初升高英語語法匯總

1、目 錄第一部份 語法概論第一節(jié) 詞類.2第二節(jié) 句子.3第三節(jié) 從句. 3 第二部份 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí) 第一節(jié) 名詞.4第二節(jié) 冠詞.7第三節(jié) 代詞. 10第四節(jié) 數(shù)詞. 15第五節(jié) 介詞.17第六節(jié) 連詞.20第七節(jié) 形容詞和副詞. 24第八節(jié) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞.27第九節(jié) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài).29第十節(jié) 動(dòng)詞語態(tài).36第三部份 句子種類. 38第四部份 主從復(fù)合句.43第五部份 直接引語與間接引語.46第一部份 語法概論英語的語法主要分作詞法和句法兩類，換而言之，詞類和句子兩要素在語法中起著關(guān)鍵作用。因此，我們首先必須弄清詞類，句子的基本構(gòu)成、分類及其共性。第一節(jié) 詞 類1、 詞的分類英語中的詞根據(jù)其形式特征、詞義

2、以及句法作用，分成十類：詞類英語名稱縮寫形式例詞名詞nounn.Paper, bike代詞Pronounpron.They, everyone動(dòng)詞verbv.Play, learn副詞adverbadv.Often, quite形容詞adjectiveAdj.Great, long數(shù)詞numeralnum.nine, first冠詞articleart.a(an),the介詞prepositionprep.in, on連詞conjunctionconj.but, though 感嘆詞interjectionint.oh, aha2、詞類關(guān)系（1）冠詞、介詞、連接詞和感嘆詞不能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成份

3、，稱為虛詞；名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞能在句中獨(dú)立充當(dāng)成份，稱為實(shí)詞。（2）副詞常修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞本身。（3）代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞和冠詞常修飾名詞，形容詞也可修飾某些代詞（如不定代詞），但要后置。第二節(jié) 句 子1、 句子分類句子具有一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)，比單詞和詞組復(fù)雜，能表達(dá)相對獨(dú)立和完整的意義。句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單句Tom usually plays football in afternoon湯姆經(jīng)常下午踢足球。并例句He is tall but I am short.他高可是我矮。主從復(fù)合句It is obvious that he did that thing.他顯然做了件事。句子功能

4、陳述句She has not had her lunch.她還沒吃早餐。疑問句Can you give me a piece of paper?你能給我一張紙嗎？祈使句Lets go swimming.讓我去游泳吧。感嘆句What an interesting story it is.多么有趣的故事啊！2、句子成分英語的句子成分可由單詞、詞組或從句構(gòu)成，具體劃分與漢語相差較大，需特別注意。(1) 主語（The Subject） (2) 謂語（The Predicate）(3) 賓語（The Object） (4) 補(bǔ)語（The Complement）(5) 表語（The Predicative

5、） (6) 定語 (The Attribute)(7) 狀語（The Adverbial） 第三節(jié) 從 句從句有以下幾種： 分 類例 句主語從句Whether hes coming or not doesnt matter too much.他是否來無關(guān)緊要。表語從句That is what he meant.這是他的意思。賓語從句She asked me which I like best.她問我喜歡哪一個(gè)。定語從句The letter which I received yesterday was from my mother.昨天我收的信是我的母親來的。狀語從句We must hurry

6、off lest we should miss the train.我們是趕快走了，以免誤了火車。同位語從句The fact that you told a lie is unforgiveable.你撒謊這一事實(shí)不可原諒。第二部份 基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié) 名 詞名詞是表示人或物名稱的詞，它分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。具體情況見下表：普通名詞（common noun）專有名詞如：China, Li Hua, London個(gè)體名詞 如：student,computer 集體名詞如：team, family,class物質(zhì)名詞如：water, milk energy（精力）抽象名詞如： informat

7、ion,anger一般可數(shù)，有單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般不可數(shù)，沒有單復(fù)數(shù)形式一、可 數(shù) 名 詞1可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化A）名詞直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)；B）以s, x, sh, o結(jié)尾的單詞加es變復(fù)數(shù)；如bus, watch, fish, tomato, potato等。 注意：zoo, radio, photo直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。C）輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞，把y改為i再加es；如baby, factory, library等。D）以f或fe結(jié)尾，去掉f或fe，變v再加es；如knife, wife, leaf, life, shelf等。2. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化。A)改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母，如：Footfee

8、t manmen toothteeth mousemice B)在詞尾加 en, 如:ChildChildren oxoxen(公牛)有少數(shù)名詞是單復(fù)數(shù)同形，如：Sheep fish peopleC)表示“某國人”的單復(fù)數(shù)變化單復(fù)數(shù)同形，如：Chinese, Japanese 詞尾加-s，如：GermanGermans AmericanAmericans RomanRomans變-man為 men，如：EnglishmanEnglishmenD)復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化： 變中心詞，如：A son-in-law sons-in-law 在最后加-s，如：a grow-upa grow ups.前后名

9、詞都變，如：woman-doctorwomen doctorsboy/girl在前時(shí)，變后面的詞，如：a boy-studentboy students二、不 可 數(shù) 名 詞不可數(shù)名詞用U表示，包括物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞，一般只有單數(shù)形式，沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式。但它們也有以下特殊形式。1 物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞借助單位詞表示一定的數(shù)量，如：A cup of tea a sheet of paper a loaf of bread a piece of advice2 有些物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)后意義有所不同，如： airairs神氣 goodgoods商品 paperpapers考卷 timetimes時(shí)

10、代三、常用國籍的單、復(fù)數(shù)名稱 總稱（謂語用復(fù)數(shù)） 一個(gè)人 二個(gè)人中國人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese法國人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 英國人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 澳大利亞人 the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄國人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 美國人 the Ameri

11、cans an American two Americans 德國人 the Germans a German two Germans 歸納記憶：中國人和日本人單復(fù)數(shù)相同，英國人和法國人把a(bǔ)改為e， 其余的在后面加- s。 四、名詞所有格 A）名詞所有格用于人或動(dòng)物的名詞詞尾，以及表示時(shí)間、距離、國家、城市等無生命的名詞后。Toms pens, Lucy and Lilys room( 共同所有 ), Lilys and Lucys room( 各自所有 ), Childrens Day, twenty minutes walk, Guangzhous building.B）當(dāng)表示兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)人

12、共同所有的人或物時(shí)，只在最后一個(gè)人或物后加s。C）of所有格（名詞+ of+名詞）：常用來表示無生命的名詞所有關(guān)系。如： The windows of the house the photo of the family a plan of Jims D）有些名詞如診所、家、店鋪所有格后加s后，可以省去名詞。如： The doctors （醫(yī)生診所) at Whites （在懷特先生家） the book-sellers（書店）一、單項(xiàng)選擇。( ) 1. September 10 is _ Day. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the teachers D. the t

13、eachers ( ) 2. Every morning he takes a _ to his office. A. 20 minutes walk B. 20-minutes walk C. 20 minutes walk D. 20-minute walk( ) 3. There is only one _ doctor and three _ nurses here. A. man; woman B. man; women C. men; woman D. men; women( ) 4. How many _ are there in those_? A. tomatos; phot

14、os B. tomatoes; photos C. tomatoes; photo D. tomato; photos( ) 5. Have you seen _ at the foot of the hill? A. any sheep B. some sheeps C. any sheeps D. some sheep( ) 6. I am thirsty. Would you bring me _, please? A. some bread B. some water C. some cakes D. some eggs( ) 7. If these _ are too big, bu

15、y a smaller pair. A. trouser B. trousers C. trouseres D. trouserses( ) 8. This pair of shoes _ much. A. cost B. costs C. costes D. costed( ) 9. The news _ for my father. A. were B. are C. be D. is( ) 10. What _ bad weather today! A. an B. a C. the D. /( ) 11. My English teacher gave us _. A. a advic

16、e B. an advice C. some advice D. some advices( ) 12. There is so _ milk in the glass. A. much B. many C. lot of D. few( ) 13. Mr. King is a friend of _. A. Mr. Wangs B. Mr. Wangs C. the Wangs D. Mr. Wang( ) 14. He often gives us _ by e-mail. A. a good information B. some informations C. some good in

17、formation D. some good informations( ) 15. _ work has been done today. A. A great deal of B. A lot C. Many D. A large number of第二節(jié) 冠 詞冠詞的定義：冠詞是一種虛詞，用在名詞或名詞詞組的前面，表示名詞是特指或泛指。冠詞可分為不定冠詞和定冠詞兩種形式。 不定冠詞的用法1、不定冠詞a，an的用法： A）冠詞a和an都用在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前，表示某一類人或事物中的一個(gè)，或第一次提到的人或事，如： Li Ping has an apple in her hand. 李平手里拿

18、著一個(gè)蘋果。 There are twelve months in a year. 一年有十二個(gè)月。 B）冠詞用a在以輔音開始的名詞或名詞詞組之前，而冠詞an則用在以元音開始的名詞或名詞詞組之前，如： a photo, a king, an example, an English class. 注意：上面講的冠詞an在以元音開始的名詞或名詞詞組之前，指的是“元音”而不是“元音字母”，因此以元音字母u開始的名詞之前只能用a而不用an（字母u的發(fā)音是 /ju:/，它的第一個(gè)音素 /j/ 是輔音而不是元音）。有些詞雖然不是以元音字母開始，但如果它的第一個(gè)音是元音音素則用不定冠詞an，關(guān)鍵是以發(fā)音為準(zhǔn)

19、。如：a university, an hour等。 C）一些固定搭配必須帶不定冠詞a，如：have a walk 散步 have a meeting開會(huì) have a look 看一下 have a rest休息一下 have a talk談心 have a party舉行晚會(huì) a lot of 許多 a piece of 一片的 a pair of 一雙的 a bottle of 一瓶的 a cup of一茶杯的 a glass of 一水杯的 a box of一箱的 have a fever發(fā)燒 have a headache頭疼 have a good time過得快活 定冠詞的用法定

20、冠詞the有this, that, these, those等意義，用于單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。主要用來特指。使一個(gè)或幾個(gè)事物區(qū)別于所有其他同名的事物。1 定冠詞特指某（些）人或某（些）事物，以區(qū)別于同類中其他的人或事物。Is this the book you are looking for? 這是你要找的書嗎?2 定冠詞用來指上文中已提到過的人或事物。I saw a film yesterday. The film was ended at eight oclock.我昨天看了一場電影。電影八點(diǎn)鐘結(jié)束的。3 定冠詞用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的事物或用于自然界現(xiàn)象或方位名詞之前。the sun/

21、the moon/ the earth/ the sky/ the world/ the winter night the sun is bigger than the moon.太陽比月亮大。4 定冠詞與單數(shù)名詞連用，表示毫米一類人或物。The dog is not too dangerous.狗不太危險(xiǎn)。5 定冠詞與某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，表示某一類人。the rich 富人 the poor 窮人the young 年輕人 the sick 病人the new 新和事物 the right 正確的東西the true 真的東西 the beautiful 美的東西6 用在序數(shù)詞，

22、形容詞最高級的表示方位的名詞前。This is the most interesting book on my hand. 這是我手中最有趣的一本書。7 定冠詞用在演奏樂器的名稱的文藝活動(dòng)，運(yùn)動(dòng)場所的名稱前。The are going to the cinema tonight. 他們今晚要去影院看電影。8 定冠詞用在江河，海洋，山脈，群島的名稱之前。 The Changjiang River is the biggest one in China.長江是中國最大的河。9 定冠詞用有姓名復(fù)數(shù)之前，表示一家人。The Greens are very kind to us. 格林一家人待我們很好。

