寫作指導(dǎo)：2012年同等學(xué)力英語輔導(dǎo)寫作指南

1、2012年同等學(xué)力英語輔導(dǎo)寫作指南根據(jù)在職人員以研究生畢業(yè)同等學(xué)力申請碩士學(xué)位外國語課程水平統(tǒng)一考試大綱的規(guī)定，要求考生具備一定的 寫作能力，在30分鐘內(nèi)按要求寫出一篇100120詞的短文，形式可以是按所給的提綱寫短文，或描述圖表，寫內(nèi)容提要、概述等。本題15分。一、評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要圍繞四個方面評判：1.內(nèi)容要切題；2. 能正確表達(dá)思想；3.意義連貫；4.無重大語法錯誤。批改 作文時，主要從內(nèi)容和語言兩個方面進(jìn)行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和 語言是一個統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容 要通過語言來表達(dá)。作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，和 語言上的錯誤是否造成理解上的障礙有密切的關(guān)系。下面

2、就 評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的四個方面分別加以說明。（一）內(nèi)容切題在目前常見的作文題目中，內(nèi)容切題一般包括兩個方面。一是寫作內(nèi)容要圍繞題目規(guī)定的話題展開。比如AFive day Week（五天工作制），文章的內(nèi)容應(yīng)圍繞五天工作 制進(jìn)行論述，與其無關(guān)的內(nèi)容，當(dāng)以跑題論處，但此種現(xiàn)象 并不多見。其二，在有些作文題中還包括提綱如：Fire Accidents in Big CitiesOutline.Present Situation2. Causes3. Measures這種帶提綱的作文題目不僅要求考生根據(jù)標(biāo)題寫作，而 且要根據(jù)提綱規(guī)定的內(nèi)容和范圍展開各個段落，不能按自己 的思路發(fā)揮?？忌谶@方面出的問題比較多。

3、如1994年考研作文題是：On Making Friends（ 論交友），其三段的提綱 分別是：1.The need for friends 2.True Friendship 3.My principle in making friends。第三段的提綱要求考生圍繞我交友的原則進(jìn)行議論，然而有個別考生在段中這樣寫 道：The former paragraph has shown my principle in making friends in some way.Furthermore,what I want to say is that one good friend is enough.

4、該考生把應(yīng)放在第三段中論述的內(nèi)容寫在第二段中，第三段就沒內(nèi)容可寫 了。這類命題作文要求考生按規(guī)定和要求寫作，不能按自己 的想法隨意更改，寫上段作文的考生不僅第三段沒有扣題， 第二段也沒有做到內(nèi)容切題。一篇內(nèi)容切題的作文應(yīng)能既圍 繞題目，又能在各段扣準(zhǔn)提綱，才真正符合內(nèi)容切題的要求。 下面這一段是另一學(xué)生的作文，都是第三段，內(nèi)容切題，恰 當(dāng)?shù)乜圩∥医挥训脑瓌t的寫作要求：When I choose friends,I do not care what work they do or what social background they are from,but I donotice those

5、little things which reveal one' s characterswould make sure that we really care foreach other,so that no matter how much time goes bywithout seeing each other,I know my friends will always be there,ready to help if I need them,And I know we are true friends indeed.（二）能正確地表達(dá)思想一篇好短文能使讀者一目了然。文章的思路應(yīng)

6、清楚，邏輯性強(qiáng)，能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)作者的思想。請對比下面兩段：Have you a bike?Taking a bike is a good way,mostpeople think.But in university it seems not as good asother places.Bikes are possible to be stolen now and then.Having a bike isn ' t always good enough for us to buyone.上段作者的思路紊亂不清，字里行間不僅有許多語病， 而且也沒能把思想表達(dá)清楚。讀后仍不知作者在表達(dá)什么思

7、 想、觀點(diǎn)，因而這樣的段落只能得 0分。請看下段：It is very convenient to use bikes in China.Bikesdon' need fuel,nor a garage or a large parking lot.Bikes can go through narrow streets and their prices are low.So bikes are the most popular vehicles in China today.上段的作者以其簡單的詞匯、簡潔的語言、清楚的思路 正確地表達(dá)了思想，使讀者觀后能即刻領(lǐng)會作者的思想。要能正確地表

8、達(dá)思想，考生還應(yīng)掌握一些寫作技巧，如 寫好段落主題句，展開段落的方法，寫好段尾句等。此外還 應(yīng)掌握一定的詞匯量和習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。（三）意義連貫文章的層次要分明，條理要清楚，上下文之間、詞與詞、 句與句之間要上下連貫，前后呼應(yīng)，才能使文章結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)， 思路清晰、有條理。下面這個段落是一篇文章的第三段。文章的標(biāo)題是：GoodHealth ；提綱是.Importance of good health ； 2.Ways to keep fit ； 3.My own practice。根據(jù)第三段的提綱我的做法，一個考生這樣寫：I don' t eat meat much.Every morning I

9、 take the long run and in my spare time I like playing tennis and volleyballn this way I keep good health and lead a happy life.上段基本切題，包括提綱要點(diǎn)，表達(dá)也基本清楚，但是 表達(dá)不夠連貫。第一句話讓人讀起來感覺有些突然，分析第 一句，作者沒有把意思表達(dá)清楚，作者我吃肉不多一定含有這樣的意思：我飲食素淡，吃蔬菜水果多，吃肉少。如果能 把這層意思寫出來，文章的連貫性也就體現(xiàn)出來了。作者的 第二句是從體育鍛煉方面來表明自己是如何保持健康的，這 應(yīng)是本段中的又一層意思，在

10、這里如能加一個過渡詞，會使 文章過渡自然流暢。請看下面經(jīng)過修改的段落：As for me(1),l enjoy a good health as I keep a simple diet with more vegetables,fruitand lessmeat.Moreover,l do some exercises whenever I have time such as long distance running,playing tennis or volleyball.As a result(2),I have been a top student all through the f

11、our years in the university.So good health is important to everyone(3).(1)發(fā)揮了承上啟下的作用，沒有這樣一個介詞短語， 從第二段過渡到第三段就會顯得生硬一些。(2)也起到了連貫作用，在上述兩方面保持健康的方法介紹完后，應(yīng)該進(jìn)一 步寫出所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，這結(jié)果就是對全段的總結(jié)概括。(3)對文章的標(biāo)題及開頭起了首尾呼應(yīng)的作用。(四) 無重大語法錯誤重大語法錯誤一般指時態(tài)不一致、主語謂語單復(fù)數(shù)形式 不一致、用詞不當(dāng)?shù)龋@些問題的存在說明考生在平時的英 語學(xué)習(xí)中很少練習(xí)寫作，有人甚至從沒寫過作文，因而出現(xiàn) 各種各樣語法錯誤是可以理解

12、的。考生應(yīng)在考前多進(jìn)行這方 面的訓(xùn)練，一些語法錯誤在實(shí)踐中是可以糾正過來的。下面 舉幾例常見錯誤。病句及其分析：1.So colleg e provid e the best condition for students.此句的主謂語不一致。因?yàn)榫渥拥囊馑际欠褐复髮W(xué)為學(xué) 生提供了最好的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，這里的主語college應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。 這類錯誤極為常見。2.Going to college does not followed that We' llhave a splendid future.此句的主語是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，全句的意思是：上大學(xué)并不表示我們的未來就一定會光輝燦 爛。does no

13、t后應(yīng)跟動詞原型 follow。3.Second,have a part time job for poor student isa good way to help reduce his family burden.此句中有兩處錯誤。have a part time job不能直接作主語，可以改為不定式作主語to have a part time job,或者動名詞作主語 having a part time job。第二處錯誤是poor student。普通名詞前應(yīng)有冠詞a或the,如前面沒有冠詞，名詞應(yīng)是復(fù)數(shù)形式。在這里可選用不定冠詞，a poorstudent,或者 poor stud

14、ents 。在此句中為了與后半句中的 his呼應(yīng)將其改為a poor student 為好。4n recent years,fake goods have been discoveredmore and more in the market.第四句是中文式的英文，這是考生作文中的常見錯誤。按照英語的習(xí)慣可改為More and more fake goods have beendiscovered in the market in recent years.5.The first hand I think is that law must be passed to prevent fake go

15、ods from being produced.第五句中的 The first hand是錯的，應(yīng)改為 On the one hand ； I think是插入成分，在寫作中應(yīng)盡量不使用這樣的插入成分；law前應(yīng)有冠詞，此句經(jīng)修改后是：On the onehand,a law must be passed to prevent fake goods from being produced.二、寫作技巧一篇好的短文應(yīng)該觀點(diǎn)明確，思路清晰，論述有力、準(zhǔn) 確，語言正確，文字簡潔、流暢、連貫，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。短文是 由段落組成，因此寫好段落是寫好短文的關(guān)鍵。段落的組成分為三部分，主題句 (Topic Sen

16、tence), 推 展句(Development Sentences) 和結(jié)論句(Concluding Sentence)。下面分別就這三方面進(jìn)行詳解。(一)主題句1. 主題句的作用主題句是全段的核心句，讀者通過主題句能了解段落的中心思想。一個好的主題句還能限制話題所談?wù)摰姆秶?，?明段落展開的方向及方法。在英語文章中，圍繞主題句展開 的段落很多。下面兩段摘自 1995年的閱讀試題。A job applicant has the responsibility for ascertaining certain types of information prior to the interview

17、. First,the applicant should know what kind of job he wants and how that job relates to his career objectivet is important that the applicant be able to state his reasons for wishing to work for a particular company.Second,the applicant should seek as much information as possible concerning the comp

18、any.Relevant information for the applicant to locate includes such items as the location of the home and regional offices,the financial status of the company,plansforexpansion,andcompanyphilosoph yn formation about most major corporations is available in reference books and periodicals.上段第一句是段落的主題句，

19、句子的大意是：申請工作 的人在接受面試前有責(zé)任了解某些方面的信息。主題句中的 關(guān)鍵詞是 ascertaining certain types of information。緊接著，文章圍繞主題句從兩方面展開，論述了申請人應(yīng)了 解兩類信息。If Europeans thought a drought was something that happened only in Africa,they know better now. After four years of below normal rainfall (in some cases only 10 percent of the annua

20、l average), vast areas ofFrance,Spain,Portugal,Belgium,BritainandIreland are dry and barren .Water is so low in the canals of northern France that waterway traffic is forbidden except on weekends.Oyster growers in Britain report a 30 percent drop in production because of the loss of fresh water in l

21、ocal rivers necessary for oyster breedingnsoutheastern England,the rolling greenhills of Kent have turned so brown that officials have been weighing plans to pipe in water from wales.In Portugal,farmers in the southern Alentejo region have held prayer meetings for rain-so far,in vain.上段中第二句是主題句，它點(diǎn)明了

22、全段的中心思想，即：四年來，法國、西班牙、葡萄牙、比利時，英國及愛爾蘭的 降雨量低于常年，這些國家的廣大地區(qū)都嚴(yán)重缺水。下面的 各句都是圍繞這一主題展開的。從上面兩段中我們可以看到英語的段落只能有一個中心思想，如要再論述其他與該段中心思想無關(guān)的內(nèi)容應(yīng)另起 一段。2. 主題句的位置主題句的位置可以在段首：London' s weather is very strange .It can rain several times a day;each time the rain may comesuddenly after the sun is shining brightly.The air

23、 is damp（潮濕的）and chill（ 冷的）right through July.On one March afternoon on Hampton Heath last year it rained three times,there was one hail（ 冰雹）storm,and the sun shone brilliantly- all this within two hours' s timetis notunusual to see men and women rushing down the street on a sunny morning with u

24、mbrellas on their arms.No one knows what the next few moments will bring.主題句的位置可以在段落中間：Just as I settle down to read or watch television,he demands that I play with himf I get a telephone call,he screams in the background or knocks something over.I always have to hang up to find out what' s wron

25、g with him, Baby sitting with my IiUIe brother is no fun. He refuses to let me eat a snack（ 快 餐）in peace.Usuallyhe wants half of whatever I have toeat.Then,when he finallygrows tired,it takes about anhour for him to fall asleep.主題句的位置可以在段尾：Doctors are of the opinion that most people cannot live beyo

26、nd 100 years,but a growing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled.There are more than 12 000 Americans over 100 years old,and their numbers are increasing each year. Dr JnniOE Langley of Chicago claims that,theoreticallyand under ideal（ 理 想的）conditions,animals,includin

27、gman,can live sixtimes longer than their normal period of growth.A person' s period of growth lasts about 25 yearsf Dr.Langley ' s theory is accurate（ 準(zhǔn)確的）， future generations can expect a life span（壽命）of 150 years .主題句的位置可在段首段尾同時出現(xiàn)：Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of exp

28、ressing goodmanners are different from country to country .Americans eat with knives and forks（叉）；Japanese eat with chopsticks（ 筷 子 'Americans sayHiwhen they meet;Japanese bow.Many American men open doors for women;Japanese men do not.On the surface,it appears that good manners in America are no

29、t good manners in Japan,and in a way this is true.But inany country,the only manners that are important are those involving one person ' s behavior toward another pers onn all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behavin

