Hit-the-nail-on-the-head、Things-The-Throw-away-Society等12篇英語散文中英對譯

1、Unit 1Text AHit the nail on the head恰到好處Alan Warner 1）Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand,

2、 will drive the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective, will not sa

3、tisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose.你見過一個(gè)笨手笨腳的男人往箱子上釘釘子嗎？他先是左敲敲，然后右敲敲，有時(shí)還會(huì)將整個(gè)釘子錘翻，結(jié)果釘子只敲進(jìn)一半。而一個(gè)嫻熟的木匠，只需堅(jiān)實(shí)巧妙地正對釘頭敲幾下，就能一釘?shù)降住ＵZ言也是如此。一位優(yōu)秀的藝術(shù)家選擇詞語時(shí)會(huì)力求準(zhǔn)確有力地表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。差不多的詞，不準(zhǔn)確的短語，模棱兩可的表達(dá)，含糊不清的修飾，都無法滿足一個(gè)力求用詞精確的作家的要求。他會(huì)一直尋找那個(gè)能準(zhǔn)

4、確表達(dá)他意思的詞。 2）The French have an apt phrase for this. They speak of “l(fā)e mot juste,” (the exact word) the word that is just right. Stories are told of scrupulous writers, like Flaubert, who spent days trying to get one or two sentences exactly right. Words are many and various; they are subtle and deli

5、cate in their different shades of meaning, and it is not easy to find the ones that express precisely what we want to say. It is not only a matter of having a good command of language and a fairly wide vocabulary; it is also necessary to think hard and to observe accurately. Choosing words is part o

6、f the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words. Someone once remarked: “How can I know what I think till I see what I say?” this sounds stupid, but there is a great deal of truth in it.法國人有一個(gè)很貼切的短語來表達(dá)這個(gè)意思，即“l(fā)e mot ju

7、ste”,恰到好處的詞。有很多關(guān)于精益求精的作家的故事，比如福樓拜可以花幾天時(shí)間力求使一兩個(gè)句子在表達(dá)上準(zhǔn)確無誤。在浩瀚的詞海里，詞與詞之間有著微妙的區(qū)別，這使我們很難找到能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)我們意思的詞。這不僅是扎實(shí)的語言功底和相當(dāng)?shù)脑~匯量的問題，還需要人們絞盡腦汁，細(xì)致觀察。措辭是認(rèn)識過程的一個(gè)步驟，也是自我情感表達(dá)，使自己以及聽眾和讀者深刻理解的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。有人提出：“在我思想未成文前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”這聽起來似乎很離譜，但它確實(shí)很有道理。 3）It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the

8、satisfaction that finding them brings. The exact use of language gives us mastery over the material we are dealing with. Perhaps you have been asked “What sort of a man is so-and-so?” You begin: “Oh, I think hes quite a nice chap but hes rather” and then you hesitate trying to find a word or phrase

9、to express what it is about him that you dont like, that constitutes his limitation. When you find the right phrase you feel that your conception of the man is clearer and sharper.選擇正確的詞并非易事。一旦找到了那個(gè)詞，我們就會(huì)感到很欣慰。準(zhǔn)確的用語有助于我們深入了解我們描述的事物?？赡苡腥藛栠^你：“某某是怎樣的人？”你回答：“我覺得他是個(gè)很不錯(cuò)的家伙，但他非?！苯又悛q豫了，試圖找到一個(gè)詞或短語來說明他到底討厭在哪

10、里。當(dāng)你找到一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z時(shí)，你發(fā)覺自己對他的看法更清楚更準(zhǔn)確了。 4）Some English words have a common root but are used in very different senses. Consider human and humane, for example. Their origin is the same and their meanings are related, but their usage is distinct. A human action is not the same thing as a humane action. We c

11、annot speak of a Declaration of Humane Rights. - There is a weapon called a humane killer, but it is not a human killer.有些英語詞匯詞根相同但意思卻大不相同。例如human和humane,這兩個(gè)詞的詞根相同，意思也是相關(guān)的，但是用法完全不同。human action 是人類行為，而humane action是人道行為，兩者截然不同。我們不會(huì)說人道權(quán)力宣言，而是說人權(quán)宣言。就像有一種工具叫做humane killer,即麻醉屠宰機(jī)， 而不是叫human killer的殺人機(jī)器。

12、 5）We dont have to look far afield to find evidence of bad carpentry in language. A student, replying to an invitation to dinner, finished his letter: “I shall be delighted to come and I am looking forward to the day with anxiety.” Anxiety carries with it suggestions of worry and fear. What the writ

