初中英語從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)歸納(共16頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上賓語從句一 定義：賓語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)賓語的句子 如：He said that he wanted to be a teacher when he grew up.二 賓語從句有三種類型： 1由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示陳述意義，連詞that?？杀皇÷?。例如：I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy. Cant you see (that) Im a bird?注意：（1）當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是think,believe等時(shí)，賓語從句盡管要表示否定意義，卻不用否定形式，

2、而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如：I dont think he will come.我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來。（2）兩個(gè)表示陳述意義的賓語從句并列時(shí)，有時(shí)省去第一個(gè)從句的連詞that，但第二個(gè)從句的連詞that一般不可以省略。如：He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice. 2.由從屬連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示“是否（有，能，已經(jīng)）”等一般疑問句的含義。例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.3.由連接代詞who,whom,who

3、se,what,which和連接副詞when,where,how,why等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句表示“誰，誰的，什么，哪（個(gè)，些），何時(shí)，何地，怎樣，為什么”等等特殊疑問句的意義。除了連接詞及被修飾的詞提前以外，賓語從句用陳述句語序。例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was. 三.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)：“主現(xiàn)則從任，主過則從過，客觀真理一般現(xiàn)”1當(dāng)主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的時(shí)候，賓語從句可以用所需要的任何

4、時(shí)態(tài)。2主句是過去時(shí)，賓語從句一般只能用過去時(shí)的某種形式；當(dāng)從句敘述的是客觀事實(shí)或一般真理時(shí)，賓語從句仍然用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。3情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must一般不用于過去時(shí)，但卻可以用于主句是過去時(shí)的賓語從句中。四.賓語從句的語序1 賓語從句的連接詞后加陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）如：I want to know if he can come tomorrow2 當(dāng)連接詞本身又是賓語從句的主語時(shí)，后面直接加謂語動(dòng)詞如：She asked me who had helped him狀語從句英語中,修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞等的句子成分叫狀語。狀語的功用：狀語說明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴

5、隨狀況等，根據(jù)狀語的功能狀語從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、條件狀語從句。一時(shí)間狀語從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。時(shí)間狀語的連接詞：when（當(dāng)時(shí)候） while（當(dāng)時(shí)候） as（當(dāng)時(shí)候） after（在以后） before（在以前） as soon as（一就） since（自從到現(xiàn)在） till /until（直到才） by the time（到為止）依舊是連接詞后加陳述語序。1. when 當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候（一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn)）I will become a teacher when I grow up2. while 當(dāng)時(shí)He visited a l

6、ot of places while he was traveling.3. as 在的同時(shí)；一邊一邊He smiled as he stood up.4. after 在之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5. before 在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一就(一般情況下：主將從現(xiàn))We began to work as soon as we got the

7、re.I will write to you as soon as I get home.7. since 自以來 到現(xiàn)在表示自過去的一個(gè)起點(diǎn)時(shí)間到目前(說話時(shí)間)為止的一段持續(xù)時(shí)間。主句一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，從句用一般過去時(shí)。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. (還可以用作介詞，本句從句還可以用短語：since three years ago(自三年前以來)表示。)8 till /until 直到都可以作連詞，連接時(shí)間狀語，也可以作介詞，與其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作狀語。They

8、walked till /until it was dark.Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back. 9. by the time 到為止 (所在句子的主句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在或過去完成時(shí))By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.用法辨析：1.when, while和as的區(qū)別When 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)

9、詞。并且when有時(shí)表示“就在那時(shí)”。例如： When she came in, I stopped eating. 她進(jìn)來時(shí)，我在吃飯。(瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.當(dāng)?shù)淖≡谵r(nóng)村時(shí)，我常常為他擔(dān)水。（延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞） We were about to leave when he came in. 我們就要離開，就在那時(shí)他進(jìn)來了。 While 引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)作必須是延續(xù)性的，并強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生（或者相對(duì)應(yīng)）。并且while有時(shí)還可以表示對(duì)比。例如： While

10、my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜歡踢足球，而你喜歡打籃球。（對(duì)比） As 表示“一邊一邊”，as引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作，一般用于主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk. 我們總是邊走邊唱。（as表示“一邊一邊”） As we was going out, it began to snow. 當(dāng)我們出門時(shí)，開始下雪了。（as強(qiáng)調(diào)句中

