(PD)*1+b(PD)*(M-3)*LGD50,LGD*12.5(1)Where BSR is t

32、he basic risk weight and b(PD)is the adjusting factor for remaining maturity(M).Finally,we can calculate the weighted risk(WR)of the uncovered loan,using the following formula:WR=SR*EAD(2)From(1)and(2),we can acquire the simple and weighted credit risk of an uncovered loan,and then we can take some

33、measures to hedge the credit risk. C.Reducing Credit RiskAfter assessingand calculating credit risks,banks should make out countermeasuresto reduce the risks.These measures include：(1)Completing security system of loans. The banks should require customers to use the collateral and guarantees as the

34、security for the repayment,and at the same time,banks should foster collateral market.(2)Combining loans6論文外文翻譯with insurance.Banks may require customers to buy a specific insurance or insurance portfolio.If the borrower doesnrepayt the loans,banks can get the compensation from the insurance company

35、.(3)Loans Securitization. Banks can change the loans into security portfolio,according to the different interest rate and term of the loans,and then banks can sell the security portfolio to the special organizations or trust companies. D.Managing Credit Risk and Feeding backA customer may have housi

36、ng loans,car loans and other loans,so the banks can acquire the customer s information,credit history,credit status and economic background from assessing the risks of the customer based on the data the banks get.By assessing and calculating the risks of the customer,banks can expect the future beha

37、vior of the customers and provides different service for different customers. Banks can provide more value-added service to the customers who have high credit rates and restrict some business to the customers who have low credit rates.At the same time, banks should refuse to provide service to the c

38、ustomers who are blacklisted. Banks should set up the pre-warning and management mechanism and change the traditional ways,which just rely on remedial after the risks broke out.In order to set up the warning and feeding back mechanism,banks should score credit of the customers comprehensively and th

39、en test the effectiveness and suitability of the measures,which banks use to mitigate risks.Finally, banks should update the data of the customers timely and keep the credit risk management system operating smoothly.IV.CONCLUSIONIn this paper,we first discuss the implications of knowledge and knowle

40、dge management.Then we analyze the credit risks of financial banks with knowledge management. Finally,we put forward ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management.We think banks should set up data warehouse focustomers credit to assess and calculate the credit risks,and at the same

41、 time,banks should train knowledgeable staffs to construct a whole system to reduce risks and feed back.With knowledge management,banks can take out systemic measures to manage customers credit risksand gain sustainable profits.ACKNOWLEDGMENTIt is financed by the humanities and social sciences proje

42、ct of the Ministry of Education7論文外文翻譯of China(NO.06JC790032).REFERENCES“ Improving knowledge work processes, ”oanSl Management Review,MIT,USA,1996,Vol.38,pp.53-65.2Malhothra,“ Knowledgemanagement for the new world of business,” NewYork BRINT3Ayb ü be Aurum, “ Knowledge management in software e

43、ngineeducation,ring” Proceedingsof the IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies,2004,pp.370-374.4D.J.Harvey R.Holdsworth,“ Knowledge managementintheaerospaceindustry,” ProceedingsoftheIEEEInternationalProfessionalCommunicationConference,2005,pp.237-243.5Li Yang, “ Thinkingabou

44、tknowledgemanagement applicationsininformation-basededucation,” IEEEInternationalConferenceonAdvancedLearningTechnologies,2007,pp.27-33.6JayasundaraChaminda Chiran,“ Knowledge management in bankindustries:usesg andopportunities,”Journal of theUniversityLibrariansAssociation ofSriLanka,2008,Vol.12,pp

45、.68-84.7Liang Ping,Wu Kebao, “ Knowledgemanagement in banking,” TheConferenceonEngineering and Business Management,2010, pp.4719-4722.8Crowder,M.J.Classical Competing Risks,British:Chapman&Hall, 2001,pp.200.9David,H.A.&M.L.Moeschberger,TheTheory ofCompetingRisks,Scotland,MacmillanPublishing,