30、g politely that differs from country to country.(以上4段摘自大學(xué)英語精讀課本)主題句出現(xiàn)在段落首或尾完全由寫作需要而定。一般地 說來，寫這樣100多詞的小短文把主題句放在段首更有利于 考生扣準(zhǔn)中心思想展開論述。3. 怎樣寫好主題句主題句在段落中有著舉足輕重的作用。因此寫好主題句是寫好段落的關(guān)鍵。在構(gòu)思主題句時要注意以下三個方面：(1) 主題句首先應(yīng)是一個完整的句子，任何詞組或修飾成分都不能作主題句。如：More burdens,就不是一個完整的句子。 Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation

31、 between the reader and the text，貝U是一個比較好的主題句。(2) 主題句不應(yīng)太籠統(tǒng)概括。如：William Shakespeareis great這句話很籠統(tǒng)，對段落如何展開沒有指導(dǎo)和限定作用，因而不能作主題句。如改為：William Shakespeare wroteseveral historic plays,則下文就能圍繞莎氏的歷史劇展開論述了。(3) 主題句不能太具體。如：The dictionary is small ,句子如果太瑣碎具體就失去進(jìn)一步展開的意義了。(4) 各段的主題句應(yīng)相互照應(yīng)。在以No Smoking為題的作文中，各段的主題句分別是

32、：Smoking is harmful.Smoking does not only harm the smokers but alsopeople around them.Therefore,smoking is a bad habit.第二段的主題句用 not only ，but also 連接詞語溝通 了上下兩段的內(nèi)容。第三段的 Therefore又起了承上啟下的 作用，使全篇融為一體。(二)段落的展開展開段落的方法有很多種，在這里我們僅介紹幾種常用 方法。1. 依據(jù)歸納法或演繹法進(jìn)行論述依據(jù)歸納法展開段落是指在段落中先引用具體事實(shí)或因由進(jìn)行闡述或論說，進(jìn)而得出結(jié)論。演繹法則是由一般推 出

33、特殊情況的結(jié)論。下面這一段落是用歸納法展開的段落。最后一句是結(jié)論，也是主題句。And that is exactly what reading a book should be:a conversationbetween you and the auther.Presumably,he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally,you will have the proper humility asyou approach him.But don ' t let anybody tell you thata reader is

34、 supposed to be solely on the receivingen（L Understanding i s a t.wo way operation: I earn i ngdoesn' t consist in being an empty receptacle.The learner has to question himself and the teacher.He even has to argue with the teacher,once he understands what the teacher is saying.And marking a book

35、 is literally an expression of yourdifferences,or agreements of opinion,with the author.2. 依據(jù)重要性展開段落依據(jù)思想或事實(shí)或理由的重要性的先后次序進(jìn)行論述， 可以從次要至重要，也可以從重要至次重要。下面段落是以 次重要至重要的方法進(jìn)行論述的。作者首先指出（醫(yī)生）對病人撒謊不僅對醫(yī)生本人不好，也會傷害同事，進(jìn)而會有損于 整個醫(yī)療事業(yè)。Lies also do harm to those who tell them:harm totheir integrity and,in the long run,to

36、their credibility丄ieshurt their colleagues as well.Thesuspicion of deceitundercuts the work of the manydoctors who are scrupulously honest with their patiens;it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of defen sive medicine,and thus it injures,"turn,theentire medical profession.3. 依據(jù)比較和對比法進(jìn)行論

37、述一般地說，比較是指對事物的相同方面進(jìn)行比較；對比 是指對比事物的差異或不同方面。下面兩段就采用了對比方 法。這兩段將口頭英語與書面英語的不同方面作了比較，兩 段的觀點(diǎn)都一一對應(yīng)，比如：Oral English is imformalwhile written English is comparatively formal就是一對觀點(diǎn)的對比。另外，兩段之間用unlike oral Englsh 承接，既讓段落過渡自然，又使對比強(qiáng)烈。First of all,oral English is usually considered informal.So no matter how poor one

38、 ' s language is and how strange and foreign one' s pronunciation is,it seems insignificant if only one can make his audience understood.Secondly,as to the audience,they are only interested in grasping the meaning,not actually mind,or even hardly notice how many grammatical mistakes the spea

39、ker makes.Furthermore,oral English is also regarded adaptable.When we cannot express something precisely,we may give the explanation of it instead,or correct the mistakes on the spot.So oral English gives less chances of misunderstanding.Unlike oral English,writtenEnglish iscomparatively formal.It r

40、equires good spelling and perfect grammar.Poor spelling and too many grammatical mistakes will put readers in a puzzling difficulty.They would be confused about what writers are getting at.In addition,once the words are printed on the paper and handed to whoever the person concerned,writers can no longer make any changes.To avoid this,one has to pay much attention to spelling,practise grammer and write clearly-constructed paragra