11、兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著先后發(fā)生，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)開始下雪的特定時(shí)間） as when while都表示主、從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，三者差異如下：as表示“一邊。一邊的意思when 1、還可以表示從句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作在主幾句動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前 或之后發(fā)生。2、whenand then; at that moment (正在那個(gè)時(shí)候)3.常用于常見搭配中while 1、 用于時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)2、 強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，并表示對(duì)比時(shí)有時(shí)這三個(gè)連詞可以互換，有時(shí)不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里時(shí)，正在下大雨。 ( 動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，when可換為as, 但不能換為while，

12、因?yàn)間et是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完這篇文章之后，她給我打了電話。( 從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之前，注意時(shí)態(tài)表達(dá)，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(當(dāng))我到了電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開演了。(從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意時(shí)態(tài))He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要離開，忽然電話響了。( 此時(shí)不能放在句首。主句動(dòng)詞一般表達(dá) “正在” “即將”.while, as不能代替 Sh

13、e thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以為我在談她女兒，然而，實(shí)際上在談?wù)撐遗畠骸?表轉(zhuǎn)折，對(duì)比，when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人買紀(jì)念品時(shí)，那女孩給警察打了電話。(表示主句，從句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，while后引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)動(dòng)詞不能是點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗硎据^長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)Mother was worried

14、because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.媽媽擔(dān)心，因?yàn)樾埯惤z病了，特別是他父親不在家的時(shí)候。(此時(shí)as ,when, while可通用)2. 由till或until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。till和until一般情況下兩者可以互換，但是在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，必須用否定形式；如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表達(dá)的意思不同。例如： I worked until he came back.我工作到他回來為止。

15、I didnt work until he came back.他回來我這才開始工作。 3. 由since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。since引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語動(dòng)詞可以是延續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞，又可以是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞。一般情況下，從句謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)，而主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表述為：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+since+一般過去時(shí)。但在It is 時(shí)間since從句的句型中，主句多用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如： It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我們老板離開北京有五個(gè)月了。 知識(shí)擴(kuò)展1. It is since 從.以來多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了It is five years sin

16、ce we met last time.2. It is +before(。才。)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.It was an hour before(until) the police arrived.二.原因狀語從句：在一個(gè)句子中作時(shí)間狀語的句子。連接詞：由連詞because, since, as引導(dǎo), 也可由for, now that 等詞引導(dǎo)1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.2. Since everybody is here, lets begin

17、 our meeting. 既然。3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然。4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.用法辨析：because , since , as , for辨析1）because語勢(shì)最強(qiáng)，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當(dāng)原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is

18、so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引導(dǎo)的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號(hào)，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.三、條件狀語從句連接詞：if如果, unless (=if not) 如果不、除非(讓步)1. If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.2. I will go

19、 to the party unless he goes there too.3. You will be late unless you leave immediately.=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.條件狀語從句：主將從現(xiàn).He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.四、目的、結(jié)果狀語從句目的狀語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)目的狀語的句子。 結(jié)果狀語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語的句子目的狀語從句連接詞so that, sothat , in order that 引導(dǎo)。結(jié)果狀語從

20、句連接詞 sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引導(dǎo)。1. sothat 如此以至于He always studied so hard that he made great progress.2. so that 以至于, 以便于Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)3. suchthat 如此以至Its such nice weather that all of us want t

21、o go to the park.4. in order that=so that 為了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.5.比較：so和 such 其規(guī)律由so與such的不同詞性決定。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so 是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many, few, much, little連用，形成固定搭配。 so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few

22、 flowers such nice flowersso many people such a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當(dāng)于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。） 難點(diǎn)so+形容詞或副詞 so+形+a(an)+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 so +many /few+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 so +much/ little+不可數(shù)名詞 sothat與suchthat皆可引導(dǎo)目的地狀語從句和結(jié)果狀語從句。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a youn

23、g boy that he cant go to schoolso +adj/adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上兩種句型都表示結(jié)果 so為副詞,后接形容詞，副詞原型，可數(shù)名詞前有many, few；不可數(shù)名詞前有much, little修飾時(shí)，應(yīng)采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. such為形容詞, 后只能接名詞。這名詞既可以地可數(shù)的，也可以是不可數(shù)的。如果這名詞是可數(shù)的,則必須在名詞前加不定冠詞a(an). 常見的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 五、讓步狀語從句 讓步