13、er meant was possibly eagerness. Anxiety has some kinship with eagerness but it will not do as a substitute in this context.語言中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)睦釉谖覀兩磉呺S處可見。有人邀請一名學(xué)生去吃飯，他寫信給予回復(fù)，結(jié)尾是這樣的：“我將很高興前來赴約，并且滿懷不安期待著這個(gè)日子的到來。”anxiety 這個(gè)詞含有煩惱和恐懼的意思。那個(gè)學(xué)生可能是想表達(dá)一種期盼的心情。雖然anxiety跟期盼有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)，但在這個(gè)語境中的意思是不能等同的。 6）The leader of a polit

14、ical party in Uganda wrote a letter to the Press which contained this sentence: Let us all fight this selfishness, opportunism, cowardice and ignorance now rife in Uganda and put in their place truth, manliness, consistency and singularity of mind.烏干達(dá)一名政黨領(lǐng)袖給新聞界的一封信中有句話這樣寫到：讓我們打破這被自私、投機(jī)、懦弱和無知充斥的烏干達(dá)，代

15、之以真理、剛毅、堅(jiān)定和奇異的精神。 7）This stirring appeal is spoilt by a malapropism in the last phrase, the word singularity. What the writer meant, I think, was singleness of mind, holding steadfastly to the purpose in mind, without being drawn aside by less worthy objects. Singularity means oddity or peculiarity,

16、 something that singles a man out from other men.這一振奮人心的呼吁被最后一個(gè)詞singularity的誤用破壞了。我猜想作者真正想要表達(dá)的意思是思想的專一，即堅(jiān)定一個(gè)信念永不改變，咬定青山不放松，不被次要的目的干擾。而singularity指的是古怪或特性，是將一個(gè)人從其他大部分人中區(qū)分出來的那種依據(jù)。 8）Without being a malapropism, a word may still fail to be the right word for the writers purpose, the “mot juste”. A jour

17、nalist, writing a leader about Christmas, introduced a quotation from Dickens by saying:All that was ever thought or written about Christmas is imprisoned in this sentence.排除了文字誤用，一個(gè)詞仍有可能無法準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)作者的真實(shí)意圖。一名記者在描寫圣誕節(jié)社論時(shí)，引用了狄更斯的話：任何有關(guān)圣誕節(jié)的想法和文字，都被禁錮在了這個(gè)句子里Imprisonment suggests force, coercion, as if the me

18、aning were held against its will. It would be better to write contained or summed up. Epitomized might do, though it is rather a clumsy-sounding word. Searching a little farther for the “mot juste” we might hit on the word distilled. This has more force than contained or summed up. Distillation sugg

19、ests essence and we might further improve the sentence by adding this word at the beginning:The essence of all that was ever thought or written about Christmas is distilled in this sentence.“禁錮”意味著強(qiáng)迫、壓迫，就好像意義在違背其真實(shí)意愿?！鞍荨被蛘摺案攀觥钡貙憚t會(huì)好一些。比如“概括”，盡管念起來非常拗口。進(jìn)一步探索這個(gè)“準(zhǔn)確的詞”，就能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)“提煉”。提煉意味著找到本質(zhì)，因此我們能夠通過在開頭加上這

20、個(gè)詞，進(jìn)一步提升整個(gè)句子：任何有關(guān)圣誕節(jié)想法和文字的本質(zhì)，都背提煉到了這個(gè)句子里。English has a wide vocabulary and it is a very flexible language. There are many different ways of making a statement. But words that are very similar in meaning have fine shades of difference, and a student needs to be alive to these differences. By using hi

21、s dictionary, and above all by reading, a student can increase his sensitivity to these shades of difference and improve his ability to express his own meanings exactly.英語有很大的詞匯量，它是一種非常靈活的語言。創(chuàng)造一種效果可以有很多種方式。但在意義上非常相近的詞，其外形可以有很大的差別，而學(xué)生需要巧妙地掌握這些區(qū)別。借助字典，最重要的是借助閱讀，可以加深學(xué)生對這些外形的掌握，以及提高他們準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)意愿的能力。 9）Profes

22、sor Raileigh once stated: “there are no synonyms, and the same statement can never be repeated in a changed form of words.” This is perhaps too absolute, but it is not easy to disprove. Even a slight alteration in the wording of a statement can subtly shift the meaning. Look at these two sentences:(

