大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作精要

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作精要大學(xué)英語(yǔ)寫作精要第一章 四級(jí)英語(yǔ)寫作概述第一節(jié) 大綱要求 四級(jí)考試短文寫作的設(shè)計(jì)旨在測(cè)試學(xué)生用書面英語(yǔ)表達(dá)思想的一般能力.教育部最新修訂的"大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱"規(guī)定,學(xué)生在達(dá)到四級(jí)水平時(shí)應(yīng)作到:能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時(shí)作筆記,回答問題和寫提綱,能就一定的話題和提綱在半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出120-150詞的短文,能寫短信或便條,表達(dá)意思清楚,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文考試大綱(新)要求:1.寫作要求:1)時(shí)間為3O分鐘.2)文章長(zhǎng)度為12015O詞.3)題型:a.命題作文b.情景作文c.看圖表作文d.給段首句作文e.給關(guān)鍵詞作文.4)語(yǔ)言

2、:能正確表達(dá)思想,意義連貫,文理基本通順,無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤.5)內(nèi)容:一般社會(huì),文化或日常生活方面的常識(shí)和看法.注:全國(guó)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試委員會(huì)規(guī)定:從1992年開始,在大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試中設(shè)"作文最低分制"即作文最低分為六分;若考生作文成績(jī)介于零分和六分之間,則其最后總成績(jī)=卷面總分6+作文得分;若考生作文成績(jī)?yōu)榱惴?無(wú)論其總分多高,均按不及格記.2.評(píng)分2.1評(píng)分原則l)CET-4是檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級(jí)教學(xué)要求的考試,因此對(duì)作文的評(píng)判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則.2)CET-4作文題采用總體評(píng)分方法.閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分而不按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目

3、扣分.3)從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判.內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是個(gè)統(tǒng)一體,作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容,而內(nèi)容要通過語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá).要考慮作文是否切題,是否充分表達(dá)思想,還要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚地表達(dá)思想,也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙.4)避免趨中傾向.該給高分的給高分,該給低分的給低分,包括零分.一名閱卷人員在所評(píng)閱的全部試卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù).2.2評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本題滿分為15分,閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共分五等:2分,5分,8分, 11分及14分.閱卷人員根據(jù)閱卷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),對(duì)照樣卷評(píng)分,若認(rèn)為與某一分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分)相似,即定為該分?jǐn)?shù)(如8分);若認(rèn)為稍優(yōu)或稍劣于該分?jǐn)?shù),則可以加一分(即9分)或減一分(即

4、7分).但不得加或減半分.具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下:2分一條理不清,思路紊亂,語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤,且多數(shù)為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤.5分一基本切題,表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,連貫性差,有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤.8分一基本切題,有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚,文字勉強(qiáng)連貫,但語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤較多,其中有少量的嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤. 11分一切題,表達(dá)思想清楚,文字連貫,但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤.14分一切題,表達(dá)思想清楚,文字通順,連貫性較好,基本上無(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤.注:白卷,作文與題目毫不相關(guān),或只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想,則給0分;特別優(yōu)秀的作文也可評(píng)15分. 作文字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分:累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在9O99之間,扣1分;累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在8089之間,扣2分;累計(jì)

5、字?jǐn)?shù)在7079之間,扣3分;累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在6069之間,扣4分;累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在5059之間,扣5分;累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)在50以下,最多給5分.從以上評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看,要在四級(jí)考試作文題中得高分,必須做到:內(nèi)容切題,語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確,表達(dá)清楚,文字連貫,句法多變. 第二節(jié) 四級(jí)寫作命題剖析命題范圍題材現(xiàn)實(shí)性四級(jí)考試已經(jīng)歷時(shí)16年了.經(jīng)過對(duì)1987年6月至2O02年6月作文命題題材的分析,歸類研究,我們可以得出一個(gè)明確的結(jié)論:四級(jí)寫作的題材具有顯著的現(xiàn)實(shí)性.它們基本貼近大學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí),工作及課余生活,或涉及當(dāng)前社會(huì)的變化,發(fā)展及進(jìn)步,或者一般的科普性話題.總之,四級(jí)寫作的題材不會(huì)出現(xiàn)偏題,怪題等現(xiàn)象,也不會(huì)讓學(xué)生寫一些不熟悉的社