24、狀語從句是指在句子中作讓步的狀語的句子連接詞： though, although.，whetheror not難點(diǎn)：though, although當(dāng)“雖然”講, 都不能和but連用. Although/thoughbut的格式是不對(duì)的.但是他們都可以同yet (still) 連用. 所以thought (although)yet(still)的格式是正確的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.雖然他很富有, 然而他并不快樂.Right

25、: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as childrenRight : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.盡管我們已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大了,可是我們的父母仍把我們看作小孩.although, though 辨析 although不能作并列連詞，although不能作副詞，放在詞尾表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)要用even though.1、Even though I didnt under a word, I kept smiling. 盡管典型例題 1） _she

26、 is young, she knows quite a lot. A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless 2)ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 3) whetheror not 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. no matter 從句結(jié)構(gòu)：no matter +特殊疑問詞疑問詞+陳述語序 或特殊疑問詞+后綴ever+陳述語序 No matter what happened, he

27、would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替換：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引導(dǎo)主語從句和賓語從句。 （錯(cuò)）No matter what you say is not useful now. （對(duì)）Whatever you

28、 say is not useful now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。 (Whatever you say是主語從句) （錯(cuò)）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （對(duì)）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯?jìng)冎荒芙o什么吃什么定語從句定語是指在句子中用來修飾名詞、代詞的成分定語從句是指在一個(gè)句子中作定語的句子，定語從句要放在所修飾的詞后如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定語從句的連接詞：1.連接代詞：who、

29、which、whom、whose、that 2.連接副詞：when、where、why選用連接詞的關(guān)鍵是看先行詞(定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞)一、連接代詞的選用：1.who 指人，先行詞為人,在從句中做主語Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人，先行詞為人,在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，常可省略。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略。3.which 指物，先行詞為物,在定語從句中做主語或

30、者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語,譯成 .的He has a friend who

31、se father is a doctor.指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? = Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句連接代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí),從句常由介詞+連接代詞引導(dǎo)The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous.注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語

32、一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介詞放在連接代詞前，連接代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；連接代詞是所有格時(shí)用whoseThe man with whom you talked is my friend. The plane in which we flew to Canada is ver

33、y comfortable. (T)3. “介詞+連接代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big ci

34、ties二、連接副詞的選用：1. when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語Shanghai is the city where I was born. 3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換The reason why/ for which he refused the

35、invitation is not clear,From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.三、判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法: 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)例1. Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB.

36、 that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語)四、介詞+連接詞用法說明1）介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。 2）that前不能有介詞。3）某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀

37、語的介詞+關(guān)系詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when ,where和why 互換如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which

38、 he came late.五限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句舉例： china is a country which has a long history.非限制性定語從句舉例： his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.要注意區(qū)分以下幾個(gè)句子的不同 his brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.他那當(dāng)醫(yī)生的哥哥常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他還有其他的哥哥） his brother, who is now a docto

39、r, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的，常鼓勵(lì)他要考上大學(xué)。（他只有一個(gè)哥哥）關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，有相同之處也有不同之處。具體情況是：1as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個(gè)句子。(1) he married her, as/which was natural.(2) he was honest, as/which we can see.2. as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一個(gè)主句；which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語

40、從句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思as is known to all, china is a developing country. he is from the south, as we can see from his accent. john, as you know, is a famous writer.he has been to paris more than several times, which i dont believe.注意：當(dāng)主句和從句存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，常用which tom was always late for school, whi

41、ch made his teacher angry.3.當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as i have never heard such a story as he tells.he is not such a fool as he looks.this is the same book as i lost last week.注意：當(dāng)先行次由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as 所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同 she wore the same dress that she wore at marys wedding.她穿著她在mary婚禮上穿過

42、的一條裙子。 she wore the same dress as her young sister wore.她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由in which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。 the way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. but 有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句there are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who dont )定語從句只能用that的幾種情況1當(dāng)先行詞是anything, ev

43、erything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? All that can be done has been done. There is little that I can do for you.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用whoAny man that/who has a sense of du

44、ty wont do such a thing.2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用whoWang Hua is the only person in our school who

45、 will attend the meeting？5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)Who is the man that is standing there?6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí)Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?同位語從句（一）一般來說，在主從復(fù)合句中，用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它通常跟在某些名詞之后，用以說明或解釋該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容?？梢愿徽Z從句的名詞通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, informa

46、tion, message, news, promise, proposal, reply, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem， question, doubt, thought等。They were delighted at the news that their team had won.有時(shí)同位語從句可以不緊跟在被說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.（二）引導(dǎo)詞1. The news that Mr. Li will be

47、our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who should do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer v

48、acation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be back小結(jié)： that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)無詞義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1； whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)意為“是否”，通常不能用if來代替, 如句2; 連接代詞who, what等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，如句3， 4； 連接副詞where, how, when等可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句， 如句5，6，7。(三) that 引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句 意義不同：同位語從句用

49、來進(jìn)一步說明前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句用來修飾、限定前面的先行詞。試比較：1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 2. The news that you told us is really encouraging. that的功能不同：that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，不僅起連接作用，而且還指代先行詞并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語等成分。試比較：1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I pas

50、sed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略：that在引導(dǎo)同位語從句時(shí)，通常不可省略。在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，若在從句中作賓語，通?？梢允÷?，若作主語則不可以省略。主語從句1 由連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語從句: 引導(dǎo)詞that無含義,在句中不做成分,不可以省。That you will win the medal seems unlikely. 你想獲得獎(jiǎng)牌看起來是不可能的。2 用連詞 whether 引導(dǎo)的主語從句: whether有含義(是否),在句中不做成分,不可以省。Whether

51、 she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她來不來都無關(guān)緊要。3 用連接代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句(在由連接代詞who, whose, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句中，其連接代詞在句中起名詞性作用，擔(dān)當(dāng)一定成分).What you need is more practice.你所需要的是更多的訓(xùn)練。Whatever we do is to serve the people.我們無論做什么都是為人民服務(wù)。4 用連接副詞when, where, why, h

52、ow引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句(其連接副詞有含義,在句中作狀語。)Where we should leave it is a problem.注意1. it 做形式主語,而將主語從句放在句末（尤其是當(dāng)謂語較短時(shí)）。That light travels in straight lines is known to all.=It is known to all that light travels in straight lines.眾所周知光沿直線傳播。(當(dāng)what引導(dǎo)的主語從句表示“的東西”時(shí)，一般不用it作形式主語。)錯(cuò):It is a book what he wants.對(duì):What he wan

53、ts is a book. 他想要的是本書。固定用法和譯法（1） It is +名詞+從句It is a fact that 事實(shí)是It is good news that 是好消息It is a question that 是個(gè)問題It is common knowledge that 是常識(shí)類似的名詞還有：a pity；a wonder；a good thing； no wonder； surprise等。（2） It is +形容詞+從句It is necessary that 有必要It is clear that 很清楚It is likely that 很可能It is impor

54、tant that 重要的是類似的形容詞還有：strange; natural; obvious; true; good; wonderful; possible; unlikely; quite; unusual; certain; evident; worth-while; surprising; interesting; astonishing, etc.（3） It is +過去分詞+從句It is said that 據(jù)說It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道It has been proved that 已證明It must be proved that 必須指出類似的過去

55、分詞還有：known; estimated; expected; believed; thought; hoped; noted; discussed; required; decided; suggested; demanded; made clear; found out,etc.。當(dāng)“及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語”較短時(shí)，也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。It shocked me that Peter did not tell anybody where he was.讓我吃驚的是彼得沒有告訴任何人他在哪里。2.只用whether不用if引導(dǎo)主語從句.表語從句一. 在復(fù)合句中作表語的從句, 就叫做表語從句。表語從

56、句一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后,結(jié)構(gòu)是“主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語從句”。連系動(dòng)詞：be動(dòng)詞、表示持續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞（keep, remain, stay）、感官動(dòng)詞feel(摸起來，感覺) , smell(聞起來) , sound(聽起來) , taste(嘗起來，吃起來) 等、表示變化的系動(dòng)詞（become, grow, turn, fall, get, go,）、表終止的系動(dòng)詞prove, turn out(結(jié)果是，證明是)、seem, appear（看起來）連系動(dòng)詞通常不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)和進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中。He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已經(jīng)成為了他10年前想成為的。His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建議是，我們應(yīng)該保持冷靜。二表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞1.從屬連詞：that