英語中的平行結(jié)構(gòu).說課講解

1、英語中的平行結(jié)構(gòu).l常見的并列連詞有：1、表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and, not onlybut also, neithernor, not but2. 選擇關(guān)系：or，eitheror, otherwise, whether.or 3. 轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系: but, yet, whereas, while, still4. 因果關(guān)系：so, for5. 并列關(guān)系：and, when二、 對(duì)連接詞連接的成分要求：形式對(duì)稱； 功能相同（充當(dāng)同樣的句子成分），時(shí)態(tài)平衡。l并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是名詞和名詞，副詞和副詞，分詞和分詞，不定式和不定式，動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一個(gè)概念用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)，而另一

2、個(gè)概念用不定式或從句來表達(dá)。l比如下面句子就違反了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的準(zhǔn)則：lDo some nice things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. l做飯、刷碗、洗衣服、拖地在本句中應(yīng)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)作為介詞like“像”的賓語，故應(yīng)用相同的形式，都用動(dòng)名詞，所以應(yīng)將clean改為cleaning。三、平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要類型l1. 名詞和名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)lThe patients symptoms were fever, dizzin

3、ess, and headache.l病人的癥狀是發(fā)燒、頭暈和頭痛。l2. 形容詞和形容詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)lEarly to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.l早睡早起使人健康、富有、聰明。l3.副詞和副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)lThe work is handsomely and skillfully done.l這項(xiàng)工作做得漂亮，有水平。l4. 分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)(現(xiàn)在分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過去分詞與過去分詞 )lThe boys were running, shouting and laughing.l男孩子們邊跑，邊喊叫著、笑著

4、。（伴隨狀語）lThe old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.l5. 動(dòng)名詞doing平行結(jié)構(gòu)lHenrys work is reading books and writing book reviews.l亨利的工作是讀讀書，寫寫書評(píng)。l6. 動(dòng)詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)lOn the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants a

5、nd young trees.另一方面，40%的同學(xué)認(rèn)為應(yīng)收門票，他們認(rèn)為門票費(fèi)可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購(gòu)買新花木的費(fèi)用。and 連接并列不定式第二個(gè)不定式往往省略連接并列不定式第二個(gè)不定式往往省略 to。l7. 介詞短語平行結(jié)構(gòu)l1）Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. l2）We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. l

6、8. 謂語動(dòng)詞平行結(jié)構(gòu) 謂語形式時(shí)態(tài)要一致謂語形式時(shí)態(tài)要一致 lHe went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. l9.句子的并列（并列句）lI was tired, but I felt happy.四、需掌握的知識(shí)點(diǎn)l1. be about to do sth when+從句l2.祈使句+and+句子l3. while conj.然而，而l4. 分辨謂語動(dòng)詞的并列和伴隨狀語l5. what名詞性短語的并列l(wèi)6. “隨著”兩種表達(dá):with+復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)/as+句子l7. 分辨短語和句子l8. 分辨定語從句和并列句l9.

7、不定式的并列l(wèi)10. 分辨：句子+并列連詞+句子、短語+句子五五、 And的用法的用法l綜述：and 是并列連詞，它既能連接兩個(gè)并列（平行）的結(jié)構(gòu)，也能連接兩個(gè)并列的分句。我們可以通過分析它在句子結(jié)構(gòu)中的功能，從而巧妙的解題。（一）：（一）：and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上要一致。在不同的語境中，結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上要一致。在不同的語境中，也可用其他并列連詞也可用其他并列連詞or，but等。等。l句1:We rushed back to the palace and looked for it . l句2: Father sat at the desk and wro

8、te something.l句3: I had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man. 句句1可轉(zhuǎn)化成不定式作目的狀語?？赊D(zhuǎn)化成不定式作目的狀語。We rushed back to the palace to look for it.句句2可轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。可轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。Father sat at the desk, writing something.句句3中的中的and連接兩個(gè)不定式，后一個(gè)連接兩個(gè)不定式，后一個(gè)不定式不定式to要省略。要省略。例1:the goat rolled over and _ .A. d