6、會(huì)現(xiàn)象或者與學(xué)生生活缺乏聯(lián)系的科技題材的題目.另外,值得考生注意的是,自從1998年以來(lái),大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試作文項(xiàng)目,四,六級(jí)共用同一題材命題.這就要求四級(jí)考生的寫作水平與六級(jí)水平接近,其惟一的差異只是字?jǐn)?shù)的差異.四級(jí)寫作要求120150詞,六級(jí)寫作要求150詞.1.關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)及校園生活通過對(duì) l987年6月至2001年6月的21套四級(jí)考試寫作題題材的分析歸納,可發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)及校園生活的題總共有15篇,占總數(shù)的52%.這些題材貼近學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn),校園生活,業(yè)余活動(dòng)等,是學(xué)生最熟悉和了解的話題,所以也應(yīng)該是考生最易于有感而發(fā)的題材. 2.關(guān)于社會(huì)發(fā)展變化的熱門題材這類題材在分析歸納的26篇真題中為6篇,

7、占總數(shù)的23%.這類題材反映當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)主要變化,屬于熱門話題.所以,考生在正常學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的同時(shí),應(yīng)多讀些英語(yǔ)報(bào)刊,如21st Century,China,daily,Readers Digest,Times,英語(yǔ)沙龍等.閱讀時(shí)文不僅可提高英語(yǔ)閱讀能力,也可從中學(xué)到許多具有時(shí)代氣息的新詞及表達(dá)方式,這對(duì)于提高寫作能力,寫出具有時(shí)代感的作文來(lái),是很有幫助的. 3.關(guān)于常識(shí),格言的題材常識(shí)格言題材在所分析歸納的26篇真題作文中占7篇,為總數(shù)的27%.這類題材一般為說(shuō)理議論文,其內(nèi)容貼近學(xué)生的思維范疇.考生只要理清文思,便可以寫出符合要求,甚至漂亮的作文.有關(guān)此類題材的真題作文列舉如下,供參考. 二,命題

8、思路體裁多樣性四級(jí)考試作文項(xiàng)目的命題指導(dǎo)思想以大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱及大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試大綱為依據(jù),試卷上可能給出題目,或規(guī)定情景,或要求看圖作文,或給出段首句要求續(xù)寫,或給出關(guān)鍵詞要求寫成短文,或要求分析圖表作文,或?yàn)槿粘?yīng)用文(如信函,簡(jiǎn)歷等).通過對(duì)2O余套四級(jí)作文真題的分析和歸納,可以看出四級(jí)作文的體裁多樣,主要有論說(shuō)文,記敘文,圖表作文,應(yīng)用文等.1.論說(shuō)文體裁論說(shuō)文是四級(jí)作文的重點(diǎn)命題體裁.所占比重較大.論說(shuō)文的作用是陳述各種理由,發(fā)表作者自己的看法觀點(diǎn).作者依靠推理和論證來(lái)闡述自己的觀點(diǎn),力圖說(shuō)服讀者,使人相信某種假設(shè)或道理.議論文具有論戰(zhàn)思辨的特點(diǎn),所以往往措辭較強(qiáng)烈,語(yǔ)氣傾向性明顯,

9、觀點(diǎn)個(gè)性鮮明.近年來(lái),四級(jí)作文命題注重考生的思辨能力,不僅要求考生推理論證,談經(jīng)論道,還要求考生表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn).比如Can Money Buy Happiness, Dont Hesitate to say"No", Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Luck,Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary等等,都是明顯的論說(shuō)文體裁.這些命題要求考生針對(duì)問題論述,只有立場(chǎng)鮮明,觀點(diǎn)明確,理由充分,文理通順,才能獲得作文高分.所以,四級(jí)寫作中的論說(shuō)文體裁,不僅僅是測(cè)驗(yàn)英文文字處理能力,更重要的是它測(cè)驗(yàn)了考生的

