醫(yī)學(xué)人文英語(yǔ)教程答案

1、Unit 1. History of medicineKeys Text ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and pay attention to the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.1. is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in add

2、ition to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. though.Sentence Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into English.1. Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluids in itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, diff

3、erent mixture of which leads to different temperaments.2. In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studied medicine under his father from his early age.3. Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cured disease

4、s by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.4. It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of human temperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.5. Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were requ

5、ired to take an oath on medical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as father of medicine” in the W. est6. As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply with. Furth

6、ermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and touching.2

7、. TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis.the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.精選3. the methodological quality of trials is low .Most of these trials are published in Chinese,

8、inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews.Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the uni

9、verse consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs wor

10、k together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Trea

11、tment aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.Unit 2Health professionals for a new centuryText A Language FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. integration2. kept pace with3. adopts4. In view of5. effectiveness6. ultimate7. acquiring8.

12、 attributes9. shifts10. encounterTranslate the following sentences into English.7. Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline of humanities, social sciences and biomedicine.8. Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higher

13、demands and greater challenges on higher medical education.9. Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as well as a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.10. It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the people.1

14、1. The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academic doctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.12. The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students initiative and enthusiasm to learn, but also enhance

15、d the quality of clinical teaching and practice.13. In spite of its great progress, our countrys medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and healthreform.Translate the following passage/sentence into Chinese.1. 過(guò)去一個(gè)

16、世紀(jì)教育的進(jìn)步在于三個(gè)時(shí)代的教育改革。第一個(gè)時(shí)代始于20世紀(jì)初，注重教授科學(xué)課程。大約于20世紀(jì)中期，第二個(gè)時(shí)代的改革開(kāi)啟了問(wèn)題導(dǎo)向式的教學(xué)革新?，F(xiàn)在，我們需要進(jìn)行體系導(dǎo)向式的第三個(gè)時(shí)代的教育改革，通過(guò)調(diào)整核心專業(yè)技能使其適應(yīng)特定環(huán)境，同時(shí)借鑒國(guó)際化知識(shí)，從而提升醫(yī)療體系的性能。2. 遷移學(xué)習(xí)是一種重要成果，其包含了三個(gè)基本的轉(zhuǎn)變：從對(duì)事實(shí)的記憶轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)信息的搜索、分析和綜合從而作出決策；從追求專業(yè)文憑轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?shí)現(xiàn)核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力從而達(dá)到醫(yī)療體系里有效的團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作；還有，從對(duì)教育模式不帶批判的照搬應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷?duì)整體資源的創(chuàng)造性改造以應(yīng)對(duì)局部的重點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。3. 醫(yī)護(hù)人員在過(guò)去一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)對(duì)人類健康和發(fā)展做出了

17、巨大貢獻(xiàn)，然而，自滿只會(huì)讓人們繼續(xù)徒勞地采用 20 世紀(jì)的教育策略，而無(wú)法應(yīng)對(duì)21 世紀(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st century.2. The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can be adjusted for specif

18、ic local needs as postulated by the commissioners.3. Students participate in an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions (namely, the World Healthcare Students Symposium). The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Sym

19、posia are for students to learn to understand the different professions and discuss the best ways of effective and fruitful collaboration.4. The authors think the proposed focus on the implementation of innovative and promising information and communication technologies merits attention and believe

20、in its potential benefits for the education of medical students. According to the authors, students from low-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives as the website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract theproposal

21、to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals education.5. Yes. Student initiatives have tackled climate change, migrant health, and other issues of global and national relevance.6. Overall, medical students worldwide have been playing an active role in implementing the recom

22、mendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-based core curricula and launching an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other initiatives.Unit 3 Health-care systemKeysText ALanguage Focus

23、Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Compliance；2. disparity；3. prescribe；4. maneuver；5. commonplace；6. underserved；7. reconcile；8. fragments；9. plight；10. invasive.Translate the following passage/sentence into English.1. Many other Americans are denied i

24、nsurance due to previous illnesses or conditions that insurance companies decide are too risky or expensive to cover.2. Health care reform will reduce our deficit by more than $100 billion over the next decade and more than $1 trillion in the decade after that. So this isnt radical reform. But it is

25、 major reform.3. An estimated eighty-three percent of people under age sixty-five who are in the United States legally now have insurance coverage.4. This year the law will start closing what is known as the doughnut hole. That is a lack of Medicare coverage for some drug costs for older Americans.5

26、. President Obama promised senior citizens that the health care reform will not cut their guaranteed benefits.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.14（略）5. The SARS epidemic and rising public discontent generated the political will to fundamentally reform the system,

27、 including a partial resumption of central management of public-health services and a major reallocation of central resources to address inequities in health. The outcome of these post-SARS reforms remains uncertain, but there are reasons for optimism.(a) Central funding is supporting the re-introdu

28、ction of a New Cooperative Medical System in rural areas and a parallel programme for the uninsured in urban areas that plans to achieve universal coverage by 2020. (b) China can accomplish in health care reform. The exemplary national monitoring system for infectious diseases implemented after the

29、SARS epidemic (which provides real-time reports of cases across the country) and the effective public-health response to the earthquake in Sichuan are examples6. The most important task ahead is to focus attention and resources on improving the quality, comprehensiveness, and cost-effectiveness of s

30、ervices.Unit 4 Cancer and LifeKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Eradication2. Deterioration3. Withstand4. Overwhelm5. Recurrent6. Prove7. Outburst8. DivergeVocabulary Enlargement& Reinforcement1. Routine2. Advanced3. Chronic4. U

31、nder siege5. Physical &emotional6. Malignant7. Risk factor8. Steady decline9. Affluent10. Admit11. Severely weaken12. Well up with13. Recurrence14. Undergo15. Outlines16. Gastrointestinal17. Withstand18. Chores19. The unexpected public arising of 20. Spasms21. Chronicle22. Flicker acrossTranslate th

32、e following sentences into Chinese.1. 奧唐奈女士一個(gè)月前的例行乳房 X 光檢查并沒(méi)有顯示出腫瘤的跡象。但在夏威夷為期兩周的假期里，腫塊迅速生長(zhǎng)，因此她回印第安納州后就馬上去看醫(yī)生。2. 1995 年 2 月奧唐奈女士開(kāi)始化療，做了兩次手術(shù)，包括乳房切除，并于1995 年 8 月完成化療。她現(xiàn)在被認(rèn)為是治愈了。3. 當(dāng)夫妻二人有人對(duì)奧唐奈女士的治療感到恐懼害怕時(shí)，他們會(huì)向?qū)Ψ揭笠欢螘r(shí)間不談癌癥，可能持續(xù)一小時(shí)或一天，在此期間，他們同意談話不涉及她的健康危機(jī)。4. 他們意識(shí)到夫婦兩人共同的路突然分開(kāi)了。他們經(jīng)歷同樣的事情，但卻有了完全不同的感受。5. 但他發(fā)

33、現(xiàn)，他的信仰不僅是宗教信仰，也包括對(duì)婚姻能承受長(zhǎng)期壓力的信念正受到考驗(yàn)。6. 他們夫妻所經(jīng)歷的困難被公諸于眾，甚至僅是在她朋友圈中公開(kāi)，但這不期意的公開(kāi)， 令?yuàn)W唐奈女士感到震驚。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Long before cancer could ever be detected by current imaging scans or blood tests, the new way to find cancer earlier is to find an ultra

34、-early indicator of the disease: substances in blood platelets that indicate cancer is in the works. The platelet substances are a so-called biomarker of cancer-characteristics in bodily fluids that can indicate the presence of disease.2. Location of the specific cancer. If you dont know where the c

35、ancer isif you cant feel it,see it, locate it, or biopsy ityou cant treat it.3. Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver. Increa

36、sed cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and statins are therefore used in the prevention of these diseases. Research has found that statins are most effective for treating cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention), with questionable benefit in those without prev

37、ious CVD but with elevated cholesterol levels. Statins have rare but severe adverse effects, particularly muscle damage, and some doctors believe they are overprescribed. The best-selling statin is atorvastatin, marketed as Lipitor (manufactured by Pfizer) and Torvast. By 2003 atorvastatin became th

38、e best-selling pharmaceutical in history, with Pfizer reporting sales of US$12.4 billion in 2008. As of 2010, a number of statins are on the market: atorvastatin (Lipitor and Torvast), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor, Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo, Pitava), pravastatin (Pravacho

39、l, Selektine, Lipostat), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor, Lipex) Several combination preparations of a statin and another agent, such as ezetimibe/simvastatin, are also available. ( /wiki/Statin)4. This discovery pushes the issue of early detection further than ev

40、er before. In effect, it could allow cancer to be treated similarly to the way doctors now treat heart disease. Just as doctors prescribe statin drugs to help prevent heart attacks in patients with high cholesterol, oncologists could test patients for this early biomarker and prescribe drugs to help

41、 prevent cancer. And just as cardiologists dont have to wait for a heart attack in order to act, oncologists wouldnt have to wait until malignant tumors are found. Drugs in this case would be used to stop the cancerous process itself - rather than targeting a tumor in a particular part of the body.

42、The marker could also potentially be used to monitor patients who had already had cancer for the earliest signs of recurrence.5. Advantages: The new, less-toxic cancer treatment (So-called smart drugs such as Gleevec, Tarceva, Iressa and Erbitux)target only cancerous cells, and have less toxicity th

43、an standard chemotherapy regimens.These targeted therapies, which can sometimes be taken for years, have in many cases turned cancer into a manageable chronic disease, similar to the way diabetes is treated. Drugs could be used to stop the development of blood vessels in the cancer process itself, b

44、efore the tumor even has a chance to grow.Disadvantages: It isnt clear yet what drugs would be given in the preventive step. Such efforts are still in very early stages, and more research needs to be done to see that drug treatment offers people the chance of improved survival outcomes.6. The useful

45、ness of the marker still needs to be validated in trials involving cancer patients, before it could be used in clinical settings. And some observers note that the cancer biomarkers discovered so far can have problems, such as false positives. Even with the widely used PSA test, doctors still cant te

46、ll whether a high reading indicates cancer or a benign condition without doing a biopsy. “Very few biomarkers have really stood up against rigorous testing in a clinical setting,” （says Sudhir Srivastava）Unit 5 Text ALanguage focus1. interim provisions2. clinical application3. intensive4. summit5. c

47、ame into effect6. compensation7. written consent8. death sentences9. symposium10. diagnostic criteria11. initial step12. baseline13. provisional approval14. cadaveric organ transplants15. equitable16. conform to17. religious18. abolish中譯英：1. Organ transplantation is an accepted treatment today for m

48、any patients with end-stage disease.2. China has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent.3. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive

49、justice.4. It is now possible to transplant organs from animals into people.5. In addition, the importance of various recipientcharacteristics to post-transplant survival isnt fully understood.6. Israel is to become the first country to give donor card carriers a legal right to priority treatment if

50、 they should require an organ transplant.Text B1. The report highlights the fact that many medical and financial practices still mitigate against the efficient identification and recruitment of organ donors.2. As a result, waiting lists for renal transplantation continue to rise, putting increasing

51、pressure on dialysis budgets.3. the working party recommends several initiatives to address the current shortage ofdonors,including interventional(elective)ventilation,greateruseof non-heart beatingdonors, better training of staff,and better transplant coordination.4. Spain itself attributes this su

52、ccess to its transplant coordination network , which has a different philosophy from that in Britain.5. The report highlights the inadequacy of Britains current transplant coordinator network and emphasises that a major expansion of coordination is “one of the most important and urgent needs.”6. Aft

53、eradiagnosticreview,areasofweaknesscanbeidentifiedandthe appropriate management and educational changes introduced.Unit 6Doctor-patient relationshipText ALanguage FocusSentence Simulation（略）Translate the following passages/sentences into Chinese.1. 我剛將椅子拉近一點(diǎn)，突然，她像貓一樣雙手本能地朝我的兩眼抓去，我差一點(diǎn)被她抓到。2. 父母兩人都非常尷

54、尬，充滿歉意。3. 我竟喜歡上了這個(gè)野蠻的小東西，而對(duì)她父母卻毫無(wú)好感。在接下來(lái)的“戰(zhàn)斗”中他們 越來(lái)越難堪，被摧垮了，直至精疲力竭。而出于恐懼，這個(gè)女孩對(duì)我的抗拒達(dá)到了發(fā)瘋狂暴的驚人地步。4. 在這種時(shí)候，誰(shuí)都會(huì)叮嚀自己，無(wú)論這個(gè)可惡的小鬼做出任何愚蠢的舉動(dòng)，也要違背她 的意愿來(lái)保護(hù)她。這樣做也是為了保護(hù)其他孩子，同時(shí)這也是一種社會(huì)需要，事實(shí)也確是如 此。然而由于釋放體內(nèi)能量的欲望而產(chǎn)生的一種盲目的無(wú)法控制的狂怒和一種成年人的羞恥感，使我一直堅(jiān)持到最后。Essay Writing（略）Text BAnswer the following questions according to text

55、 B you have read.1. The underlying reason might be that having to take her daughter to hospital for treatment has been a miserable experience.2. The most common childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a form of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells characterized by excess lymphoblas

56、ts.3. The purpose for the author and her daughter to visit the doctor this time was to have the portremoved. The treatment for Michelles disease had concluded as a medically rousing success.4. The anesthesiologist was tall and red-headed. He looked pale, exhausted, and had bags under his eyes. Also,

57、 he was kind, caring and considerate. As the author put it, the anesthesiologist not only practiced the mechanics but the art of medicine.5. A lot of things came into the authors mind after her daughter drifted off with the gas. She thought of the tired residents who had been so tender withher fragi

58、le child, herdaughters stolen childhood, the many times she carried her daughter to hospital to be hurt, the fact that she had recently learned that safe sedatives were often used to prevent childrens pain and terror during procedures, but they were not offered at their clinic. Besides, she felt grateful because her daughter was alive and most probably would gr