9、ied B. dead C. dying D. deathl2. He called at every door and _ people the exciting news. A. tell B. telling C. told D. having toldcalled 和和 and 為并列謂語。若將為并列謂語。若將and改為逗號(hào)，擇選改為逗號(hào)，擇選B， 現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語?，F(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語。若是既無若是既無and也無逗號(hào)，則用不定式也無逗號(hào)，則用不定式to tell 作目的狀語。作目的狀語。 既是既是B: He called at every door, telling people t

10、he exciting news. C: He called at every door to tell people the exciting news.3. She went to the market, _ everything she needed and took a taxi home.A. buy B. bought C. buying D, to buy 三個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞：三個(gè)并列的謂語動(dòng)詞：went, bought and took（二）：（二）：and連接并列分句，這種并列句連接并列分句，這種并列句可轉(zhuǎn)換成簡(jiǎn)單句或者從句?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成簡(jiǎn)單句或者從句。lA. 并列句和簡(jiǎn)單句，狀

11、語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換。并列句和簡(jiǎn)單句，狀語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換。lEx :Use your head and you will find a way.l簡(jiǎn)單句：簡(jiǎn)單句：Using your head，you will find a way. 從句：從句：If you use your head，you will find a way.l_and they bought a picnic with them. A. It being a fine day B. It is a fine day C. Being a fine day D. It was a fine dayB. 并列句and和定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換lEx

12、: Bamboos are hollow and this makes them very light.l定從：Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.1.She heard a terrible noise and _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. which B. it C. / D. what轉(zhuǎn)換： She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.2. She had two sons and _ wer

13、e doctors.A. all of them B. all of whomC. both of them D. both of whoml轉(zhuǎn)換：轉(zhuǎn)換：lShe had two sons, both of whom were doctors.l3. The decision _, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.lA. is made B. has been made C. having been made D. having made4. I saw a lot of children playing in the garden,

14、 most of them _ girls.A. are B. were C. being D. have been comes-coming/and leaveskeep-keeping/and you判斷下列句子的正誤l1. The weather turned out to be very good, it was more than we could expect.l2. Spring comes, leaves turn green. l3. Keep on trying, youll succeed.l4. They get coal out of the ground, chan

15、ging it into electricity and send it to many places.l5. He has made a wonderful discovery, which I think it is of great help to us. It -which / it 前加前加andchanging-changel6.They got off the train, carrying all their cases and their fathers jacket.l7. Turning down the radio and the baby is sleeping.l8

16、. I have three coats, none of them fits me.l9. The secretary worked into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.l10. As there are nearly 50 streets in the city, most of which we cant remember clearly.Turning-Turnthem-which/and nonewhich-them在高考中的體現(xiàn)及解題思路 l1.The house belongs to my aunt

17、but shehere any more(2006年全國(guó)卷) Ahasnt lived Bdidnt live Chadnt lived Ddoesnt live 解析：but前后分句的時(shí)態(tài)平衡。時(shí)態(tài)平衡。 but連接兩個(gè)并列句，第一個(gè)分句謂語動(dòng)詞belongs屬于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，but后的分句也用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)doesnt live來表達(dá)以保持時(shí)態(tài)平衡,選D。2.The old couple married for 40 years and never once _with each other. (2003全國(guó)卷) A. they had quarreled. B. they have qua

18、rreled C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled.l解析：這對(duì)老夫妻已結(jié)婚40年了,他們彼此從未吵過架.本題的關(guān)鍵詞是and, and前是句子,and 后也應(yīng)是句子形式，后一分句以never開頭的則應(yīng)倒裝倒裝,C。3.She set out soon after dark _ home an hour later. （1994） A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrivedl分析：她天黑后回家，一個(gè)小時(shí)后到家。A C是分詞 A為分詞一般式doing ,表示與謂語同時(shí)發(fā)生；