10、思想內(nèi)涵及思考能力.因此,應(yīng)試時(shí),構(gòu)思謀篇之后再提筆行文,議之頭頭是道,論之語(yǔ)出驚人,再加上順暢流利的語(yǔ)言表達(dá),才是四級(jí)作文高分突破的關(guān)鍵所在.這類體裁的寫作在四,六級(jí)考試中占了很大的比重,在總共26篇四級(jí)寫作分析中,此類體裁占了將近90%.所以,學(xué)生對(duì)此類體裁應(yīng)該予以特別的關(guān)注.2.記敘文體裁記敘文是用來(lái)記敘一件事實(shí)的體裁,其寫作三要素為環(huán)境(where),人物(who),情節(jié)(what).記敘的基本線索是時(shí)間順序.通常行文中用一些表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)(如 when,while,before,after,then,during,suddenly,finally,at last等)把一系列事件和動(dòng)作

11、連接起來(lái),構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的記敘.記敘文記敘的一般為已發(fā)生過的事情,所以一般采用過去時(shí)態(tài).這是中國(guó)學(xué)生寫作時(shí)容易出錯(cuò)的地方.因此仔細(xì)審題并在完成作文后細(xì)致糾錯(cuò)是十分必要的.在歷年的四級(jí)作文中這一體裁僅出現(xiàn)過一次. 記敘文雖然在迄今為止的歷年四級(jí)作文中只出現(xiàn)過一次,但記敘文是學(xué)習(xí)遣詞造句,把事件按一定時(shí)空順序表達(dá)完整清晰的基本功.因此,學(xué)習(xí)英文寫作時(shí),記敘文體裁的短文應(yīng)有一定的習(xí)作練習(xí).3.圖表作文大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱對(duì)于寫作能力的要求中專門提到了學(xué)生應(yīng)該能學(xué)會(huì)描述圖表,然后就圖表中所出現(xiàn)的問題進(jìn)行原因分析,或者針對(duì)圖表中所出現(xiàn)的問題提出考生的建議.此類體裁在四,六級(jí)的寫作中也已經(jīng)屢見不鮮了. 4.應(yīng)用

12、文體裁大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱對(duì)于寫作能力的要求中專門提到了學(xué)生應(yīng)能寫日常應(yīng)用文(如信函,簡(jiǎn)歷等).應(yīng)用文是人們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí),生 產(chǎn),工作,生活中傳遞信息以達(dá)到交際目的的一種文體,它要求言簡(jiǎn)意賅,條理清楚,不需過分的文飾.常見應(yīng)用文包括私人書信(private letter),社交書信(social letter),其他書信(other letters),便條,備忘錄,求職信,簡(jiǎn)歷等.應(yīng)用文體裁的寫作命題在四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)過兩次,而且是在最近的幾次四六級(jí)考試中,所以,應(yīng)該引起學(xué)生的注意. 三,作文類型模式化分析歸納四級(jí)考試寫作題,可將其分為四大類型.1.對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型這類作文多為提綱式作文,是四級(jí)考試寫作中最常見

13、的作文形式.如:案例Can Money Buy Happiness (1995.1)a.有人認(rèn)為金錢是幸福之本(source of happiness)b.也有人認(rèn)為金錢是萬(wàn)惡之源(root of evil)c.我的看法 2.問題解決型這類作文一般為圖表式作文,或表格式作文,有時(shí)也有提綱式命題.這類作文要求考生就所給出的信息描述情形,分析原因,然后提出自己的看法,對(duì)策或結(jié)論.案例Global Shortage of Fresh Watera.人們以為淡水是取之不盡的(提示:雨水,河水,井水)b.實(shí)際上淡水是非常緊缺的(提示:人口增加,工業(yè)用水,污染)c.我們應(yīng)該怎么辦3.說(shuō)明利弊型這類作文在四

14、級(jí)考試作文中較為常見.命題要求考生描述某一社會(huì)或客觀現(xiàn)象,并就其優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)加以分析評(píng)論,然后得出考生個(gè)人的看法,態(tài)度或結(jié)論.案例Is Failure a Bad Thing (1992.1)a.失敗是常有的事b.人們對(duì)失敗有各種不同的態(tài)度c.我對(duì)失敗的態(tài)度 4.闡述主題型這一類型的作文多為議論文,有時(shí)以格言或諺語(yǔ)為議論對(duì)象.要求考生提供論據(jù)加以說(shuō)明.案例Practice Makes Perfect (1997.1 CET-4)a.怎樣理解"熟能生巧"b.例如:在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中c.又如, 第三節(jié) 應(yīng)試技巧上面我們講述了大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試短文寫作的段落發(fā)展和全篇布局等方面