23、 不定冠詞(零冠詞)的場合1. 在交通工具、學(xué)科名稱的名詞前不加冠詞，如：By plane by boat Chinese American history2. 在節(jié)日、假日、星期、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前不加冠詞，如：National Day Monday spring October3. 在一日三餐、體育類等名詞前不加冠詞，如：He prefers milk and egg for breakfast.他寧可早餐吃雞蛋，喝牛奶。I cooked some noodles for supper.我晚餐煮了一些面條。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。( ) 1. Is Canada _ English speaking

24、 country? A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 2. Canada is _ English speaking country? A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 3. I can see a little white sheep in the field. _ sheep is Nancys. A. A B. The C. An D. /( ) 4. That is _ useful book. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 5. There is _ “s” in the word “bus”. A. a B. an C. t

25、he D. /( ) 6. My brother is _ driver.A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 7. _ elephant is much heavier than a horse. A. A B. An C. The D. /( ) 8. When he was in trouble yesterday, _ young man gave him a hand. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 9. He ran at two kilometers _ hour. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 10. The boy o

26、n _ bike is Jim. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 11. The Yellow River is _ second longest river in China. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 12. _ moon goes round _ earth, and _ earth goes round _ sun. A. A; a; a; a B. An; an; an; an C. The; the; the; the D. /; /; /; /( ) 13. There is _ egg on the plate. _ egg is

27、for you. A. a; A B. an; An C. an; The C. an; An( ) 14. One morning he found a bag. There was _ “s” on the corner of _bag. A. a; a B. a; the C. an; a D. an; the( ) 15. People often go swimming in _ summer. A. / B. a C. an D. the( ) 16.-Is there _ map of China on the wall? -Yes, there is. A. a B. an C

28、. the D. /( ) 17. -Have you had _lunch yet. -No, not yet. A. / B. a C. the D. an( ) 18. _apple on the table is Wei Fangs. A. An B. A C. / D. The( ) 19. What can you see by the lake? I can see _old man sitting on the chair. A. a B. an C. the D. /( ) 20. _September is Teachers Day. A. The ten B. The t

29、enth C. The tens D. Ten第 三 節(jié) 代 詞 代詞的分類名詞的表示人，事物和抽象概念的詞類。根椐名詞表達(dá)的意義和用法，常見名詞可做以下分類：名稱單詞人稱你詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格Me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代詞形容詞性單數(shù)：My, your, his, her, its復(fù)數(shù)：our, your, their名詞性單數(shù)：Mine, yours, his, hers, its, 復(fù)數(shù)：Ours, yours, theirs.反身代詞單數(shù)：myself, yourself, hi

30、mself, herself, itself復(fù)數(shù)：ourselves, yourselves, themselves指示代詞this, that, these, those, such疑問代詞Who, whom, whose, which, what不定代詞Some, something, somebody, someone, any, anything, no, no one, every, everything, each, much, many, little, other, another, all, none, one, both, either, neither.關(guān)系代詞Who,

31、whom, whose, which, that. As相互代詞Each other, one another連接代詞What, which, who, that下面是部分代詞的用法：1Few, little; a few, a little的用法:Few和little表示沒有多少，含否定意義；a few和a little表示有一些，有幾個(gè)，含肯定意義。另外，F(xiàn)ew和a few修飾可數(shù)名詞；little和a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞。他們在句中常作定語、主語和賓語。如：He knows a little English. (定語)Few of them could speak English

32、. (主語)I know little about Japanese. (賓語)2 other和another的用法Other泛指 “另外的”,作定語,常與復(fù)數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)不可數(shù)名詞連用；但如果前面有the, this , that, some, any, each, every, no, none, one, or以及形容詞性物主代詞時(shí)，則可與單數(shù)名詞連用。例如： Other boys, all other beauty, no other way, the other one any other plant, every other day, some other reason等。Other

33、s 是other 的復(fù)數(shù)形式泛之“別的人或物”（但不是全部）。例如： Some are carry water, other are watering the trees.The other 指“兩者中的另一個(gè)”，常與one連用，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，表示另一方中的“全部其全余的”。例如：He held a bow in one hand and his notes in the other.The others是the other的復(fù)數(shù)形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如：I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red, the others are

34、blue。Another指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上中的“任何一個(gè)”，“再一”,“別一個(gè)”；作代詞或形容詞。例如：I have finished this novel, please give me another.Onethe other指兩個(gè)人或物構(gòu)成的一組中的個(gè)體；oneanother指同一組內(nèi)的兩個(gè)個(gè)體。例如：Here are two books. One is for Mary, the other is for Jack.One person may like to spend his holiday at the seashore, while, another may prefer the

35、 mountains.1 all 和both的用法這兩個(gè)詞都表示整體，但both指兩個(gè)人或物，而all指三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或物；要句中都可作主語、賓語、表語、同位語和定語。例如：All of us should work hard.（主語）We both like to go. (同位語)We like both of the books. (賓語)That is all for today. (表語)1All表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。2Both和all加否定是部分否定，如果要表示全部否定，分別用neither和none。例如：Both of us are not teachers.

36、我們倆不都是老師。（部分否定）Neither of us is a teacher.我們倆都不是老師。（全部否定）2 neither和either的用法neither表示兩者都不；either表示兩者中的任何一個(gè)；兩個(gè)詞都表示單數(shù)，在句中可作主語，賓語和定語。如：Neither of the answers is wrong. (主語)Either sentence is right. (定語)You may take either of the books. (賓語)3 It的主要用法What is this? It is a harvester. (剛提到的事物)Who is making

37、 the noise? It must be the children. (指未明身份的人或物)It will be lovely in the park today. (環(huán)境情況等，天氣等自然現(xiàn)象)It is 6 oclock.(時(shí)間，季節(jié))It is about five miles to the Summer Place. (距離)It is foolish of you to be still worrying about it. (形式主語)It is no use crying over spilt milk.He found it difficult to learn Engli

38、sh. (形式主語)He made it clear in his speech that he took no interest in politics.Its though struggle that we learn this truth. (強(qiáng)調(diào)句)It was the World trade Towers that the terrorists attacked on Sept.11th, 2001.強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成：It is/was +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分（或人或物，或主語賓語或狀語）+who/that +其它部分。一、單項(xiàng)選擇。( ) 1. She has lost _ pen. Will

39、you lend her _. A. her; you B. hers; your C. her; yours D. hers; yours( ) 2. Is this car for _? A. we B. my C. me D. mine( ) 3. Who teaches _ French? A. we B. our C. us D. ours( ) 4. I saw _ playing in the street at that time. A. them B. they C. their D. theirs( ) 5. Mike lost _ new watch while he w

40、as playing football at achool. A. his B. he C. him D. himself( ) 6. _book is new and _ is new, too. A. Our; he B. Ours; his C. My; his D. My; her( ) 7. They are going to see a teacher of _. A. them B. their C. theirs D. themselves( ) 8. This room is ours, and that one is _. A. they B. them C. theirs

41、 D. their( ) 9. I like this kind of color TV, so I want to buy _. A. it B. one C. this D. that( ) 10. Two friends of _ would go to help you. A. I B. me C. mine D. my( ) 11. There isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _for us? A. some; much B. any; many C. any; much D. any; some( ) 12. There are thirty students in the class. Some are girls, _are boys. A. another B. other C. others D. the other( ) 13.-Have you any Mends(改進(jìn)) here in Guangdong? -Yes, I have_. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few( ) 14. _of them knew about the accident because it was kept a secret. A. Each B. Any C. A