19、having arrived表示先于謂語發(fā)生；to arrive表示目的。很明顯先set out 后arrive排除A和C而本題時(shí)態(tài)是一般過去時(shí)，所以選D. and連接兩個(gè)謂語。_the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about firefighting. (湖南卷)A. Having searched B. To search C. Searching D. Searchl解析：做好本題的關(guān)鍵是注意到句中的并列連詞and，由and可知這是一個(gè)并列句，and的后面是句子，其前面也應(yīng)是句子。由于句首無主語，可推斷它是

20、祈使句，所以選動(dòng)詞原形D。5. It is worth considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ better ones of your own. A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introducedl句中的并列連詞and連接的是兩個(gè)對(duì)稱的并列成分，由于其前的considering為動(dòng)名詞，所以空格處也要用動(dòng)名詞。選6One learns a language by making mistakes andthemAcorrect Bcorrecting

21、 Ccorrects Dto correct l解析：列連詞and連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語making mistakes和correcting them作介詞by的賓語，使其and前后形式一致。選B。7. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched l解析：兩個(gè)“句子”間沒有并列連

22、詞，所以空格處不可能填一個(gè)完整的謂語，據(jù)此我們可以最先排除選項(xiàng)A。又因動(dòng)作于去年的三月底就已經(jīng)發(fā)生，所以排除C，D。選B。the most recent having been launched at the end of last March為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中做伴隨狀語 ?！蔼?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句 。8The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day. (重慶卷) A. finish

23、ing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished l解析：B。兩個(gè)“句子”間沒有并列連詞，不可能填一個(gè)完整的謂語，可以最先排除C和D。再根據(jù)句意，由于lessons與動(dòng)詞finish之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故要用過去分詞。單選題：1. The young member made several proposals, and none of _ considered practical or acceptable. A. them B. which C. it D. what 2. Jingqiu, the young heroine of the new

24、 Zhang Yimou movie Under the Hawthorn Tree, is a very innocent high school student, _ love story set in _ mid 1970s.A. her; the B. whose;/ C. whose; the D. her; /3. The old man spoke to the girl again, raising his voice, but still _ no answer. A. received B. receiving C. had received D. to receive4.

25、 The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make 5. Tom caught the school bus, _. A. and Jane did neither B. but so did Jane C. and Jane didnt either D. but Jane didnt 6. On Sunday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the

26、market, _ some bananas and visited her cousin. A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy7. She set out soon after dark_ home an hour later.A. arriving B. to arrive C. having arrived D. and arrived8. _ the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.A. Your having read B. While readingC. If

27、 reading D. When you read9. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do.A. When left B. Leaving C. Leave D. If you leave 10. The children climbed up the hill, _ they picnicked .A. on its top B. on the top of itC. on whose top D. on the top of that11. While reading, _ .A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell

28、 was rangC. we heard the doorbell ring D. the bell of the door rang12. _ many times, but he still couldnt understand it.A. Having been told B.Though he had been toldC. He was told D. Having told 13. _ the road and youll soon get to the museum.A. Walking on B. Following C. Walk D. Take14. _ an expert

29、, so he knew exactly what to do.A. Being B. Having been C. As D. He was15. The dictionary is expensive, _ we could have to buy it.A. but B. and C. or D. so16. Five minutes earlier, _ we could have caught the last train.A. or B. but C. and D. so17. Hurry up! _ well be late.A. and B. so C. for D. so t

30、hat18. Its idea didnt agree with _ was written in the Bible.A. which B. what C. that D. how19. He is pleased with _ you have given her and all _ youve told her.A. that; that B. that; what C. what; that D. what; what20. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what 21. John got the first place and _ made his parents happy.A. which B. that C. as D. what 22. Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle.A. ride; ride B. riding; rideC. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding23