AmericanEducation 美國教育制度（英美文化）

1、Education in the United States School of International BusinessBeijing Foreign Studies UniversityOctober 10, 2005The America has had a great respect for education ever since its earliest times. Education in the United StatesEducation in the United StatesFor all these and many other important social

2、roles, educational institutions in theUnited States have become the bearer of the values of each age. History of American EducationEducation in America is concurrent with thegrowth of the nation, and Americans haveshown a great concern for education sincecolonial days. Education in the United States

3、Education in the United States1. Colonial DaysEducation in the United StatesEnormous Attention on EducationvAmong the first settlers, there was an unusually high proportion of educated men. vThe early settlers were intensely religious, who had a strong commitment to self-interpretation of the Bible.

4、Education in the United StatesEstablishment of Schools in Colonial DaysHarvard College 1636College of William and Mary 1639Yale 1701Education in the United StatesGovernment Regulations in Colonial Daysn1642 The Colony of Massachusetts passed a lawassigning the responsibility for educationto parents.

5、 Education in the United StatesGovernment Regulations in Colonial Daysn1647 beginning of public schoolsMassachusetts passed another more radical law requiring every town to provide itschildren with schools.Education in the United StatesDevelopment in Colonial DaysvBy the end of 17th century, all col

6、onies had had their public schools set up; vSettlers of the English colonies were in the position to receive education of some kind. Education in the United StatesEducation in the colonial days was concerned withencouraging literacy, so that vYounger generation would be able to seek truths in the Bi

7、ble themselves;vChildren would be prepared to confront with the uncertainties of colonial life;vThe following generation would be equipped with necessary skills to conduct the political, economic and religious affairs of the colonies. Education in the United StatesEducational Opportunities (17th Cen

8、tury) nApprenticeship and elementary schools for lower classesnSecondary schools and colleges for the upper classesEducation in the United StatesEducational Opportunities (18th Century)nBusiness-oriented and Trade-oriented for the middle classes democratic nature ladder systemEducation in the United

9、 States2. Foundation of the NationEducation in the United StatesThomas JeffersonvLarge-scale system of public schoolsvMore General Diffusion of KnowledgeEducation in the United StatesGovernment Support for EducationPermanent funds were created to supportthe building of schools and employment of scho

10、olmasters. Sources of funds: LotterySpecial tax revenueEducation in the United StatesGovernment Support for Education vNorthwest Ordinance of 1787Each township in the nations Northwest Territoryshould reserve for educational purposes at least amile-square section of land in order to nurturereligion,

11、 morality, and knowledge in the minds ofyounger generations. Education in the United StatesGovernment Support for Education vNorthwest Ordinance of 1787Each state in the territory should identifytownships where publicly supported institutions ofhigher education could be built. Education in the Unite

12、d StatesEducation in this period was concernedwith building a natural aristocracy in contrast to that of Europe. Education in the United StatesEducation Opportunities (early 19th Century) vDecisions by parentsvNeed for child labor vConcerned with getting a living vPrimitive transportation conditions

13、vNot free in all placesEducation in the United StatesDevelopment of Public Schoolsn1827Massachusetts required every large town tomaintain a free public school.nBy 1850Every state had provided for a system of free public schools, paid for by public tax. Education in the United StatesContribution of P

14、ublic School MovementEstablishment of the basic principle of a non-sectarian, publicly supported school system opento all youth regardless of creed or socioeconomic status. Education in the United StatesDevelopment of Colleges & UniversitiesnBy 1860 Over 200 colleges and universities had been es

15、tablished. nThe Land-Grant College Act of 1862 The federal government provided states with public lands to be used for higher education, especially for establishment of land-grant colleges.Education in the United States3. After the Civil WarEducation in the United StatesImpact of Civil War on Educat

16、ionnCheck the momentum of developmentnGradually picked up the momentum and continued soon after the warEducation in the United StatesRenaissance nBy 1918 High schools had become a recognized part of American life. nSimilar situations for collegesnPrivate philanthropic resources Education in the Unit

17、ed StatesOutcomes nGraduate and professional facilities nBy 1900 over 1,000 institutions of higher learningnOther institutions of higher learning established to meet the needs of specific individuals, e.g. junior college, teachers collegeEducation in the United StatesUniversal EducationBy 1918, Amer

18、ican education had become a bigbusiness. Its whole enterprise was valued at closeto $2 billion; it employed over 650,000 teachers, and it enrolled over 25% of the American people. Education in the United StatesDevelopment & ExpansionnBy 1920Free education for children in elementary schoolsnDurin

19、g the 1920s to 1940s Much progress in secondary and higher education Expansion in the number of students enrolledShift of focus Education in the United StatesDevelopment & Expansion nServiceman Readjustment Act of 1944nGrowth of graduate schools Education in the United StatesChallengesnThe 1950s

20、 Launching of the SputniknCurriculum reorganization and higher standards in secondary schoolsnPublic education was characterized as the engine of democracy, crucial to both upward social mobility and military superiority. Education in the United StatesDevelopment & Expansion1965 in Johnsons Admi

21、nistrationThe Elementary and Secondary Education ActThe Higher Education Act Education in the United StatesSocial BiasesnEducation for the Blacks Brown vs. Board of Education 1954nEducation for women and minority groups Affirmative action programs in the early 1970sEducation in the United StatesAmerican Education SystemEducation in the United StatesnPrimary and Secondary SchoolsEducation in the United StatesnHigher EducationEducation in the United StatesPurposes and Goals of EducationnDevelopment of the learnersnHome, family and community lifenEconomic demandsnCiv