汽車工程專業(yè)英語DOC

1、Chapter1AutomotiveBasics(1) Todaysaveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:body,engine,chassisandelectricalequipment。當(dāng)今的車輛一般都由15000多個分散、獨立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動機(jī)、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。1.1 Body(車身)(2) Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppa

2、ssengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.車身的設(shè)計要保證乘客安全舒適。車身的款式使得汽車看起來漂亮迷人、色彩斑斕、時尚前衛(wèi)。1.2 Engine(發(fā)動機(jī))(3) Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasolinean

3、ddiesel.Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothetransmission.內(nèi)燃機(jī)是最常見的，其動力來自氣缸里液體燃料的燃燒。發(fā)動機(jī)有汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī)兩種，都稱為熱機(jī)燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量，使得氣缸內(nèi)氣體壓力升高，從而提供動力，帶動連接變速器的軸旋轉(zhuǎn).1.3 Chassis(底盤)1.3.3 Suspension(懸架)(4)

4、Thepurposeofthecompletesuspensionsystemistoisolatethevehiclebodyfromroadshocksandvibrations,whichwillotherwisebetransferredtothepassengersandload.Itmustalsokeepthetiresincontactwiththeroadregardlessofroadsurface.整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，防止它們傳遞給乘客和貨物。另外不論路面如何,懸架系統(tǒng)都應(yīng)該保持輪胎和路的接觸。1.3.4 Braking(制動)(5)

5、Drumbrakeshaveadrumattachedtothewheelhub,andbrakingoccursbymeansofbrakeshoesexpandingagainsttheinsideofthedrum.Withdiscbrakes,adiscattachedtothewheelhubisclenchedbetweentwobrakepads.在鼓式制動器上,制動鼓和輪轂連接，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內(nèi)側(cè)從而產(chǎn)生制動。在盤式制動器上，連著輪轂的制動盤，被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。1.4 Electricalsystem(電氣系統(tǒng))(6) Theelectricalsystemsup

6、plieselectricityforthestarter,ignition,lightsandheater.Theelectricitylevelismaintainedbyachargingcircuit.電器系統(tǒng)為起動機(jī)、點火系、照明和加熱設(shè)備提供電流。電流的大小由充電電路來維持。Chapter2InternalCombustionEngine2.1.2 EngineTerms（發(fā)動機(jī)條款）2）Linkingthepistonbyaconnectingrodtoaerankshaftcausesthegastorotatetheshaftthroughhalfaturn.Thepower

7、stroke"usesupthegas,someansmustbeprovidedtoexpeltheburntgasandrechargethecylinderwithafreshpetrol-airmixture:thiseontrolofgasmovementisthedutyofthevalves;得氣體帶動軸旋轉(zhuǎn)半圈。作功沖程耗盡了所有的氣體，這樣就必須采取相應(yīng)的措施排出廢氣以及向氣缸內(nèi)再充入新鮮的可燃混合氣：氣體的運動由氣門來控。2.2.1 EngineBlock（發(fā)動機(jī)缸體）1）Theengineblockisthebasicframeoftheengine.Allot

8、herenginepartseitherfitinsideitorfastentoit.Itholdsthecylinders,waterjackets,andoilgalleries.Theengineblockalsoholdsthecrankshaft,whichfastenstothebottomoftheblock.缸體是發(fā)動機(jī)的基體。發(fā)動機(jī)其它的部件都安裝或固定在缸體上，包括氣缸、水套和油道，以及固定在缸體底部的曲軸等。2.2.2 CylinderSleeves（氣缸套）2）Cylindersleevesareusedinengineblockstoprovideahardwear

9、ingmaterialforpistonsandpistonrings.Theblockcanbemadeofonekindofironthatislightandeasytocastwhilethesleevesusesanotherthatisbetterabletostandupwearandtear.Therearetwomaintypesofsleeves:dryandwet.缸體中的氣缸套為活塞和活塞環(huán)提供了一種堅硬耐磨的材料。缸體可以采用某種重量輕且易鑄造的鐵來制造，而缸套使用的卻是另一種更加耐磨損的材料成。主要有兩種類型的氣缸套：干缸套和濕缸套。2.2.3 CylinderHe

10、ad（缸蓋）3）Thecylinderheadfastenstothetopoftheblock,justasarooffitsoverahouse.Theundersideformsthecombustionchamberwiththetopofthepiston.In-lineenginesoflightvehicleshavejustonecylinderheadforallcylinders;largerin-lineenginescanhavetwoormore.氣缸蓋安裝在缸體的頂部，就像安在房子上的屋頂一樣。缸蓋的下方和活塞頂部形成燃燒室。輕型車上使用的直列發(fā)動機(jī),所有氣缸僅有一

11、個氣缸蓋，較大的直列發(fā)動機(jī)有兩個或更多缸蓋。2.2.5OilPanorsump（油盤或油底蓋）4）Theoilpumpinthelubricatingsystemdrawsoilfromtheoilpanandsendsittoallworkingpartsintheengine.Theoildrainsoffandrunsdownintothepan.Thus,thereisconstantcirculationofoilbetweenthepanandtheworkingpatsoftheengine.潤滑系的機(jī)油泵從油底殼抽出機(jī)油并把機(jī)油輸送給發(fā)動機(jī)的所有工作部件。機(jī)油從油底殼流進(jìn)流出.

12、因而在油底殼和發(fā)動機(jī)的工作部件之間就有機(jī)油定向循環(huán)流動。2.3.2 PistonAssembly（活塞總成）1）Mostpistonsaremadefromcastaluminum.Thepiston,throughtheconnectingrod,transferstothecrankshafttheforcecreatedbytheburningfuelmixture.Thisforceturnsthecrankshaft.大多數(shù)活塞由鋁鑄造而成。通過連桿的作用，活塞把可燃混合氣燃燒產(chǎn)生的力傳遞給曲軸，帶動曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。2) Indieselengines,thecombustionchamb

13、ermaybeformedtotallyorinpartinthepistoncrown,dependingonmethodofinjection.柴油機(jī)發(fā)動機(jī)根據(jù)噴油方法不同，活塞頭部可以形成全部燃燒室，也可以是燃燒室的一部分.3) PistonRings(活塞環(huán))Inmodernengines,eachpistonhasthreerings.(PistoninolderenginesGasRingssometimeshadfourrings,orevenfive.)Theinsidesurfaceoftheringfitsinthegrooveonthepiston.Thering'

14、;soutsidesurfacepressesagainstthecylinderwalls.在新型發(fā)動機(jī)上，每個活塞有三個活塞環(huán)。(在老式發(fā)動機(jī)上，每個活塞有四個甚至五個活塞環(huán))環(huán)的內(nèi)側(cè)裝在活塞的環(huán)槽里，環(huán)的外表面緊壓在氣缸壁上。4) Theconnectingrodlittleendisconnectedtothepistonpin.Abushmadefromasoftmetal,suchasbronze,isusedforthisjoint.Thelowerendoftheconnectingrodfitthecrankshaftjournal.Thisiscalledthebigend

15、.連桿小頭與活塞銷連接，連接處有像青銅這樣軟金屬制成的襯套，連桿下端連接在曲柄軸徑上，稱為連桿大頭。5) N.B.No.4pistonisalwaysperformingthecompanionstroketoNo.1:whentheinletvalveinNo.4cylinderisfullyopen,No.1cylinderinletvalveisfullyclosed-thisfeatureisusefultorememberwhencheckingvalveclearances.注意4號活塞和1號活塞總是成對運行：1號氣缸進(jìn)氣門全閉時，4號氣缸進(jìn)氣門全開這個特點在檢查氣門間隙時是很有用

16、的。6) Aseachcylinderfires,itcausesthecrankthrowtospeedup.Theinertiaoftherestofshaftcauseittostayslightlybehind,resultinginatwistingactiononthecrankshaft.當(dāng)一氣缸點火時，使拐的轉(zhuǎn)速提高，而軸的其它部分由于慣性作用，有所滯后,從而導(dǎo)致曲軸扭轉(zhuǎn)。2.5:valvesystem(氣門系統(tǒng))1) Itisapparentfromthisdescriptionthattheexhaustvalvestaysopenforashortperiodoftime

17、duringwhichtheintakevalveisalsoopen.Inotherwords,theendoftheexhauststrokeandthebeginningoftheintakestokeoverlapforashortperiodoftime.Thisiscalledvalveoverlap.Valvetimingandvalveoverlapvaryondifferentengines.顯而易見，排氣門在進(jìn)氣門打開的一小段時間內(nèi)也打開著。換句話說，排氣沖程終了和進(jìn)氣沖程初期有一小段時間的重疊，這稱為氣門重疊。不同的發(fā)動機(jī)，其配氣正時和氣門重疊是不一樣的。2) Eachc

18、ammustrevolveonceduringthefour-strokecycletoopenavalve.Acycle,remember,correspondswithtworevolutionsofthecrankshaft.Therefore,thecamshaftmustrevolveatexactlyhalfthespeedofthecrankshaft.Thisisaccomplishedwitha2:1gearratio.Agearconnectedtothecamshafthastwicethenumberofteethasagearconnectedtothecranksh

19、aft.在一個四沖程的循環(huán)里，每個凸輪轉(zhuǎn)動一次來打開一個氣門。在一個循環(huán)里曲軸是轉(zhuǎn)動兩圈的。因此，凸輪軸必須以曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速的一半旋轉(zhuǎn)，這是由2:1的傳動比來實現(xiàn)的。連接凸輪軸的齒輪齒數(shù)是連接曲軸的齒輪齒數(shù)的2倍。2.6GasolineFuelSystem(汽油燃燒系統(tǒng))1) Gasolinemustvaporizeeasily.Thischaracteristic,calledvolatility,isimportant.However,itmustnotvaporizetooeasily,oritwillturntovaporinsidethefueltankorfuellines.Inside

20、thefuelline,fuelvapormayblocktheflowofliquidgasoline.Thisiscalledvaporlock.Vaporlockiscommoninfuellineswheretheinletsideofthepumpisexposedtohightemperatures.汽油容易蒸發(fā)，這個重要的特性稱為揮發(fā)性。但是汽油也不能揮發(fā)得過快，不然它會在油箱或油管里轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)檎魵?。在油管中油蒸氣會阻礙液態(tài)油的流動，這稱為氣阻。汽油泵的入口處易受高溫，就經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)氣阻。2) Increasingthepressureofthefuelmixtureinthecombu

21、stionchamberbeforeignitionhelpstoincreasethepowerofanengine.Thisisdonebycompressingthefuelmixturetoasmallervolume.Highercompressionratiosnotonlyboostpowerbutalsogivemoreefficientpower.Butasthecompressionratiogoesup,knockingtendencyincreases.在點火前增加燃燒室內(nèi)可燃混合氣的壓力有助于提高發(fā)動機(jī)的功率，這是通過把可燃混合氣壓縮到一個極小的體積來實現(xiàn)的。高的壓縮

22、比不僅可以增加功率，而且會帶來更多的有功率。但隨著壓縮比的增加，爆震的可能性也會增加。3) Fuelpump:Mostcarstodayhaveamechanicalfuelpump.Thispumpsfueloutofthetankandthroughthefuellinestothecarburetororinjectionsystem.Inmostcars,thepumpismountedontheengineblock.Somecarshaveanelectricfuelpump.Thispumpmountsinthefueltankwiththefuelpickupandthefue

23、l-gauge-sendingunit.當(dāng)前大多數(shù)車采用機(jī)械油泵，油泵從油箱抽出油，通過油管送到化油器或噴射系統(tǒng)。大部分車的油泵安裝在缸體上。一些車采用電動油泵，油泵安裝在油箱上，附帶有油量傳感器和燃油表油量傳送裝置。4) Acarburetordeliversfuelinproportiontotheamountofairflowingthroughit.Asyoupressontheacceleratorpedal,thethrottlevalveopenswidertodrawmoreairthroughthecarburetorThecarburetorprovidesricheror

24、leanermixtures,dependingonanumberoffactors:enginespeed,load,temperature,andthrottleposition.Tomeetcomplicateddemands,acarburetorisahighlyintricatedevice,withmanyinternalpassagesandparts.化油器輸送的燃油與流經(jīng)化油器的空氣量成一定比例。踩下加速踏板,節(jié)氣門開度變大，化油器吸入的空氣增加?；推骺商峁┹^濃或較稀的混合氣，這取決于發(fā)動機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速、負(fù)荷、溫度和油門開度等因素。為滿足復(fù)雜的要求，化油器的結(jié)構(gòu)也很復(fù)雜，其上有很

25、多內(nèi)部通道和部件。5) Thethrottlemechanismcontrolstheflowoftheair-fuelmixture.Thethrottlehasseveralparts,includingthethrottleshaftandthethrottleplate.Byopeningandclosing,thethrottleplatecontrolstheflowoftheair-fuelmixtureintotheengine.Moreairflowsinastheplateopens;lessairflowsinastheplatecloses.節(jié)氣門機(jī)構(gòu)控制著可燃混合氣的

26、流量，包括節(jié)氣門軸和節(jié)氣門等部件。節(jié)氣門的開啟和關(guān)閉扌空制著進(jìn)入發(fā)動機(jī)的可燃混合氣流量。節(jié)氣門開啟，空氣流量增加；節(jié)氣門關(guān)閉，空氣流量減少。2.7DieselEngine(柴油機(jī))1) DieselenginegetsthisnamefromthepioneerworkdonebyDrRudolfDiesel.Thedieselisusedforthemajorityofheavyvehiclesandtheexcellentfueleconomymakesitanattractivealternativetothepetrolengineforlightcommercialvehicles,

27、deliveryvansandtaxis.柴油發(fā)動機(jī)的名稱來源于RudolfDiesel博士所完成的開拓性工作。大多數(shù)重型車輛使用柴油，優(yōu)良的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性使得柴油機(jī)成為具有吸引力的替代品，來代替輕型商用車、廂式運輸貨車和出租車上汽油機(jī)。2) Atexhaust-gasturbo-charging,theexhaust-gasenergywhichwouldhavebeenlostisusedtodriveaturbine.Thisturbinedrivesacompressorwhichaspiratesthecombustionairandsuppliesitpre-compressedtot

28、heengine.Inthisway，morefuelcanbesuppliedtothelargerairmassandtheenginepowerisincreased.Apositiveeffectisalsoexertedonthecombustionprocess.要喪失的廢氣能量用來驅(qū)動渦輪，渦輪驅(qū)動壓縮機(jī)，壓縮機(jī)吸入助燃空氣，預(yù)壓縮后送給發(fā)動機(jī)。這樣，空氣量多，供油也多，發(fā)動機(jī)功率就會增加，對燃燒過程也會帶來積極作用。2.8.2 Thermostatcirculation(溫扌空器循環(huán))1) Whentheengineiscool，thethermostatremainsclos

29、edsothatcoolantcannotcirculatethroughtheradiator.Instead，coolantisrecirculatedwithintheengineblockandcylinderheaduntilthecoolantreachesapredeterminedtemperature.Atthattemperatureawax-likepelletexpandsinsidethethermostattoopenitandallowthecoolanttoflow.Today，mostoriginal-equipmentthermostatsopenatapp

30、roximately85oCto90oC.Inhotterclimates,a“cooler"thermostatmaybeusedtohelpavoidoverheating.節(jié)溫器保持關(guān)閉，冷卻水不能流通散熱器進(jìn)行循環(huán)，而是在發(fā)動機(jī)缸體和缸蓋之間循環(huán)流動，一直到冷卻水達(dá)到預(yù)定的溫度為止。在該溫度下，節(jié)溫器中的蠟芯膨脹，從而打開節(jié)溫器，使得循環(huán)水流經(jīng)節(jié)溫器。目前，多數(shù)原裝節(jié)溫器的開啟溫度大約在8590oC。氣溫較高時，可采用低溫節(jié)溫器防止發(fā)動機(jī)過熱。2) Thepurposeofthelubricationsystemistocirculateoilthroughtheengine

31、.Anenginemusthaveagoodlubricationsystem.Withoutit,thefrictionheatfromthecontactofthemovingpartswouldwearthepartsandcausepowerloss.Oil,whenplacedbetweentwomovingparts,separatesthemwithafilm.Thisoilfilmpreventsthepartsfromrubbingagainsteachother.Thisoilfilmalsocushionstheparts,givingquieterandsmoother

32、engineoperation.潤滑系統(tǒng)的作用是使機(jī)油在發(fā)動機(jī)里循環(huán)流動。發(fā)動機(jī)必須要有良好的潤滑系統(tǒng)，不然移動部件相互接觸摩擦而產(chǎn)生的熱量磨損發(fā)動機(jī)部件，并損失發(fā)動機(jī)功率。機(jī)油位于兩個移動部件之間，通過油膜隔開兩部件。油膜防止部件之間的相互摩擦。它墊在部件之間，使得發(fā)動機(jī)工作安靜、平穩(wěn)可靠。3) ThreeTypesofharmfulemission(HC,CO,NOX):Therearemanycausesforemissions.Someemissionsarecausedbypoorairquality.Otheremissionsarecausedbyenginefuels,such

