專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)中英對(duì)照

1、Specialized English-review.Words:1. Organic Chemistryalkane烷烴-ene烯(詞尾)-yne炔(詞尾)-ol醇(詞尾)-al醛(詞尾)-yl基(詞尾)aldehyde醛，甲醛amide酰胺ether乙醚ketone酮alcohol醇carboxylic acid羧酸acetic acid乙酸，醋酸ester酯acid chloride酰氯carbon碳hydrocarbon烴carbohydrate碳水化合物L(fēng)ewis acid路易斯酸Lewis base路易斯堿amine胺ammonium銨Grignard reagent格式試劑car

2、bonium ion碳正離子carbonyl羰基benzene苯hydroxyl羥基functional group 官能團(tuán)homologue同系物homologous同系(物)的heteroatom雜(環(huán))原子organometallic有機(jī)金屬的isomer同分異構(gòu)體stereochemistry立體化學(xué)stereoisomer立體異構(gòu)體optically active旋光的，有旋光性的optical rotation旋光度conformational isomer構(gòu)象異構(gòu)體eclipsed conformation重疊構(gòu)象staggered conformation參差構(gòu)象，對(duì)位交叉構(gòu)象

3、isolation別離reflux回流evaporation蒸發(fā)filtration過(guò)濾crystallization結(jié)晶化extraction萃取distillation蒸餾residue殘余物，殘?jiān)黚y-product副產(chǎn)品dehydrate脫水(物)nucleophilic親核的electrophilic親電的addition加成(反應(yīng))substitution取代electronegativity電負(fù)性aliphatic脂肪族的aromatic芳香的derivative衍生物be derived from由衍生/得到parent member母體bond angle鍵角single b

4、ond單鍵double bond雙鍵triple bond三鍵cis順式trans反式localized局限性delocalized離域resonance共振intermediate中間體polarize極化orbital軌道2. Inorganic Chemistryoxide氧化物hydroxide氫氧化物carbon dioxide二氧化碳halide鹵化物carbonate碳酸鹽nitrate硝酸鹽sulphate硫酸鹽lithium鋰sodium鈉potassium鉀calcium鈣magnesium鎂aluminium鋁zinc鋅copper銅iron鐵oxidation氧化red

5、uction復(fù)原h(huán)ydrolysis水解neutralization中和decomposition分解 acid酸oxyacid含氧酸hydrobromic acid氫溴酸hydrofluoric acid氫氟酸sulfuric acid硫酸phosphoric acid磷酸nitric acid硝酸base堿alkali堿alkali-earth堿土金屬hydrogen氫nitrogen氮oxygen氧halogen鹵素sp3-hybridizedsp3雜化formula化學(xué)式3. Physical Chemistryintermolecular分子間的intramolecular分子內(nèi)的t

6、hermodynamics熱力學(xué)exothermic放熱的endothermic吸熱的law定律constant常數(shù)kinetics動(dòng)力學(xué)rate coefficient速率系數(shù)plot against 繪制slope斜率reciprocal倒數(shù)mechanism機(jī)理order級(jí)pseudo-first-order準(zhǔn)一級(jí)pseudo-second-order準(zhǔn)二級(jí)crystal晶體amorphous非晶相phase相interfacial tension界面張力solute溶質(zhì)solvent溶劑dissolve溶解soluble可溶的solubility溶解度capillary毛細(xì)管satur

7、ation飽和aqueous(含)水的equilibrium平衡forward正向backward逆向reversible可逆的irreversible不可逆的hydrophilic親水的hydrophobic疏水的amphiphilic兩親的lipophilic親脂性的surfactant外表活性劑cationic陽(yáng)離子anionic陰離子non-ionic非離子的positive ion陽(yáng)離子，正離子negative ion陰離子，氟離子saponification皂化water-in-oil油包水oil-in-water水包油contact angle接觸角wet濕的emulsifier

8、乳化劑emulsion乳狀液suspension懸浮starch淀粉preservative防腐劑zeolite沸石degradable可降解的adsorption吸附homogeneous均相heterogeneous非均相4. Analytical chemistrytitration滴定analyte分析物titrant滴定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)液standard solution標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溶液indicator指示劑complex-ometric配位滴定法precipitation沉淀，洗出ethylenedia-minetetraacetic acid(EDTA)乙二胺四乙酸qualitative anal

9、ysis定性分析quantitative analysis定量分析equimolar等摩爾的molarity摩爾濃度concentr-ation稀釋stoichiometric化學(xué)計(jì)量的dilute稀釋chelating agent螯合劑spectroscopy光譜學(xué)spectrum光譜mass spectrometry質(zhì)譜gas chromatography氣象色譜法nuclear magnetic resonance核磁共振5. Polymer chemistrymacromolecule高分子，大分子polymer聚合物dimer二聚物trimer三聚物tetramer四聚物polysa

10、ccharide多糖addition polymer加聚condensation polymer縮聚liner polymer班輪聚合net-work polymer網(wǎng)狀聚合物cross-linked polymer交聯(lián)聚合物6. Chemical industryconduction傳導(dǎo)convention規(guī)定countercurrent逆流co-current平行電流batch process間歇過(guò)程，分批工藝/法.Sentenses一單詞的增譯及省譯1.Practically all substance expand when heated and contract when coole

11、d.實(shí)際上一切物質(zhì)都是熱脹冷縮的。 (省譯“when, and, when”)2.Organic compounds are usually volatile and possess low melting points.有機(jī)化合物通常容易揮發(fā)且熔點(diǎn)較低。 (省譯動(dòng)詞“possess”)3.Being stable in air at ordinary temperature ,mercury combines with oxygen if heated.水銀常溫下在空氣中是穩(wěn)定的，但如果加熱時(shí)，它會(huì)與氧化合。 (增譯“但”)二單詞的引申譯1.Tertiary alcohols are ver

12、y resistant to oxidation.叔醇難于氧化2.For the series of normal alkanes, those having one to four carbon atoms are gases.對(duì)直鏈烴系而言，含有一至四個(gè)碳原子的是氣體。三名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)1.If the unsaturation is due to the presence of a triple bond then the compounds are called alkynes.如果不飽和現(xiàn)象是由于叁鍵的存在，則該類(lèi)化合物稱(chēng)為炔烴。 (加譯“類(lèi)”，“炔烴”不必譯出復(fù)數(shù)。)2. . A bo

13、dy with a negative charge possesses more elections than protons.帶負(fù)電的物體所含的電子比質(zhì)子多。 (不譯作“一個(gè)負(fù)電，一個(gè)物體”)(四)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的譯法1. The zinc plate becomes more and more negatively charged with electrons ,as more atoms of zinc dissolve.隨著越來(lái)越多的鋅原子溶解，鋅極板上充滿(mǎn)了電子，使它變得越來(lái)越負(fù)。 (adj.®v.)2. Gases differ from solids in that the

14、former have greater compressibility than the latter. 氣體和固體的區(qū)別在于前者比后者有更大的壓縮性。 (v.®n.)3. One of the outstanding properties of carbon atom is its ability to share its electrons with other carbon atoms. 碳原子的突出性質(zhì)之一是它能與其它碳原子共用其電子。 (n.®v.)4. The chlorine from salt is used for bleaching paper and

15、textiles. 用食鹽制取的氯被用來(lái)漂白紙張和紡織品。 (prep.®v.)5. In their work they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice. 他們?cè)诠ぷ髦蟹浅Ｗ⒅乩碚撀?lián)系實(shí)際。 (n.®v.)(五) 句子成分轉(zhuǎn)換的譯法1.In an absorption system, the refrigerant is usually ammonia. 吸收系統(tǒng)中，通常用氨做冷卻劑。 (表語(yǔ)®賓語(yǔ))2.Organic compounds will not usually

16、 conduct an electric current when in solution. 有機(jī)化合物的溶液通常不導(dǎo)電。 (狀語(yǔ)®主語(yǔ))3.The two electrons involved in a covalent bond have their spins oppositely directed. 此共價(jià)鍵中的兩個(gè)電子的自旋方向相反。 (賓語(yǔ)®主語(yǔ))4.None of these metals have conductivity higher than copper. 這些金屬的導(dǎo)電率都不會(huì)超過(guò)銅。 (賓語(yǔ)®主語(yǔ))5.The different hydr

17、ocarbons in crude oil boil at different temperatures. 原油中各種烴的沸點(diǎn)不同。 (謂語(yǔ)®主語(yǔ))(六) 詞序轉(zhuǎn)變的譯法1. Wetting agents are required to prepare proper dispersion of fine particle powders in liquids/pastes such as color makeup.要制備將細(xì)小粉粒適當(dāng)分散在液體或膏體中的產(chǎn)品，如著色化裝品，需要潤(rùn)濕劑。 (狀語(yǔ)的變序)2. Alkanes undergo reactions such as crack