46、1978,pp.103.8論文外文翻譯金融銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與知識(shí)管理摘要：目前，金融銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)在一個(gè)知識(shí)型社會(huì)中，而且越來(lái)越多的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在在銀行中爆發(fā)。所以本文首先討論了知識(shí)和知識(shí)管理的影響，然后分析了金融銀行的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和知識(shí)管理。最后研究銀行實(shí)施信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和知識(shí)管理的方法。隨著知識(shí)管理在金融銀行中的應(yīng)用，客戶獲得更好的服務(wù)，銀行將收獲更多的回報(bào)。關(guān)鍵詞：知識(shí)管理，信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理激勵(lì)機(jī)制金融銀行一、引言如今，銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)在一個(gè)“知識(shí)社會(huì)” 。那么，什么是知識(shí)？達(dá)文波特（ 1996）1 認(rèn)為，知識(shí)是專業(yè)的智力，如知道是什么，知道如何，知道為什么，和可以共享和交流的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、理念、價(jià)值觀、信念和工作方

47、式。 知識(shí)管理的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題是反應(yīng)知識(shí)的重要性意識(shí)。那么，什么是知識(shí)管理？根據(jù) Malhothra （2001）2 ，知識(shí)管理（ KM)迎合了組織面對(duì)不斷變化的環(huán)境時(shí)，組織的適應(yīng)力，生存力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題。本質(zhì)上，它體現(xiàn)了組織過(guò)程，即尋求信息技術(shù)信息處理和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合的能力，與人類創(chuàng)新和革新能力的協(xié)同。通過(guò)創(chuàng)新的過(guò)程，維持、應(yīng)用、共享和更新知識(shí)，我們能提高組織績(jī)效和創(chuàng)造價(jià)值。許多論文已經(jīng)研究了知識(shí)管理在某些特殊領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。Aybube Aurum (2004)分析了工程軟件中的知識(shí)管理，研究了航空和航天工業(yè)中的知識(shí)管理。李楊（ 2007）5 研究了信息化教育下的知識(shí)管理， Jayasundara&a

48、mp;Chaminda Chiran(2008)6 回顧銀行業(yè)中盛行的文學(xué)知識(shí)管理。梁平和吳克寶（ 2010） 7 研究了銀行業(yè)中的知識(shí)管理激勵(lì)機(jī)制。也有很多關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的報(bào)紙。在1980 年之前，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析中占主導(dǎo)地位的數(shù)學(xué)理論是描述一堆隨機(jī)向量。但是，應(yīng)用于古典競(jìng)爭(zhēng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析的簡(jiǎn)單化的假設(shè)和方法引起了爭(zhēng)議和批評(píng)。在1980 年左右，一種關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析的方法成熟了，希望能剛好的解決故障相關(guān)性和分不可識(shí)別性問(wèn)題。新的構(gòu)想是單變量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析。根據(jù)克勞德（2001）10 ，David&Moeschberger(1978)9和 Hougaard(2000)10 ，基于獨(dú)立恒等分布假設(shè)或獨(dú)立

49、失敗假設(shè)的單變量生存風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析已經(jīng)占優(yōu)勢(shì)。沒(méi)有分布的回歸模型允許調(diào)查多個(gè)變量失敗的影響因素，它使相同的假設(shè)免于故障分布，在某種程度上，它也免于單一失敗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的限制。然而，獨(dú)立的失敗以及單一故障事件仍假定在單變量生存分析9論文外文翻譯上。當(dāng)然，這些缺陷不會(huì)是單變量分析無(wú)效，事實(shí)上，在許多應(yīng)用程序上，這些假設(shè)是實(shí)際有效的?；谏鲜鲅芯?，Ma和 Krings （ 2008a,2008b）11 討論單變量和多變量在計(jì)算風(fēng)險(xiǎn)上的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。關(guān)于銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的論文，Lawrence J.White(2008)12研究了金融改革的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，提出一些控制金融改革的措施。Shao Baiquan （2010）3 研究銀