33、asdieselfuelorgasoline.Thesearehydrocarbonfuels,madeupprimarilyofhydrogenandcarbon.Emissionsarecolorlessandodorless.Sunlight,though,willtransformthemintosmog.產(chǎn)生排放的原因有很多，一部分排放物是由于空氣質(zhì)量差引起的，另一部分是由柴油或汽油等發(fā)動機(jī)燃料產(chǎn)生的。這些碳?xì)浠衔锶剂现饕商己蜌鋬煞N元素組成。這些排放物是無色無味的，在陽光的作用下轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊熿F。2.10EmissionControl（排放扌空制裝置）1）Exhaust-gasreci

34、rculationisamethodofreducingemissionsofoxidesofnitrogenthathasbeenknownandappliedforyears.Initsessentialcomponents,engineexhaustisaninertgas,i.e.anon-combustiblegas.廢氣再循環(huán)可降低氮氧化合物的排放，這種技術(shù)早已為人所知并應(yīng)用多年。發(fā)動機(jī)廢氣的基本成分是一種惰性氣體，也就是一種不易燃燒的氣體。CHAPTER3POWERTRAIN（傳動系統(tǒng)）1）Whenavehicleistobemovedfromresttheclutchmuste

35、ngageastationarygearboxshaftwiththeengine;thismustberotatingatahighspeedtoprovidesufficientpowerorelsetheloadwillbetoogreatandtheenginewillstall（cometorest）.變速器軸同發(fā)動機(jī)接合起來，此時發(fā)動機(jī)必須高速旋轉(zhuǎn)以提供足夠大的功率，否則載荷過大將引起發(fā)動機(jī)熄火。2）Thedrivingmember（主動部分）Thedrivingmemberconsistsoftwoparts:theflywheelandthepressureplate.Thef

36、lywheelisbolteddirectlytotheenginecrankshaftandrotateswhenthecrankshaftturns.Thepressureplateisboltedtotheflywheel.Theresultisthatbothflywheelandpressureplaterotatetogether.（p74）主動部分由飛輪和壓盤兩部件組成。飛輪用螺栓直接連接到發(fā)動機(jī)曲軸上，隨曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而旋轉(zhuǎn)。壓盤與飛輪連接，這樣飛輪和壓盤一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。3）Thedrivenmember（從動部分）Thedrivenmember,orclutchdisc,islocate

37、dbetweentheflywheelandpressureplate.Thedischasasplinedhubthatlockstothesplinedinputshaftonthegearbox.Anyrotationoftheclutchdiscturnstheinputshaft.從動部分（或從動盤）位于飛輪和壓盤之間。從動盤上有花鍵轂，連接著變速器上花鍵的輸入軸。從動盤的旋轉(zhuǎn)動變速器輸入軸隨之轉(zhuǎn)動。4）Operatingmembers（操縱機(jī)構(gòu)）Thesearethepartsthatreleasepressurefromtheclutchdisc.Theoperatingmemb

38、ersconsistoftheclutchpedal,clutchreturnspring,clutchlinkage,clutchfork,andthrowoutbearing.Theclutchlinkageincludestheclutchpedalandamechanicalorhydraulicsystemtomovetheotheroperatingmembers.操縱機(jī)構(gòu)釋放離合器盤的壓力。操縱機(jī)構(gòu)由離合器踏板、回位彈簧、離合器桿系、分離叉和分離軸承等組成。離合器桿系包括離合器踏板以及用來移動其它操縱部件的機(jī)械或液壓操縱系統(tǒng)。3.4UniversalJoints(UJ萬向節(jié))1)

39、Thesuspensionconnectsthefinaldriveassemblytothecarbody.Thefinaldrivemovesupanddowninrelationtotheengineandtransmission.Acouplingisneededthatpermitsmovementbetweenthefinaldriveandtransmission.Theuniversaljointsprovidethiscoupling.懸架連接著主減速器(后橋)總成和車身。主減速器相對于發(fā)動機(jī)和變速器上下運動，這樣在主減速器和變速器之間就需要萬向節(jié)這種連接裝置來允許其相對運動

40、。2) Ashaftwhichreceivesthedrivefromacrosstypejointvariesitsspeedduringrotation;thegreaterthedriveanglethegreaterthespeedvariation.Aconstantrotationalspeedcanberestoredbyfittingasecondjointinawaysuchthatwhenthefirstjointincreasesitsspeedthesecondjointdecreasesitsspeed.傳動軸接收十字軸式萬向節(jié)傳來的動力，轉(zhuǎn)動時其速度發(fā)生變化。傳動角