18、ing, alkylation, oxidation, halogenation, nitration and so on.烷烴能進(jìn)行諸如裂化、烷基化、氧化、鹵化、硝化等反應(yīng)。 (同位語(yǔ)的變序)(七) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的譯法1 Large-scale evaporation process is being developed and used for recovering potable water from seawater. Here the condensed water is the desired product. Only a fraction of the total water in

19、 the feed is recovered , and the remainder is discarded. 目前，大規(guī)模的蒸發(fā)工藝過(guò)程正在發(fā)展并用于從海水中回收有飲用水。這里,冷凝水就是希望得到的產(chǎn)品。但被回收的的水僅是加入的總水量的一部分,而剩余部分則被扔掉。第一、二個(gè)被動(dòng)態(tài)：被動(dòng)意義譯成主動(dòng)意義；第三、四個(gè)被動(dòng)態(tài)：加譯“被”。)2 If the product is suspected of being a compound already known, it is then physically compared with the known material to establi

20、sh its identity. 如果推測(cè)產(chǎn)物是一個(gè)已知的化合物,那就可以用物理方法將它與已知物進(jìn)行比較以確定它們的一致性。(第一個(gè)被動(dòng)態(tài)，先譯謂語(yǔ)，再譯主語(yǔ)；第二個(gè)被動(dòng)態(tài)，在主語(yǔ)前加譯“將”。)3 Careful attention must be paid to the construction of the diagram in using this equation.用這一公式時(shí)必須認(rèn)真注意其圖形結(jié)構(gòu)。 (譯成無(wú)主語(yǔ)句，先譯謂語(yǔ)，再譯主語(yǔ)。)(八) 后置定語(yǔ)的譯法1.The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution co

21、nsisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent.蒸發(fā)的目的是濃縮由非揮發(fā)性溶質(zhì)和揮發(fā)性溶劑所組成的溶液。(現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，修飾“solution”，譯作“的”。)2.This led to the proposals that an acid is a chemical species that can give hydrogen ions or protons in a chemical reaction.這就導(dǎo)致這樣一個(gè)提法：酸是一類(lèi)化學(xué)物質(zhì)，它在化學(xué)反應(yīng)中能給出氫離子或質(zhì)子。(定語(yǔ)從句譯成并列分句)3.Potenti

22、al energy that is not so obvious as kinetic energy exists in many things.勢(shì)能雖然不象動(dòng)能那樣明顯，但它存在于許多物體之中。 (定語(yǔ)從句譯成讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)4.A gas occupies all of any container in which it is placed.無(wú)論把氣體裝在什么容器里，都會(huì)把它充滿(mǎn)。 (定語(yǔ)從句譯成條件狀語(yǔ)從句)5.The problem whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules has been solve

23、d.天然橡膠是否是線(xiàn)型鏈狀分子的聚合物，這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)解決了。(同位語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ)，其先行詞為“problem”，翻譯時(shí)要變序)6.Metal , which possess strength, ductility, malleability, and other remarkable properties, have suppleanted other classes of engineering materials to a considerable extent.由于金屬所具有的強(qiáng)度、延展性、柔韌性以及其它顯著特性，因而在很大程度上已替代了其它種類(lèi)的工程材料。 (定語(yǔ)從句譯成原因狀語(yǔ)從句)7

24、.Matter has certain features or properties that enable us to recognize it easily物質(zhì)具有一定的特征或特性，所以我們能夠容易地識(shí)別它。 (定語(yǔ)從句譯成結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句)(九) 長(zhǎng)句的譯法1 Total determination of structure is also possible by means of X-ray diffraction, so that the classical goal of structure studies-ascertaining the relative spatial posit

25、ions of all the atoms in any molecule-can be readily and routinely attained.全面的結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)定也可以借助X射線(xiàn)衍射來(lái)完成，因此結(jié)構(gòu)研究的經(jīng)典目標(biāo)確定任何分子中所有原子的相對(duì)空間位置就能很快地用常規(guī)的方法來(lái)完成。 (順譯法)2 Valuable solvent vapors carried by a gas stream may be recovered for reuse by washing the gas with an appropriate solvent for the vapors.被氣流攜帶的有價(jià)值的溶劑蒸汽