23、1)He died poor.(2)He expired in indigent circumstances.專家羅利曾聲明：“沒有同義詞這個(gè)概念，變換了形式的詞根本不可能表達(dá)同一種意義?！边@樣說或許太過絕對，但并不是毫無道理。就算是對一個(gè)詞進(jìn)行一個(gè)很細(xì)微的變動(dòng)，也會(huì)細(xì)微地改變意義。看下面兩個(gè)句子：（1） 他死的時(shí)侯很窮。 （2） 他斷氣時(shí)窮困潦倒。In one sense expired is a synonym for died and in indigent circumstances for poor, but when the whole statement is considere

24、d, we cannot maintain that the two are the same. The change in words is a change in style, and the effect on the reader is quite different. It is perhaps easier to be a good craftsman with wood and nails than a good craftsman with words, but all of us can increase our skill and sensitivity with a li

25、ttle effort and patience. In this way we shall not only improve our writing, but also our reading.在某種意義上，expired 是died 的同義詞，in indigent circumstances 是poor 的同義詞，但從整個(gè)句子上看來，我們不能說這兩個(gè)句子是一樣的。詞上變化只是形式的變化，而在讀者看來詞義卻大不同。成為一個(gè)善與木頭和釘子打交道的優(yōu)秀木匠，要比成為一個(gè)善與字詞打交道的優(yōu)秀木匠要容易的多，但我們都可以通過努力練習(xí)加強(qiáng)技巧和敏感度。這樣我們不僅可以提高寫作能力，還有閱讀能力。10

26、）The foreign student of English may be discouraged and dismayed when he learns that there are over 400,000 words in the English language, without counting slang. But let him take courage. More than half of these words are dead. They are not in current use. Even Shakespeare used a vocabulary of only

27、some 20,000 words. The average Englishman today probably has a vocabulary range of from 12,000 to 13,000 words. It is good to make your vocabulary as complete as you can, but a great deal can be said and written with a vocabulary of no more than 10,000 words. The important thing is to have a good co

28、ntrol and command over the words you do know. Better know two words exactly than three vaguely. A good carpenter is not distinguished by the number of his tools, but by the craftsmanship with which he uses them. So a good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in fi

29、nding the “mot juste”, the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head.即使不算上俚語，英語就已有40余萬詞匯，這可能會(huì)讓學(xué)習(xí)英語的外國學(xué)生感到灰心和沮喪。但是，讓他們感到欣慰的是，當(dāng)前超過一半的詞匯已經(jīng)不再使用。就算莎士比亞也只使用兩萬字左右的詞庫?，F(xiàn)在，普通英國人的詞匯量在12000到13000之間。詞匯量的擴(kuò)大當(dāng)然是有好處的，但是其實(shí)10000左右的詞匯量對于說話和寫字來說已經(jīng)足夠。關(guān)鍵在于扎實(shí)的掌控和運(yùn)用你所知道的這些詞匯。精準(zhǔn)地掌握兩個(gè)詞的意思比模糊地明白三個(gè)詞的意義要來得好。評判一個(gè)木匠好壞的依據(jù)并不在于

30、他擁有的工具數(shù)量的多少，而在于他的技藝是否精湛。同樣，衡量一個(gè)作家好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)并不在于他詞匯量的多少，而在于他尋找恰當(dāng)詞匯的能力，這個(gè)詞要能一針見血，恰到好處。Text BThings: The Throw-away Society垃圾社會(huì)、一次性社會(huì)Alvin Toffler1）“Barbie,” a twelve-inch plastic teen-ager, is the best known and best-selling doll in history. Since its introduction in 1959, the Barbie doll population of the

31、 world has grown to 12,000,000 more than the human population of Los Angeles or London or Paris. Little girls adore Barbie because she is highly realistic and eminently dress-upable. Mattel, Inc., maker of Barbie, also sells a complete wardrobe for her, including clothes for ordinary daytime wear, c

32、lothes for formal party wear, clothes for swimming and skiing.十二英寸高的塑料小人“芭比”曾是歷史上最著名最暢銷的洋娃娃，自從1959年問世以來，全世界的芭比娃娃的數(shù)量增長到1200,0000人比洛杉磯，倫敦和巴黎任何一個(gè)城市的人口還要多。小女孩熱衷芭比娃娃是因?yàn)樗芟裾娴亩铱梢匀我飧鼡Q衣服，作為芭比娃娃的生產(chǎn)廠家，Mattel公司還出售芭比的整體衣柜，包括日常便裝，正式晚裝，泳裝和滑雪衫。2）Recently Mattel announced a new improved Barbie doll. The new version

33、 has a slimmer figure, “real” eyelashes and a twist-and turn waist that makes her more humanoid than ever. Moreover, Mattel announced that, for the first time, any young lady wishing to purchase a new Barbie would receive a trade-in allowance for her old one.最近Mattel公司推出一款更高級的芭比娃娃，這個(gè)新產(chǎn)品身材更苗條，有仿真睫毛，又