41、越大，速度變化越大。要實現(xiàn)等速，必須以某種方式安裝第二個萬向節(jié)，這樣第一個萬向節(jié)使轉(zhuǎn)速增大，第二個萬向節(jié)就使轉(zhuǎn)速減少。3) Planetarygearsareusedmainlyinfinaldrives,rear-mountedsplitterboxesand,aboveall,inautomatictransmissions.Thesimplestformofplanetarygear(theplanetary-geartrain)consistsofsungear,ringgearandarmwithplanetgears.Eachofthethreeelementsmayactasdr

42、ive,outputormaybeatrest.Therefore,greatvariationispossibleasregardsthetransmissionratio,rangingasfarasareversalofthedirectionofrotation.Theparallelmeshingofseveralgearsunderloadpermitsacompactconstruction.行星齒輪系主要應(yīng)用在主減速器、后置副變速器和自動變速器上。最簡單的行星齒輪系統(tǒng)由太陽輪、齒圈和行星輪組成。三部件中任意一個都可作輸、輸出或保持靜止。這樣，依照變速比的不同可得到較大的變速范圍

43、，汽車的倒行也能實。承載齒輪的平行嚙合使行星輪系結(jié)構(gòu)較緊湊。4) Whenavehicleiscorneredtheinnerwheelmovesthroughashorterdistancethantheouterwheel.Thismeansthattheinnerwheelmustslowdownandtheouterwheelmustspeedup.Duringthisperioditisdesirablethateachdrivingwheelmaintainsitsdrivingaction.Thedifferentialperformsthesetwotasks.當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時，內(nèi)

44、側(cè)車輪比外側(cè)車輪行駛的距離要短，這說明內(nèi)側(cè)車輪比外側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)得要慢。在此期間，維持每個驅(qū)動車輪的行駛狀態(tài)是很重要的。這兩個任務(wù)由差速器來完成。另：重點詞句重點詞語1. PowerTrain:傳動系統(tǒng)2.Suspension:懸架3.Cylinder:氣缸4.Transmission:變速器5.Gasoline:汽油機(jī)6.FinalDrive:主減速器，后橋7.LeafSpring:鋼板彈簧8.Piston:活塞9.TDC:上止點10.Lubrication:潤滑11.Muffler:消聲器12.PlanetaryGear:行星齒輪13.DiscBrake:盤式制動器14.VentingSyste

45、m:通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)15.Hybrid:混合動力重點句子一1 GasolineandDieselarecalledheatengines,theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothepowertrain.汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī)被稱為熱機(jī)，車用燃料產(chǎn)生熱量使得氣缸里的氣體壓力升高，為傳動系統(tǒng)的曲軸提供動力。2 Anautomatictransmissionperformssimilarfunctionstoam

46、anualtransmissionexceptthatgearselectioniscontrolledeitherhtdraulicallyorelectronically.自動變速器選擇檔位由液壓或者電控方式控制，其余方面，自動變速器和手動變速器的功能類似。3 Thepurposeofthecompletesuspensionsystemistoisolatethevehiclebodyfromroadshocksandvibrations,whichwillotherwisebetransferredtothepassengersandload.懸架系統(tǒng)的功能是隔離、緩減路面沖擊和振動,

47、避免傳遞到車身,影響乘客和貨物的舒適性和安全性。4 Allvehiclesmustfittedwithatleast2independentbrakesystems.Theywereoncecalledtheservicebrakeandtheemergencybrake所有汽車都必須配備兩套獨立的制動系統(tǒng)，即行車制動和緊急制動。5 Thepressuredevelopedwithinthecombustionchamberisappliedtotheheadofapistontoproduceausablemechanicalforce燃燒室內(nèi)的壓力作用在活塞頂部產(chǎn)生有用的機(jī)械功。6 Thevalvesystemismadeupofthosepartsneededtoopenandclosethevalvesatjusttherighttime.氣門系統(tǒng)由那些在正確時間開啟和關(guān)閉氣門的零部件組成。7 Theburnedgasesremovedfromthecombustionchambercontainsuchharmfulemissionsashydrocarbons,carbonmonoxideandnitrousoxides.從燃燒室里排除的廢氣含有有害的成分：HC、CO和NOx8 Thel