26、可用下法回收再用，即用適合于該蒸汽的溶劑洗滌該氣流。 (分譯法。添加總括性詞語(yǔ)“下法”先行譯出，后面再表達(dá)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)加譯“得到”。)3 The idea that the four valence bonds of the carbon atom are directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron was advanced in 1874 by Vant Hoff and independently by Le Bel to explain the existence of right-handed and left-handed

27、forms of some organic compounds, which shows in the face development of crystals(enantiomorphism) and in the power of solutions to rotate the plane of polarization of a transmitted beam of polarized light either to the right to the left(optical activity).碳原子的四個(gè)價(jià)鍵都指向正四面體的四角這一概念，是1874年由范托夫和賴(lài)貝爾各自分別提出的，

28、以解釋某些有機(jī)化合物的右旋體或左旋體的存在，它們的存在表現(xiàn)在晶面的發(fā)展(對(duì)映形態(tài))和溶液把透入的偏振光束的偏振面向右或向左旋轉(zhuǎn)的能力(旋光性)上。(同位語(yǔ)從句采用倒譯法，詳見(jiàn)6.3 ；定語(yǔ)從句譯成并列分句詳見(jiàn)8.4二。)4.This procedure eliminates errors caused by the presence of several drops of the substance which may adhere to the sides and tip of the pipette. After this manipulation ,more alcohol is add

29、ed until a clear solution is obtained.這樣能消除由附著在管壁或管尖的樣品所帶來(lái)的誤差。然后再加入乙醇，直至澄清。5.A second method which is the least accurate is very often used in the industry because of its great ease and convenience.第二種配制方法準(zhǔn)確性最初差，但是，由于操作簡(jiǎn)單在工業(yè)上經(jīng)常采用。6.Since the alcohol ordinarily available is the commercial 95 per cent

30、 by volume alcohol, this product is used in preparing alcohol of various strengths.既然通常所用的商業(yè)乙醇的濃度為95%體積比，因此我們可用該濃度的乙醇來(lái)制備各種濃度的乙醇液。7.In reporting the optical rotation of a substance ,one usually writes:optical Rotation at 20 C+1920 or in abbreviated form D20+19 20 ,meaning that the rotation taken at 2

31、0 , using sodium light (D line) is found to be plus 19 degree and 20 minutes.在報(bào)道某物質(zhì)的旋光度時(shí)，我們習(xí)慣按以下的寫(xiě)法。如某物質(zhì)在20 C，旋光度為+1920；或簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為D20，+19 20；即表示，在20C時(shí)，用鈉光測(cè)定的旋光度為正19度20分。8.When the cause for the fragrance breakdown is found to lie not in a principal component of the product, but in an impurity or gradually

32、 developing breakdown product(e.g., rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids and hydrogen chloride from propellant(),it is best to change the product formulation rather than the fragrancethe impurities or breakdown products usually have other undesirable effects in addition to that on the fragrance.如果發(fā)現(xiàn)

33、香料的分解不是出于產(chǎn)品的一個(gè)主要成分，而是一種雜質(zhì)或是一種逐漸產(chǎn)生的分解產(chǎn)物如不飽和脂肪酸的變質(zhì)和推進(jìn)劑2產(chǎn)生的氯化氫，則最好改變產(chǎn)品的配方而不是改變香料的配制，因?yàn)檫@種雜質(zhì)或分解產(chǎn)物除了對(duì)香料產(chǎn)生作用外，通常還會(huì)有其他不良的影響。9.In contrast, cross-linked polymers usually lack the ability to be completely dissolved by solvents, and usually do not undergoing melting or fusion.相反，交聯(lián)聚合物通常缺乏被溶劑完全溶解的能力，而且經(jīng)常不能熔化或熔融

34、。10.Similarly, the order with respect to B can be determined by plotting logA,0 against logB0 with A0 held constant.類(lèi)似地，B的級(jí)數(shù)可由在A0恒定時(shí)用logA,0對(duì)logB0作曲線(xiàn)而得到。11.Whereas this is approximately so, over limited ranges of temperature difference for which U is nearly constant ,in practice U may well be influen

35、ced both by the temperature difference and by the absolute value of the temperatures.其實(shí)在一個(gè)有限的溫差范圍內(nèi)當(dāng)U幾乎恒定時(shí)，是近似如此；但實(shí)際上U卻可能受溫差和絕對(duì)溫度二者的影響很大。12.If it is required to know the area needed for the transfer of heat at a specified rate, the temperature difference T, and the value of the overall heat transfer

36、coefficient in any design problem in which heating or cooling is involved.假設(shè)需知道在一指定速率下進(jìn)行傳熱所需的面積時(shí)，就須知道包括加熱或冷卻在內(nèi)的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題中的溫差T及總傳熱系數(shù)值。13.Additionally, the respective isomer distribution in the individual surfactant classes has great significance, because from it, varying application properties do result.此

37、外，有關(guān)的異構(gòu)體在各類(lèi)外表活性劑中的分布也可具有重要作用，因?yàn)椴煌姆植即_實(shí)可以產(chǎn)生不相同的應(yīng)用性能。14.A mixture of 1750 g. of crystalline sodium sulfite(Na2SO3·7H2O),625 g.of sodium bicarbonate and 5 liters of water was agitated at room temperature for about two hours, or until the solid carbonate had disappeared .The solution was then coole

38、d by means of an ice-bath to 5 - 10 and 500 g.of commercial citral added with vigorous agitation, which was continued for three to four hours ,intimate contact being effected between oil and solution, and air excluded as much as possible. Under these conditions ,only the citral went into solution, n

39、amely, as the labile dihydrodisulfonic acid derivative. The solution was agitated thoroughly with about 500 cc. of ether, the ether removed and the process repeated in order to remove all undissolved impurities.在室溫下將1750克晶狀亞硫酸鈉，625克碳酸氫鈉及5L水混合并攪拌兩小時(shí)，或攪拌至固體碳酸鹽消失。然后用冰水浴將溫度降至5 - 10，加入500克市售檸檬醛劇烈攪拌，并持續(xù)三、

40、四小時(shí)以使油與溶液充分接觸，同時(shí)盡可能的排除空氣。在這些條件下，只有檸檬醛進(jìn)入溶液，即檸檬醛形成不穩(wěn)定的二氫-二磺酸衍生物。將溶液與500c.c.乙醚充分?jǐn)嚢瑁ヒ颐?，如此重?fù)數(shù)次以除去所有不能溶解的雜質(zhì)。(十) 書(shū)上重點(diǎn)句子Lesson 11.The size of atoms decreases from left ot right across a period in the periodic table在元素周期表中沿著周期從左到右的半徑遞減2.On descending a group in the periodic table such as lithium,sodium,pot

41、assium,rubidium,caesium,the size of the atoms increases due to the effect of extra shells of electrons being added;this outweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge.在周期表中同族從上到下例如鋰、鈉、鉀、銣和銫，由于增加額外電子層的影響，原子的半徑遞減，這個(gè)影響超過(guò)增加核電荷所起的作用。3.Thus the effective nuclear charge is increased and the electrons are

42、 pulled in.這樣就使有效核電荷增加，從而將電子拉向原子核。Lesson 21.The most electropositive elements are found in the lower left of the periodic table and the most nonmetallic in the top right.電正性最強(qiáng)的元素出現(xiàn)在周期表的左下角，而非金屬性最強(qiáng)的元素則出現(xiàn)在周期表的右上角2.Electropositivity is really the converse of electronegativity,but it is convenient to re

43、tain the concept of electropositivity when describing metals.電正性實(shí)際上是電負(fù)性的相反概念，但在描述金屬的時(shí)，保留電正性概念較為方便。3.However,this generalization does not hold for the d block,and particularly for the central groups of transition elements (Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) where basicity and the ability to form simple ions decreases o

44、n descending the group.不過(guò)這個(gè)規(guī)律不適用與d區(qū)(元素)，特別不適用于中間組的過(guò)度元素(Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni),(因?yàn)樗鼈兊?堿性和生成簡(jiǎn)單離子的能力在族中(自上而下)遞降。Lesson 31.Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative potential,由于鋅的正向反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生較大的負(fù)電勢(shì)，2.Similar applications in which one metal is sacrificed to protect another are the att

45、aching of sacrificial blocks of magnesium to underground steel pipelines and the hulls of ships to prevent the rusting of iron.犧牲一種金屬以保護(hù)另一種金屬的類(lèi)似應(yīng)用是把一塊作犧牲用的鎂錠同下部的鋼管和船體連接起來(lái)以防止鐵的生銹。3.Standard electrode potentials are measured on a scale with:H+e=H E0=0.0volts標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢(shì)是以(如下)標(biāo)度(為準(zhǔn))來(lái)測(cè)量的：H+e=H E0=0.0volts4.Wh