34、可以扭轉(zhuǎn)彎曲的腰肢，所有這些特點(diǎn)使其更加人性化。此外，M公司還首次宣布，任何一個(gè)購買芭比娃娃的女士都可以獲得舊芭比娃娃的折價(jià)優(yōu)惠。3）What Mattel did not announce was that by trading in her old doll for a technologically improved modes, the little girl of today, citizen of tomorrows super-industrial world, would learn a fundamental lesson about the new society: tha

35、t mans relationships with things are increasingly temporary.M公司所沒有宣布的是，通過折舊芭比娃娃來銷售新款芭比娃娃，今天的小女孩，明天工業(yè)化社會(huì)的公民就會(huì)得出這樣一個(gè)對社會(huì)的基本認(rèn)識：人類和物品的關(guān)系越來越短暫。4）The ocean of man-made physical objects that surrounds us is set within a larger ocean of natural objects. But increasingly, it is the technologically produced en

36、vironment that matters for the individual. The texture of plastic or concrete, the iridescent glisten of an automobile under a streetlight, the staggering vision of a cityscape seen from the window of a jet these are the intimate realities of his existence. Man-made things enter into and color his c

37、onsciousness. Their number is expanding with explosive force, both absolutely and relative to the natural environment. This will be even more true in super-industrial society than it is today.我們周圍人造物品的海洋外圍還有更廣闊的自燃物品的海洋。但是這個(gè)技術(shù)制造的環(huán)境逐漸影響著人類。塑料或混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)， 街燈下霓虹閃爍的汽車，從飛機(jī)窗口俯瞰到的緩慢移動(dòng)的城市這些人類的親密伙伴。人造物品進(jìn)入并影響了人類意識，

38、其數(shù)量急劇增長， 無論是就絕對而言還是相對而言。這種現(xiàn)象在將來的超級工業(yè)化社會(huì)會(huì)更加突出。5）Anti-materialists tend to deride the importance of “things.” Yet things are highly significant, not merely because of their functional utility, but also because of their psychological impact. We develop relationships with things. Things affect our sense

39、 of foreshortening of our relationships with things accelerates the pace of life.唯心主義者試圖否認(rèn)物品的重要性，但是物品是非常重要的，不僅因?yàn)樗袑?shí)用功能，還因?yàn)槠鋵竦挠绊懀覀儼l(fā)展和物品的關(guān)系，物品影響我們對關(guān)聯(lián)和斷聯(lián)的意識。他們在情景結(jié)構(gòu)中的作用，我們和物品關(guān)系的縮短加快了生活的節(jié)奏。6）Moreover, our attitudes toward things reflect basic value judgments. Nothing could be more dramatic than the d

40、ifference between the new breed of little girls who cheerfully turn in their Barbies for the new improved model and those who, like their mothers and grandmothers before them, clutch lingeringly and lovingly to the same doll until it disintegrates from sheer age. In this difference lies the contrast

41、 between past and future, between societies based on permanence, and the new, fast-forming society based on transience.此外，我們對物品的態(tài)度反映了基本的價(jià)值評判。有的小女孩興高采烈的把她們的芭比娃娃換成新款高級的娃娃，有的小女孩象她們的母親和祖母年少時(shí)一樣，終日抱著同一個(gè)娃娃，形影不離，愛不釋手，直到長大后娃娃從生活中消失，沒有什么比這更具有戲劇性的對比了。這種不同在于過去和未來的對比，對于永久的社會(huì)和新的變幻無常的社會(huì)的對比。7）That man-thing relatio

42、nships are growing more and more temporary may be illustrated by examining the culture surrounding the little girl who trades in her doll. This child soon learns that Barbie dolls are by no means the only physical objects that pass into and out of her young life at a rapid clip. Diapers, bibs, paper

43、 napkins, Kleenex, towels, non-returnable soda bottlesall are used up quickly in her home and ruthlessly eliminated. Corn muffins come in baking tins that are thrown away after one use. Spinach is encased in plastic sacks that can be dropped into a pan of boiling water for heating, and then thrown a

44、way. TV dinners are cooked and often served on throw-away trays. Her home is a large processing machine through which objects flow, entering and leaving, at a faster and faster rate of speed. From birth on, she is inextricably embedded in a throw-away culture.觀察一下舊芭比換新芭比的小女孩身后的文化就可以看出人類和物品間的關(guān)系越來越短暫，

