Unit 4 astronomy learning about language

1、Unit 4Astronomy: the science of the starsLearning about languagepresent presenceviolentconfidentdifferentpatientviolence confidencedifferencepatience1 Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word. Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.Discovering useful words and expres

2、sions certainfairpaidlikekindunkinduncertainunfairunpaidunlikecultureglobeuniverseagriculturemathematicsmathematicalculturalglobaluniversalagriculturalartphysicschemistrybiologysciencescientistartistphysicistchemistbiologist1. At the beginning, the earth had no _. A. dust B. atoms C. water D. matter

3、2. The development of a planet generally depends on _ combining together. A. atoms B. rocks C. gases D. waterCA2 Chooses the correct word to fill in each of these blanks.3. The _ of mammals happened after the disappearance of the dinosaurs. A. harmful B. system C. spread D. method4. Mammals _ when t

4、he animals that were harmful to them disappeared. A. prevented B. multiplied C. depended D. existedCBIs the moon a planet? This question is _ if students are to show that they understand the nature of _. fundamental astronomyastronomy atom fundamental puzzle existprevent from as a result gave birth

5、to 3 Complete the following passage with the words and phrases below in the correct form.Some scientists think that the earth _ the moon because the moon circles our planet. Others believe that the moon _ before the earth was formed. They think that earlier in time it travelled through space as a sm

6、all planet which was caught by the earths gravity. _, it goes around our planet. gave birth to existedAs a result The evidence for this theory is that the _ that make up the rocks on the moon seem to be different from those on earth. What is clear is that the moon is smaller than the earth and this

7、_ it _ escaping from the earth. Although its origin may still be a _, the moon can never be anything more than a satellite of the earth.atomspreventsfrompuzzleviolent patient gentle angry rude relaxing kind shocked excited easy-going calm crazy4 In pairs divide these adjectives into two groups: emot

8、ional words and calm words.Emotional wordsCalm wordsviolent angry rude shocked excited crazy patient gentle relaxing kind easy-going calm4. To find your way can be a problem. What does the underlined part serve as in each sentence? 3. Smoking is bad for you.2. You are a student.5. “How do you do?” i

9、s a greeting.6. It is certain that we shall be late.subject1. Beijing is our capital.Read the sentences from the text and pay attention to the underlined parts.1. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago 2. it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.3

10、. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.4. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence 5. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.Noun clauses as the subjectGrammar!主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，其功同主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，其功同名詞

11、一樣。名詞一樣。 !為了避免頭重腳輕，為了避免頭重腳輕，常用常用it作形式主語作形式主語, 而把真正而把真正主語主語放在句子末尾。放在句子末尾。How the book will sell depends on its author.That he is the best student in the class is obvious.= It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.主語從句主語從句引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類：1) 從屬連詞從屬連詞that。如如: That they were tru

12、e sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明顯很明顯, 她們確是親姐妹她們確是親姐妹, 她們的臉型很相似。她們的臉型很相似。2) 從屬連詞從屬連詞whether。如：如：Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否會來這里還不清楚。他是否會來這里還不清楚。3) 連接代詞連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, 連接副詞連接副詞 where, when, how, why。What she did

13、 is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 這事怎樣發(fā)生的這事怎樣發(fā)生的, 誰也不清楚。誰也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不論誰來都?xì)g迎。不論誰來都?xì)g迎。主語從句三要素主語從句三要素 he became a great scientist is known to us all.Is what you told me really true?謂語動詞一般用謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)單數(shù)從句用陳述語序從句用陳述語序不能省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞不能省略關(guān)聯(lián)詞Notice:Wh

14、at we need most are books.How在主語從句中在主語從句中, 謂語一般用單數(shù)。謂語一般用單數(shù)。無論他說什么都不重要。無論他說什么都不重要。Whatever he says is of no importance無論誰說這話都不對。無論誰說這話都不對。 Whoever says that is wrong但謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)但謂語動詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù), 不可不可一概而論一概而論, 而要視句子的意義而定。而要視句子的意義而定。 What I need is money.What I need are books.what 與與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別在引導(dǎo)主語從句

15、時的區(qū)別what 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在從句中充當(dāng)引導(dǎo)主語從句時在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分句子成分, 如主語、賓語、表語如主語、賓語、表語, 而而that 則不然。則不然。 1) What you said yesterday is right.2) That she is still alive is a consolation. Whatever and whoever Whatever=anything that Whoever=anyone who不管是誰犯了法不管是誰犯了法, 他都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。他都應(yīng)該受到懲罰。Whoever breaks the law should be punished.