46、enever this is found,the species in the middle (Cu+ in this case) disproportionates,that is it behaves as both a self-oxidizing and a self-reducing agent because it is energetically favourable for the following two changes to occur together.當(dāng)存在這種情況時(shí)，處于中間的物質(zhì)(本例中的Cu+)便會(huì)發(fā)生歧化反應(yīng)，即它起自身氧化劑和自身復(fù)原劑的作用，因?yàn)橐韵聝煞N變

47、化同時(shí)發(fā)生在能量上是有利的。Lesson 61.It is an historically important molecule,and as a probable constituent of the primeval broth it may have been a building block from which such molecules as morphine and peptides were constructed.它是具有歷史意義的重要分子，因?yàn)樗窃既鉁囊环N可能成分，或許還是構(gòu)成嗎啡和肽這樣的分子的結(jié)構(gòu)單元。2.Of course,it isnt,for methan

48、e is a three-dimensional molecule with tetrahedral symmetry,and the distance between all the hydrogens is exactly the same.(而事實(shí)上)當(dāng)然不是(這種情況)，因?yàn)榧淄槭且粋€(gè)四面體對(duì)稱(chēng)的三維分子，因此所有氫原子之間的距離都是完全相等的。3.If a frameworkmodel of ethane is inspected,it is apparent that there are an infinite number of orientationgs which the t

49、wo CH3 groups can take with respect to each other.如果我們觀察一下乙烷的骨架模型，就不難看出兩個(gè)甲基的相對(duì)定向的數(shù)量是無(wú)線(xiàn)的。4.This structure can be represented by a “three-quarters view” or by a “head-on view”,in which the viewer looks directly down the axis of the carbon-carbon bond(often referred to Newman projection).這一結(jié)構(gòu)可用“3/4透視圖”

50、或“正視圖”來(lái)表示，后者是觀察者直接通過(guò)碳-碳鍵的軸向后看(常稱(chēng)為Newman投影圖)5.A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered ofrms of ethane.根據(jù)乙烷的重疊式和交叉式，還可描述一種更細(xì)微的異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象。6.There is , in other words , rapid rotation around the CC bond,and for most purposes ethane can be considered as a rapidly equilibrat

51、ing mixture of molecules in the eclipsed and staggered conformations along with the infinite number of additional conformations falling between the extremes.換句話(huà)說(shuō)，圍繞C-C鍵旋轉(zhuǎn)的速度很快，并且在大多數(shù)情況下，乙烷都可看做是，在重疊構(gòu)象和交叉構(gòu)象，以及在這兩個(gè)極端構(gòu)象之間的無(wú)數(shù)其它構(gòu)象中迅速平衡的分子混合物。Lesson 91.Thus, certain carbon nucleophiles add so efficiently t

52、hat for all practical purposes , the reactions are irreversible , whereas halogen nucleophiles add so inefficiently that , for all practical purpose , the reactions dont proceed at all.因此，某些碳親核試劑的加成效率非常高，以致反應(yīng)實(shí)際上是不可逆的，而鹵素親核試劑的加成效率卻很低，實(shí)際上反應(yīng)完全不能進(jìn)行。2.Reactions of this type provide useful intermediates i

53、n synthesis sequences and the reader who takes itme out at this point to consider the ramifications that are possible with various combinations o faldehydes, ketones, and carbon nucleophiles is ready to play the game of “paper synthesis”.這種類(lèi)型的反應(yīng)提供了合成程序中的有用的中間體，讀者在這方面只要花些時(shí)間考慮醛、酮和親核試劑的各種可能的化合所出現(xiàn)的結(jié)果，就易

54、于玩一場(chǎng)“紙上合成”的游戲。3.These characterisitcs make “derivatives” of this sort valuable,for they are pure compounds that have retained the carbon framework of the original aldehyde or ketone, possess melting points which can be compared with those of known compounds and can be converted back to the original

55、aldehyde or ketone by hydrolysis.這些純潔物具有以下特點(diǎn)：保留原來(lái)的醛和酮的碳架，所具有的熔點(diǎn)可以與那些已知化合物的熔點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較，并且通過(guò)水解能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵瓉?lái)的醛和酮，因此這些特點(diǎn)使得這類(lèi)“衍生物”具有重要價(jià)值。Lesson 101.As the relative molecular mass increases, volatility decreases and the esters gradually become viscous, oily liquids or waxy solids.隨著相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量的增加，其揮發(fā)性降低，酯逐漸變粘而成油狀液體或蠟狀固體。2.The com