50、行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的方法。從上述論文，我們可以看到一些學(xué)者研究了信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理里和知識(shí)管理的方法。所以本文將討厭使用知識(shí)管理來(lái)管理金融銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。二、銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析與知識(shí)管理A. 信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的含義信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是債務(wù)人拖欠貸款或其他信用額度，即拖欠本金或者利息的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因?yàn)橛性S多種貸款和證券， 從個(gè)人到主權(quán)政府和從汽車貸款到信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)衍生品交易的許多不同類型的債務(wù)，所以信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可以有多種形式。信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪泻艹Ｒ?jiàn)，我們不能完全覆蓋它，例如，美國(guó)次貸危機(jī)是由于信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，即貧窮的放貸人不能還本付息給銀行，銀行不能償還那些購(gòu)買基于貸款的證券的投資者。B. 分享知識(shí)知識(shí)在銀行中包括分散在不同領(lǐng)域的隱性知識(shí)

51、和顯性知識(shí)。比如，客戶收入，自信和信貸的信息有不同的部門和不同的員工控制，這些信息不能傳達(dá)給其他人。因此，銀行有必要設(shè)立一個(gè)交流和分享信息和知識(shí)的整體系統(tǒng)來(lái)管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。C. 建立激勵(lì)機(jī)制，鼓勵(lì)知識(shí)創(chuàng)新信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的預(yù)警機(jī)制，去覺(jué)得銀行的職員如何使用客戶的知識(shí)，和員工如何創(chuàng)造性的使用知識(shí)。員工創(chuàng)新的能力取決于銀行的激勵(lì)機(jī)制，所以，銀行應(yīng)該拿出促進(jìn)員工學(xué)習(xí)更多知識(shí)和進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性工作的激勵(lì)機(jī)制來(lái)管理信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我們能夠展現(xiàn)激勵(lì)機(jī)制如圖1：測(cè)量全體員工的直接貢獻(xiàn)知識(shí)貢獻(xiàn)促進(jìn)懲罰性措間接貢獻(xiàn)施懲罰性措施促進(jìn)性措施10論文外文翻譯犯規(guī)警告富有的獎(jiǎng)出示紅牌警告圖 1 知識(shí)管理激勵(lì)機(jī)制模型勵(lì)解聘或者降級(jí)訓(xùn)練從圖 1 中

52、，我們能看到有兩個(gè)促進(jìn)和懲罰措施的金融銀行知識(shí)管理激勵(lì)模型。有知推廣識(shí)管理的激勵(lì)機(jī)制在銀行中，員工將更加努力的去管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，獲得物質(zhì)回報(bào)和精神上的鼓勵(lì)。三、銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理與知識(shí)管理四個(gè)街區(qū)的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和知識(shí)管理，如圖2：區(qū)分信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和計(jì)算信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和反饋降低信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)圖 2信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理A. 區(qū)分信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)分信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是基于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理。如果我們不能意識(shí)到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們不能找到適當(dāng)?shù)慕鉀Q方案來(lái)管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 例如，2007 年美國(guó)次貸危機(jī)的部分原因是金童機(jī)構(gòu)和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)沒(méi)有及時(shí)意識(shí)到抵押貸款證券化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。用知識(shí)管理，我們可以做一些規(guī)則來(lái)區(qū)分信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，即為客戶建立一個(gè)個(gè)人信息評(píng)級(jí)系統(tǒng)和建立數(shù)據(jù)倉(cāng)庫(kù)。我們可以使用系統(tǒng)來(lái)分析客戶信貸指數(shù)，客戶信貸歷史和有可能招致風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的可變因素。同時(shí)，我們也應(yīng)該關(guān)注客戶財(cái)產(chǎn)和收入的改變，來(lái)辨別潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。B. 評(píng)估和計(jì)算信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)分信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后，我們應(yīng)該評(píng)估風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素和潛在損失和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而且我們應(yīng)該做出明確的鏈接。 銀行中學(xué)士淵博的員工應(yīng)該使用統(tǒng)計(jì)方法和歷史數(shù)據(jù)開發(fā)特定的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型， 監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)應(yīng)該建立信用評(píng)估系統(tǒng)， 然后建立一個(gè)國(guó)家信用評(píng)估系統(tǒng)。有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估系統(tǒng)和模型，管