16、=Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.whether之后可以直接跟之后可以直接跟or not, 而而if 則不能。則不能。 I dont care whether or not your car breaks down.I dont know whether or not hes coming.但是不可以說：但是不可以說：I dont care if or not your car breaks down.whether 與與 if whether引導(dǎo)的從句一般不可以為否定結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的從句一般不可以為否定結(jié)構(gòu) (選擇問句的后一部分除外選擇問句

17、的后一部分除外); 而而if則可以跟則可以跟 否定結(jié)構(gòu)否定結(jié)構(gòu), 如如: I dont care if she doesnt come. I dont care if it doesnt rain. 但是但是, 在某些動詞或形容詞之后在某些動詞或形容詞之后, 則可以用則可以用 whether引導(dǎo)一個否定結(jié)構(gòu)的句子引導(dǎo)一個否定結(jié)構(gòu)的句子, 這種這種 結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示肯定的含義結(jié)構(gòu)往往表示肯定的含義, 如：如： I wonder whether he doesnt think too much of himself. =I think he does think too much of himself

18、. 在個別動詞之后在個別動詞之后, 如如discuss 等等, 只跟用只跟用 whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句引導(dǎo)的賓語從句, 如如: They discussed whether they should close the shop. We discussed whether Mary could join us. whether 可以引導(dǎo)從句作介詞的賓語可以引導(dǎo)從句作介詞的賓語, 而而if則不能則不能, 如：如： Im not interested in whether theyll go or not. whether可以直接跟動詞不定式連用可以直接跟動詞不定式連用, 而而if則不能則不能,

19、 如如: I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. She hasnt decided whether to go or not. 引導(dǎo)主語從句引導(dǎo)主語從句 (包括從句在句首的位置包括從句在句首的位置) 應(yīng)當(dāng)應(yīng)當(dāng) 用用whether, 不用不用if, 如：如： Whether it is true remains a problem. Whether he will come, I am not sure.引導(dǎo)表語從句用引導(dǎo)表語從句用whether, 不用不用if, 如如:The question is whether you should accept

20、 it.The question is whether he will speak at the meeting.引導(dǎo)同位語從句用引導(dǎo)同位語從句用whether,不用不用if, 如如:The question whether hell attend the meeting is essential.I am in doubt whether I should agree to the plan. (NMET 1996) 1. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.2. I have just discuss _ we should

21、give him enough help.3. They had no idea _ or not they could achieve their goals.Whetherwhetherwhether不可省略的連詞：不可省略的連詞：1.引導(dǎo)主語引導(dǎo)主語, 同位語同位語, 表語從句的連詞不可省略。表語從句的連詞不可省略。2. it作形式賓語的賓語從句作形式賓語的賓語從句3. 并列賓語從句中并列賓語從句中, 后面的從句引導(dǎo)詞。后面的從句引導(dǎo)詞。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had w

22、on.The reason is that he is too careless.I think it necessary that you should read aloud.He told (that) his father had died and that he had to make a living by himself.用用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(1)(1) It is 名詞名詞 從句從句 It is a fact that 事實是事實是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that 是常識是常識

23、(2) It is 形容詞形容詞 從句從句 It is natural that 很自然很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是奇怪的是用用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)(2)(3) It is 不及物動詞不及物動詞 從句從句 It seems that 似乎似乎 It happened that 碰巧碰巧 It appears that 似乎似乎(4) It 過去分詞過去分詞 從句從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報道據(jù)報道 It has been proved that 已證實已證實 It is said that 據(jù)說據(jù)說1.連接詞有：連接詞有： th

24、at whether 和和 lf2.連接代詞有：連接代詞有：who whom whose which what 等等 3.連接副詞有：連接副詞有：when where why how 等等 另外另外 whatever whoever whichever等也可以等也可以引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)主語和賓語兩種從句主語和賓語兩種從句。 名詞性從句可以表示：名詞性從句可以表示：事實和問題事實和問題。名詞性從句中的“that”沒有詞義，也不作任何成分?！炯磳W(xué)即練】【即學(xué)即練】 _ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. A. Th

25、at B. What C. Whether D. Where 2. _ I have will be yours sooner or later. A. No matter what B. No matter whatever C. Whatever D. That BC3. _ we will hold the sports meet in time depends on _ it will be fine. A. If; if B. If; whetherC. Whether; if D. Whether; whether 4. _ worries us a lot that so man

26、y students drop out of school in the poor mountainous areas. A. It B. That C. One D. What DA5. _ wants to run a business in this district must get a permit from the government first. A. Who B. Whoever C. No matter who D. Those who B真題詳解真題詳解1. -Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? -Oh, thats

27、 _. A. what makes me feel excitedB. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited A解析解析: 這是由這是由what 引導(dǎo)的一個表語從句引導(dǎo)的一個表語從句, 在從句在從句中充當(dāng)主語中充當(dāng)主語, 這句話的意思為這句話的意思為: 那是使我感到興奮那是使我感到興奮的事。故答案為的事。故答案為A。2. -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. -Is that _ you had a few days off?

28、 A. why B. when C. what D. where 解析解析: 這是一個由這是一個由why引導(dǎo)的表語從句引導(dǎo)的表語從句,表示原因。這句話的意思是表示原因。這句話的意思是“這就是這就是你離開的原因嗎你離開的原因嗎?”, 故答案為故答案為A。A3. Perseverance is a kind of quality and thats _ it takes to do anything well. A. what B. that C. which D. why 解析解析: what 在表語從句中作在表語從句中作 takes 的賓語的賓語,構(gòu)成構(gòu)成 It takes sth. to d

29、o sth.的句型。的句型。答案為答案為A。A4. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _ he wants . A. what B. which C. when D. that 解析解析: 這是一個賓語從句這是一個賓語從句, wants后面缺少后面缺少賓語賓語, Always give the monkey exactly what he wants. 是一句諺語是一句諺語, 意思是永遠(yuǎn)意思是永遠(yuǎn)給予他人他確實

30、想要的東西。故答案為給予他人他確實想要的東西。故答案為A。AIt doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossing both roads lead to the park. （2012天津）天津） A. whether B. how C. if D. when答案：答案：A。解析：考查解析：考查 whether 引導(dǎo)主語從句，引導(dǎo)主語從句，it 作形式主語。引導(dǎo)主語從句時，只作形式主語。引導(dǎo)主語從句時，只 能用能用 whether， 不能用不能用 if。真題解析真題解析It suddenly occurred to him _ he

31、had left his keys in the office. （2012 江江西）西） A. whether B. where C. which D. that答案：答案：D解析：此句是解析：此句是 occur to sb.表示表示“想到、想到、 想起想起”的典型句式，的典型句式，that 這里是做引導(dǎo)這里是做引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞。主語從句的連接詞。As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _ suits you best. （2012 陜西）陜西） A. whatever B whichever C.

32、 whenever D. wherever答案：答案：B解析：考查名詞性從句。所填詞引導(dǎo)的從解析：考查名詞性從句。所填詞引導(dǎo)的從句做動詞句做動詞 choose 的的 賓語，引導(dǎo)詞在從句賓語，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中做主語。選中做主語。選 B，其余選項與句意不符。，其余選項與句意不符。It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. (2011重慶重慶) A. whether B. when C. which D. where解析：根據(jù)句意：舊車站是否被一個現(xiàn)解

33、析：根據(jù)句意：舊車站是否被一個現(xiàn)代化旅館代替還在討論之中。后面出現(xiàn)代化旅館代替還在討論之中。后面出現(xiàn)了了or not，故選，故選whether。A _ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. (2011北京北京) A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom解析：解析：What引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，在從句引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)中充當(dāng)offers的賓語。句意為：芭芭拉瓊的賓語。句意為：芭芭拉瓊斯為她的粉絲所提供的是誠實和快樂。斯為她的粉絲所提供的是誠實和快樂。BBefore a problem

34、can be solved, it must be obvious _ the problem itself is. (2011湖湖南南) A. what B. that C. which D. why解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句為解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本句為before引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，在從句中引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，在從句中it為形式為形式主語，真正的主語為主語，真正的主語為“_ the problem itself is”，在此主語從句中又缺少表語，在此主語從句中又缺少表語，即用即用what引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。A _ some people regard as a drawback is see

35、n as a plus by many others. （2010 北北京）京） A. Whether B. What C. That D. How解析：從句中缺賓語，只能用解析：從句中缺賓語，只能用what來引導(dǎo)，來引導(dǎo)， C項中的項中的That引導(dǎo)主語從句不做成分。引導(dǎo)主語從句不做成分。B How about camping this weekend, just for a change? OK, you want. （2010 浙江）浙江） Awhichever Bhowever Cwhatever Dwhoever解析：句意：解析：句意：“這個周末野營怎么樣，來這個周末野營怎么樣，來點

36、新鮮的？點新鮮的？”“”“好啊，按你的意思吧！好啊，按你的意思吧！”根據(jù)語境分析出后者支持前面的提出的觀根據(jù)語境分析出后者支持前面的提出的觀點。點。C It is uncertain side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it. (2010 浙江浙江) Athat Bwhat Chow Dwhether解析：根據(jù)句意：盡管大約有兩千名病人服解析：根據(jù)句意：盡管大約有兩千名病人服用過這種藥物，但是，它會帶來什么樣的副用過這種藥物，但是，它會帶來什么樣的副

37、作用還不確定。作用還不確定。side effect意思是意思是“副作用副作用”，還原主語從句中的主干是還原主語從句中的主干是the medicine will bring about _ side effect。故選擇。故選擇what，形容詞形容詞“什么樣的什么樣的”，起修飾作用。，起修飾作用。B高考鏈接高考鏈接 It is obvious to the students _ they should get well prepared for their future. (2009天津天津) A. as B. which C. whether D. that2. _ parents say a

38、nd do has a life-long effect on their children. (2007 陜西陜西) A. That B. Which C. What D. As3. It is none of your business _ other people think about you. Believe yourself. ( 2007 福建福建) A. how B. what C. which D. when4. _ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007 全國卷全國卷II) A. What B.

39、Why C. Where D. WhichDCBA1. _ you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether2. _ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present. A. What B. That C. Which D. Whether3. On my way home in the street, I saw a lady _ I thought was your aunt. A. who B. what C. which D. wh

40、om4. The Foreign Minister said, “_ is our hope that the two sides will work to-wards peace.” A. This B. That C. There D. It 5. We cannot explain _ quite a number of insects, birds and other animals are dying out. A. that B. as C. why D. whenChoose the best answers.CAADC6. Does _ matter if he cant fi

41、nish the job on time? A. this B. that C. he D. it 7. _ the sports meet will be held depends on the weather. A. When ever B. If C. Whether D. That 8. _ beat Xiao Wang black and blue is not known. A. Whom B. Whoever C. Who D. What9. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A. What; what B. What; tha

42、t C. That; that D. That; what DCCA10._ makes mistakes must correct them. A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever11. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for12.When and why he came here _ yet. A. is not known B. are not known C. has not known D. have not known13.

43、 _ is no reason for dismissing her. A. Because she was a few minutes late B. Owing to a few minutes C. The fact that she was a few minutes late D. Being a few minutes late CBAC1. A: That light travels in straight lines is known to all. B: _ _ _ _ that light travels in straight lines. 2. A: When the

44、plane is to take off has not been announced. B: _ _ _ _ _ when the plane is to take off.3. A: It is a mystery to me which of them won the gold medal. B: Which of them won the gold medal _ _ _ to me. 4. A: He hasnt told us the reason for his being late again. B: _ _ _ _ _ has not been told.Its known

45、to allIt has not been announced is amysteryWhy he was late again1. Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it. A. there B. where C. there were D. where there 2. The problem is _ he has enough time. A. if B. whether C. / D. that 3. He made a promise _ he would help me. A. what B. when C. that D. whichBB

46、C單項選擇單項選擇4. I remember _ this used to be a quiet village. A. how B. when C. where D. what 5. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whereverBB6. Can you make sure _ the gold rings? A. where she had put B. where had she put C. where

47、 she has put D. where has she put7. The reason that has been such a success _ he never gives up. A. is B. is because C. is that D. is what8. _ breaks the law should be punished. A. Whoever B. No matter who C. anyone. D. who C C A 9. That is _ I had to take the risk of being washed away. A. why B. re

48、ason why C. how D. what10. Do _ you think is right _ difficulties you may have. A. what ;however B. that ;whatever C. whatever ; whoever D. what; whatever11. The workers considered it important _ the boss would agree to give them a rise. A. whether B. how C. where D. which A D A 12. Along with the l

49、etter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether13. Difficulty lies _ we have no money. A. that B. in that C. in the fact D. in the fact that14. I dont think the question of _ they are old or young is important. A. which B. whether C. how D. whyB D

50、 B 15. The news _ Lincoln was murdered filled the American peoples hearts with deep sorrow. A. which B. when C. that D. how 16. _ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter17. I dont trust his promise _ he will buy me a new car. A. which B. what C.

51、when D. that C A D 18. She received the message _ he would come by plane. A. that B. which C. what D. when19. Energy is _ makes things work. A. what B. something C. anything D. that20. Our city has changed a lot, and now it is quite different from _ a few years ago. A. what it used to be B. that it

52、used to be C. which it used to be D. what was itA A A 21. We all know the truth _ there are air, water and sunlight, there are living things. A. wherever B. where C. that D. that wherever22. The true value of life is not in _ , but_. A. how you get; that you give B. which you get; what you give C. w

53、hat you get; what you give D. what do you get; what do you give23. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. ItD C D Discovering useful structures1. His discovery has not yet been proved.What _.2. Do the other astronomers accept his ideas? I

54、t remains a question. Whether _.3. The first appearance of life on earth is still a mystery to scientists. How _.has not yet been proved is his discovery accepts his ideas remains a questionis still a mystery to scientistsEx. 2other astronomerslife first appeared on earth4. Why is the earth becoming

55、 warmer? It is an important topic for research. Why _.5. Stephen Hawking at 65 experienced zero gravity during a flight. It amazed everybody.It amazed everybody _.6. Pluto is no longer considered a planet in our solar system. What a surprise! It is a surprise _.at 65 experienced zero gravity during

56、a flight.that Pluto is no longer considered a planet in our solar system the earth is becoming warmer is an important topic for researchthat Stephen HawkingAnswer key for exercise 3 on page 291 4 3 5 2 6Workbook: Using words and expressions Exercise 1 on page 63hang out give out break out watch out

57、sell out block out Please move that curtain as it is _ the light.2. I was with my friend when a fight _ between the fans of the two football teams.3. I _ the tickets for the concert to my friends because my brother was playing in it.4. I waited in line to buy a copy of the new book but they had _ wh

58、en it was my turn.5. “If you dont _, you will hurt yourself,” said my mother.6. She took the wet clothes to _ on the wasting line.blocking outbroke outgave outsold outwatch outhang outExercise 2 on page 631. Buddhism is one of the world _ and one of its most famous _ buildings in China is the Potala

59、 Palace in Tibet. (religions; religious)2. This girl looked very much _ her mother. However, _ the girls of her age, she dreamed of becoming a physicist. (like; unlike)religionsreligiouslikeunlike3. Some dinosaurs were very large but also very _. Young dinosaurs were treated very _ until they became

60、 adults. (gently; gentle)4. If you want to give a _ about your work on dinosaurs, I suggest you _ it at a public meeting. (present; presentation)gentlegentlypresentationpresentExercise 3 on page 63 既然我們已經(jīng)完成了設(shè)計既然我們已經(jīng)完成了設(shè)計, 就該由公司來進(jìn)行就該由公司來進(jìn)行 建設(shè)了。建設(shè)了。(now that; in ones turn)2. 火災(zāi)沒有造成太大損失火災(zāi)沒有造成太大損失, 因為消防