15、的技巧,那么在應(yīng)試時(shí)我們具體應(yīng)該怎么做呢 如何順利地完成短文部分 考試時(shí)都有哪些應(yīng)該注意的地方呢 下面我們就針對(duì)這些問題進(jìn)行闡述.應(yīng)試時(shí)可參照以下過程進(jìn)行:審題草擬提綱緊扣主題句完成段落檢查.下面就進(jìn)行具體說(shuō)明.審明題意審題就是理解題意,抓住中心.寫作時(shí),首先仔細(xì)分析題目,準(zhǔn)確理解題目含義,弄清作文題目的選材范圍以及題目的其他具體要求,這是作文成敗的關(guān)鍵一步.審題,不僅要分析題目,還要結(jié)合給出的提示句,首先明確文章要寫的make one versatiledo good in character trainingenhance couragetrain collectivist spirit也

16、可通過提問,打開思路后,再擬訂提綱.擬訂提綱就是把構(gòu)思好的題材按作文主旨的要求,按照一定的模式組織成層次清楚,合乎邏輯,前后連貫的作文框架.經(jīng)過對(duì)題目的醞釀和構(gòu)思,把篩選好的內(nèi)容按前后,重要次序排列好,整理歸納成文章的框架.我們?nèi)砸?amp;quot;Benefits of Sports and Games"為例,根據(jù)篩選整理的內(nèi)容,主要采用列舉法擬訂以下提綱.A. Benefits of body healtha. Make us strongb. Especially help mental workers exercise their bodiesB. Benefits

17、 to life varietya. Make one versatileb. Enrich ones life with sports and gamesC. Benefits to character traininga. Enhance courage and enthusiasmb. Train collectivist spirit我們?cè)賮?lái)看一個(gè)例題:Title: Fake CommodityOutline:(l)假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品在當(dāng)今社會(huì)為什么如此盛行;(2)假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品對(duì)社會(huì)和個(gè)人有哪些損害;(3)你的觀點(diǎn).cheap comparably, price gap, dont like

18、 filing claims, market system, fake appliance, cause fire, lose money, fake medicine, realize the worst result, resist緊扣主題句完成段落主題句是作者思維的起點(diǎn),切題的準(zhǔn)繩,闡述的對(duì)象,而段落主題句則是統(tǒng)領(lǐng)段落中心內(nèi)容的.好的段落主題句,不僅切題,便于圍繞主題句進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展,而又常常給讀者一種一針見血的感受.看到段落主題句,讀者應(yīng)大致了解段落要闡述的內(nèi)容.因而段落主題句通常是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)完整,內(nèi)容概括,用詞簡(jiǎn)潔,明了的單句.通常將段落主題句置于段落的開頭;可使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰,說(shuō)服力更

19、強(qiáng).擬段落主題句時(shí)要注意:首先將段落的主題句置于段落的開頭:其次最好多用祈使句.即使不宜使用祈使句,也應(yīng)選用句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的單句來(lái)做段落主題句.有了段落主題句后,還需要順著段落主題句的方向,參照提綱中的思路,從而完成各個(gè)段落.另外,在寫作的過程中還要注意以下兩點(diǎn):1.詞與表達(dá)在具體寫作的過程中,一定要做到用詞準(zhǔn)確,表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)明扼要.寫作時(shí)要從讀者的角度出發(fā),開門見山,平鋪直敘,簡(jiǎn)明扼要地把自己的思想表達(dá)清楚,切不可借此機(jī)會(huì)顯示自己的文采,選用生僻的詞語(yǔ)和句型,而導(dǎo)致文章表意不清,文體混亂,使讀者不知其所云.要盡可能地選用自己有把握的詞語(yǔ)和自己能熟練運(yùn)用的句型來(lái)表達(dá)思想.這樣做才能掌握造句的主動(dòng)權(quán),寫

20、出規(guī)范的文章.2.邏輯組織要寫好一篇文章,就要講究章法,遣詞造句,組段謀篇,都要從全文考慮.寫作時(shí)注意上下文銜接,前后照應(yīng).要運(yùn)用邏輯完成句子間的銜接和段落間的過渡.(l)句子間的銜接句子是文章的基礎(chǔ),從大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可見,句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否完整,意思表達(dá)是否確切,有無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤是評(píng)分的主要依據(jù).因此寫好每一個(gè)句子是作文寫作的關(guān)鍵.但是,文章不是句子的單純堆砌.在寫作過程中,一定要注意句子與句子之間的邏輯銜接,突出論據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系.在下筆以前要先想好每一段寫幾個(gè)句子,寫什么樣的句子,怎樣安排句子的順序和句子間的過渡,以避免出現(xiàn)與主題無(wú)關(guān),前后矛盾的句子.此外,在具體寫作的過程中,除了

21、努力做到文章內(nèi)容詳實(shí)外,還要注意句子的多樣性.在一個(gè)段落或一篇短文中,既有短句,又有長(zhǎng)句,既有簡(jiǎn)單句,又有并列句和主從復(fù)合句,文章才會(huì)顯得生動(dòng).(2)段落間的過渡在寫作的過程中要注意段落間的互相聯(lián)系,考慮段落的連接和轉(zhuǎn)折,采用"啟,承,轉(zhuǎn),合"等手法,恰當(dāng)而合乎邏輯地把段落連接起來(lái),使段落之間過渡自然,前后照應(yīng),否則文章就會(huì)顯得松散,零亂,成為幾個(gè)互相毫無(wú)聯(lián)系的段落.檢查修改大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試時(shí)間緊張,匆匆完稿之后,疏漏在所難免,因而有必要復(fù)查,修改,及時(shí)糾正偏差,堵塞漏洞,從而進(jìn)一步提高作文質(zhì)量.檢查主要針對(duì)四個(gè)重點(diǎn)部位:1.是否切題它又分三個(gè)層面:一是整篇

22、文章內(nèi)容是否切合文章標(biāo)題要求;二是段落主題句的內(nèi)容是否與各段落提示句內(nèi)容相一致;三是段落內(nèi)部的內(nèi)容是否與段落主題句的表達(dá)相一致.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)任何一個(gè)層面不切題,應(yīng)盡可能彌補(bǔ),刪除那些多余的或不切題的地方;增添殘缺的,語(yǔ)義表達(dá)不足的地方.由于時(shí)間所限,刪的內(nèi)容一定要精,要切中要害,切忌動(dòng)"大手術(shù)".2.是否連貫檢查上下文是否連貫,句子銜接是否自然流暢,檢驗(yàn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要是句子是否通順,該用連接詞的地方用了沒有,以及所用的連接詞是否合適.3.是否有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤主謂是否一致,動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),語(yǔ)氣的使用是否正確,詞組的搭配是否合乎習(xí)慣.為避免不必要的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,對(duì)把握性不大的詞

23、組,句型絕不要用.而應(yīng)使用那些自己熟悉的詞組,句型來(lái)表達(dá)相同或相近的意思.4.是否有大小寫,拼寫,標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤在這些細(xì)枝末節(jié)上,謹(jǐn)慎細(xì)心地處理,無(wú)疑會(huì)進(jìn)一步提高文章的整體質(zhì)量.在檢查,改錯(cuò)的過程中,切忌亂涂亂抹.保持卷面清潔,無(wú)疑會(huì)給閱卷者留下好印象,另外,在上述幾個(gè)寫作關(guān)鍵步驟中,時(shí)間的分配大致應(yīng)該為:審題,擬題綱10分鐘,擬主題句,完成段落15分鐘,檢查5分鐘.總之,對(duì)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試作文,由于其題型比較固定,對(duì)應(yīng)試者要求相對(duì)不高,因此,應(yīng)試者有必要掌握一些寫作技巧,多加練習(xí),力爭(zhēng)提高寫作的質(zhì)量和水平.關(guān)聯(lián)詞英語(yǔ)作文在語(yǔ)氣上有"起,承,轉(zhuǎn),合"之分.&am

24、p;quot;啟"就是開頭;"承"就是承接;"轉(zhuǎn)"就是轉(zhuǎn)讓;"合"就是綜合或總結(jié).在專業(yè)寫作課中對(duì)它的要求是十分嚴(yán)格的.每段的開頭由表示"啟,承,轉(zhuǎn),合"的字來(lái)引導(dǎo).引言段表示"啟"第一擴(kuò)展段表示"承"第二擴(kuò)展段表示"轉(zhuǎn)"結(jié)尾段表示"合",因此形成"起-承-轉(zhuǎn)-合&q

25、uot;的情形.有時(shí)也有"起-承-承-合"或其它的情形出現(xiàn),但這些不同的情形只是擴(kuò)展段"承","轉(zhuǎn)"的變化,且"啟"與"合"的規(guī)律也不是固定不變的.下面我們?yōu)榇蠹揖x了一些常用于"起,承,轉(zhuǎn),合"的詞語(yǔ),通過練習(xí)希望學(xué)生能掌握這些詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用.這樣在考試中作文就會(huì)流暢,自然.一.根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞在句中所處的位置,分為以下四類1.常用于引言段開頭的短語(yǔ)Generally speaking,.

26、一般說(shuō)來(lái),It goes without saying that.不用說(shuō)It is (quite) clear that. because.很明顯地因?yàn)镮t is often said that.常常有人說(shuō).A proverb says.有句諺語(yǔ)說(shuō):As the proverb says.如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō).Many people often ask this question:". "許多人常常問這個(gè)問題2.常用于第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展段開頭的短語(yǔ)Therefore we should realize that.因此我們應(yīng)該了解We have reason to believ

27、e that我們有理由相信Everybody knows that.每個(gè)人都知道It can be easily proved that.很容易證明It is true that.是真實(shí)的NO one can deny that.誰(shuí)也不能否認(rèn)One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is.跟上述同樣重要的一項(xiàng)是The chief reason why.is that.為什么的主要原因是We must recognize that.我們必須承認(rèn)There is no doubt that無(wú)疑地I am of the o

28、pinion that.我認(rèn)為This can be expressed as follows.可分下列數(shù)點(diǎn):To take. for an example.以為例,(Now that) We know that.(既然)我們知道.What is more serious is that.更重要的是3.常用于第二個(gè)擴(kuò)展開頭的詞或短語(yǔ)(語(yǔ)氣與第一個(gè)擴(kuò)展段不同或相反) Others may find this to be true,.在別人看來(lái)可能是對(duì)的,There is a certain amount of truth in this.這在大體上是對(duì)的.Another special cons

29、ideration in this case is that. 對(duì)這個(gè)問題時(shí)另一考慮是.But I dont. I believe that. 但我個(gè)人并不這么認(rèn)為.我認(rèn)為,Though we are in basic agreement with.雖然基本上我們同意What seems to be the trouble is.似乎困難是在Yet differences will be found, thats.然而其中仍有不同的地方,Why I feel that.這也是我為什么認(rèn)為On the other hand.另一方面,Perhaps you will question why.也

30、許你會(huì)問為什么Besides, we should not neglect that.除此以外,我們更不能忽視But it is a pity that.但是有點(diǎn)可惜的是But the Problem is not so simple.Therefore,.然而問題并非如此簡(jiǎn)單.因此,However,.然而,無(wú)論如何But we still have a problem with regard to.不過對(duì)于.我們還有一點(diǎn)問題.So long as you regard this as reasonable,.只要你認(rèn)為合理,You may 你可以4.可以用于結(jié)尾段的短語(yǔ)The result

31、is dependent on.結(jié)果根據(jù)而定From this point of view,.從這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看,In a word,.總而言之,In conclusion,.結(jié)論是,On account of this we can find that.由此我們可以知道Thus,this is the reason why we must.因此,這就是我們?yōu)槭裁幢仨毝?根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)詞本身在文章中起到的作用,主要分為以下四類1.與"啟"有關(guān)的常用詞語(yǔ)at present現(xiàn)在 currently目前first(ly)第一 now 現(xiàn)在lately 最近 in gene

32、ral 一般來(lái)說(shuō)at first 最初 to begin with 首先,第一to start with 首先,第一 in the beginning 起初first of all 首先,第一 in the first place 首先,第一 recently 最近 generally speaking 一般來(lái)說(shuō)for one thing(for another)首次(其次)on the one hand(on the other hand)一方面(另一方面) It goes without saying that. 不用說(shuō)2.有關(guān)"承"的常用詞語(yǔ)besid

33、es( this) 此外 certainly 無(wú)疑地,確實(shí)地so 所以 truly 事實(shí)上;具實(shí)地unlike 不像;和不 what is more而且,此外 of course 當(dāng)然 incidentally 順便讓我一提at any rate 無(wú)論如何 second(ly) 第二;第二點(diǎn)third(ly) 第三;第三點(diǎn) also/ too 并且;又,也for example 例如 for instance 例如as an example 例如 as another example 再如 namely 即,就是 then然后in addition to除之外 besides(this) 此外

34、in addition此外 furthermore而且,此外moreover而且,此外 after a while過了一會(huì)兒from now on從此 later后來(lái);such as正如 similarly同樣地 what is more而且, for another其次in other words換句話說(shuō) in particular特別,尤其in the same way同樣地 soon不久consequently結(jié)果 for the purpose為此indeed的確 no doubt無(wú)疑地obviously明顯地 particularly特別地 still仍然 after that此后a

35、fterwards此后 after a few days幾天之后meanwhile與此同時(shí) at the same time同時(shí)by this time此時(shí) in particular特別(地)in the same manner同樣地3.有關(guān)"轉(zhuǎn)"的常用詞語(yǔ)(通常用來(lái)表示不同或相反的情況) at the same time 同時(shí) by this time此時(shí)especially特別地 fortunately幸福地in other words換句話說(shuō) whereas然而after all畢竟 but但是on the contrary 相反地 unlike與不

36、同on the other hand另一方面 all the same但是unfortunately不幸地 still仍然in fact事實(shí)上 likewise同樣地anyway無(wú)論如何 yet仍;然而however然而 nevertheless盡管如此although盡管如此 no doubt無(wú)疑地 conversely相反地;否則 perhaps或許in the same way同樣地 Luckily幸運(yùn)地despite盡管 in spite of盡管in particular特別地 as a matter of fact事實(shí)上4.有關(guān)"合"的常用詞語(yǔ)t

37、o sum up總而言之 briefly簡(jiǎn)要地說(shuō)above all最重要的是 as a result結(jié)果for this reason所以 hence因此 finally最后 in brief簡(jiǎn)而言之in conclusion 總之 in short簡(jiǎn)而言之by doing so籍此 consequently因此as has been noted如前所述 as I have said如我所述at last終于 in summary摘要地說(shuō)therefore因此 thus因此to sum up 總而言之 to conclude總而言之a(chǎn)s a consequence 因此 so所以obvious

38、ly顯然 certainly無(wú)疑 on the whole就全體而論;整個(gè)看來(lái) at length最后,終于truly的確 in brief簡(jiǎn)而言之in sum,總之;簡(jiǎn)而言之 to speak frankly坦白地說(shuō)eventually最終 accordingly于是indeed確實(shí) surely無(wú)疑no doubt毫無(wú)疑問三.根據(jù)銜接詞本身的意思和文章連接所需要的邏輯意義,可分為以下14類.1.表示因果關(guān)系as a resultHe never studied hard, and as a result he failed in the last examination.as a resu

39、lt ofHe is late for work as a result of traffic accident.accordingly He want to buy a radio for study English, and accordingly her mother bought it for him. because (of)We are delayed because of a traffic jam.due toHis success is due to his excellent work.owing toOwing to his absence, our meeting is

40、 canceledthanks toThanks to your help, or I will have failed in the examination. now thatNow that you have grown up, you must earn for yourself.as long asYou could accomplish your dream so long as you try it again and again.sinceSince you are here now, youd better give a hand.on account ofDont give

41、up on account of his advice.in thatThe policy is harmful in that it may encourage people to give upso thatThe officer spoke at the top of his voice so that every soldier could hear him. consequentlyIt rained so heavily, consequently, we cancelled the play to climb the mountain.henceIt is 12 now, hen

42、ce you must take a sleep.the fact thatThe fact that you lost this time doesnt necessarily mean you wont be able to win next timethereforeThere is a calculating mistake there, therefore, the answer is wrong.2.表示解釋關(guān)系as a matter of factI will go there this morning, as a matter of fact, I have only 10 m

43、inutes drive from you.as wellI will go there. My friend will go with me as well.frankly speaking Frankly speaking, I am not very satisfactory with your words.in this caseIn this case, I will go there as soon as possible. 3.表示推理關(guān)系or elseMake haste, or else you will be late.otherwiseYou must bear this

44、 passport, otherwise you will be stopped by the guard.if soIf so, it will make a great difference.that impliesHe is in panic now, so that implies he is lying.to put it more preciselyHe is rather strong, to put it more precisely, he is a little sturdy.under no circumstancesUnder no circumstances will

45、 I go there.4.表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系additionally I like playing cards, additionally, playing chess is also my favorite.in additionI need your help. In addition, I also need her support.besidesFirst, we must work hard. Besides, we must work with a creative mind.and moreoverThe hat is the right size for you, and more

46、over, it goes well with your skin.that is to say The stock price is declining, that is to say, I am losing money.furthermore She is kind, and furthermore, she is beautiful. in other wordsI am not hungry, in other words, I really dislike the food in this canteen.equally importantYou should read more

47、news from newspapers and equally important, keep an eye on the news from the radio. whats moreIt is harmful to my health, and whats more, it is no good to my work.last but not leastLast but not least, my thanks should go to every member of my class. 5.表比較關(guān)系equally as a teacher, I should teach well.

48、But equally, I should study well.in comparison withIn comparison with the red one, I would like to choose the blue cap.in the same wayIt is such a coincidence that we figure it out in the same way.in contrast toIn contrast to your belief, I quite disagree with you,insteadIf you dont go, Ill go inste

49、ad.on the contrary You thought I like it. On the contrary, I dislike it.in contrastIt is hot in the daytime, but in contrast its very cold at night. whileWe are happy in China, while most Africans live unhappily. 6.表選擇關(guān)系alternativelyYou may take the exam.Alternatively you take another one next year.

50、 either. o rEither you or I will go there. rather thanIn this matter,the parents should be blamed rather than the children. instead ofYou should be reading books instead of lying there in bed.not.butShe is not an English teacher,but a German student.whether. or notI wonder whether you will come or n

51、ot this afternoon.neither.norNeither you nor I will go there.He will come this afternoon.7.表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系althoughAlthough he is old,he still work everyday.despiteI will visit him despite the heavy snowat the same timeThe little kid bring troubles,but at the same time you cant help liking him. even thoughEven

52、 she is late, she walks slow.however I planned to go there, however, the incident suddenly interrupt my normal work. in spite ofIn spite of the boys sincerity, the teacher is still very angry.neverthelessNevertheless, I would try to make a remedy.regardless ofRegardless of age, sex, race and economi

53、c level, all men are equal.notwithstandingI have determined, notwithstanding your disapproval.on the contraryI used to think that the result will be good. On the contrary, it turns out to be bad. stillIts raining cats and dogs outside; still, I will visit him.thoughI will visit him though it is rain

54、ing there.otherwiseWe must be hurry, otherwise we can not catch the bus.whileSadness is beautiful while loneliness is tragical.yetHe is sentimental sometimes, yet I still like him.8.表總結(jié)關(guān)系all in allAll in all, we must cope with it well.briefly Briefly, I agree with you on the matter.in conclusionIn c

55、onclusion, the first opinion is much more reasonable than the latter idea.in summaryIn summary, we cant fully believe what we heard from others.to sum upTo sum up, teaching student is not an easy task to perform.on the whole On the whole, the book is extremely valuable.in allIn all, it is great to b

56、e a father.in shortIn short, actions speak louder than words. in briefIn brief, to help others is to help yourself.in a wordIn a word, we will win while they will loose.in termsIn practical terms, I believe it will work. in sumIn sum, it is great to be a teacher.to summarizeTo summarize, spare the r

57、od, spoil the children.to concludeTo conclude, it is true that we should pay more attention to this problem.9.表次序關(guān)系above allAbove all, remember to call me when you arrive.afterwardsWe played the whole day and afterwards walked home together in the evening.eventuallyEventually, he rose to the positio

58、n of vice president.first/firstly/first of allFirst(ly)/First of all, Ill mention the history.second/secondlySecond/secondly, I will mention the present.furthermoreFurthermore, it is not good enough in this respect.finallyFinally, I agree with you on this matter.last but not leastLast but not least, my personal efforts also play a small role i