45、這些孩子很快會(huì)知道有很多物品以極快的速度進(jìn)入并離開他們的生活，不只是芭比娃娃。紙尿褲，圍裙，紙巾，手絹，非循環(huán)使用的蘇打汽水瓶所有這些在她家被迅速使用，有的被無情的丟棄。玉米松餅放進(jìn)一次性的烤罐，菠菜放進(jìn)塑料袋中，這種塑料袋可以一起放進(jìn)沸水鍋中加熱然后丟棄。電視上的烹飪節(jié)目也經(jīng)常使用一次性的碟子。她的家就是一個(gè)大型處理機(jī)器，通過這個(gè)機(jī)器，物品以越來越快的速度不斷流動(dòng)，進(jìn)入又離開，從出生開始，她就被包圍在一次性的文化中。8）The idea of using a product once or for a brief period and then replacing it, runs coun

46、ter to the grain of societies or individuals steeped in a heritage of poverty. Not long ago Uriel Rone, a market researcher for the French advertising agency Publicis, told me: “The French housewife is not used to disposable products. She likes to keep things, even old things, rather than throw-away

47、 curtain. We did a marketing study for them and found the resistance too strong.” This resistance, however, is dying all over the developed world.對一次性物品的使用讓人想到了糧食問題和祖祖輩輩生活在貧困中的人，不久前，法國廣告代理公司P的一位市場調(diào)查員U R 告訴我:“法國的家庭主婦并不習(xí)慣于使用一次性的產(chǎn)品，她們喜歡把東西留著，即使是舊物品也不會(huì)丟。我們代表公司宣傳一種一次性的塑料窗簾。我們隊(duì)她們作市場調(diào)查，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)她們的抵制情緒很強(qiáng)?！边@種抵制在其

48、他發(fā)達(dá)國家越來越少了。9）Thus a writer, Edward Maze, has pointed out that many Americans visiting Sweden in the early 1950s were astounded by its cleanliness. “We were almost awed by the fact that there were no beer and soft drink bottles by the road sides, as, much to our shame, there were in America. But by t

49、he 1960s lo and behold, bottles were suddenly blooming along Swedish highways What happened? Sweden had become a buy, use and throw-away society, following the American pattern.” In Japan today throw-away tissues are so universal that cloth handkerchiefs are regarded as old fashioned, not to say uns

50、anitary. In England for sixpence one may buy a “Dentamatic throw-away toothbrush” which comes already coated with toothpaste for its one-time use. And even in France, disposable cigarette lighters are commonplace. Form cardboard milk containers to the rockets that power space vehicles, products crea

51、ted for short-term or one-time use are becoming more numerous and crucial to our way of life.因此，作家E M 指出在十二世紀(jì)五十年代初期，很多區(qū)瑞典觀光的美國人都被瑞典的干凈所震驚“讓我們敬佩的是路邊沒有一個(gè)啤酒瓶和軟飲料瓶，而自慚形穢的是，美國到處都是。但是到二十世紀(jì)六十年代，看看吧，各種瓶瓶罐罐凸現(xiàn)在瑞典的高速公路上怎么了？跟美國一樣，瑞典已經(jīng)變成一個(gè)購買，使用一次性物品的國家了。在當(dāng)今的日本，一次性的紙巾非常普遍，手絹已經(jīng)老土了，而且也不衛(wèi)生。在英國，花七便士就可以買到已經(jīng)擠好牙膏，一次性使用的

52、牙刷。即使在法國，一次性的打火機(jī)也很普遍，從牛奶只喝到為太空提供動(dòng)力的火箭，它們對我們的生活起著越來越重要的作用。10）We develop a throw-away mentality to match our throw-away products. This mentality produces, among other things, a set of radically altered values with respect to property. But the spread of disposability through the society also implies de

53、creased durations in man-thing relationships. Instead of being linked with a single object over a relatively long span of time, we are linked for brief periods with the succession of objects that supplant it.我們已經(jīng)形成了一種一次性的心態(tài)，來適應(yīng)一次性的產(chǎn)品。這種心態(tài)使得我們對于物品的價(jià)值觀產(chǎn)生了巨大的改變。然而社會(huì)中的一次性文化的蔓延也預(yù)示著人類和物品的關(guān)系持續(xù)的時(shí)間越來越短。我們只是和

54、一系列馬上將被代替的物品保持短期的聯(lián)系，而不是和某一物品保持長期的聯(lián)系。Unit 2Text AGrouping the Gifted:Pro按天分分組：正方1）I regard gifted children as those who possess some quality or innate ability which has been recognized and identified by any number of testing and observation devices and who manifest interest and success in either phys

55、ical, intellectual, or artistic pursuits.我認(rèn)為天才的兒童是這樣一些人：他們具備在各種測驗(yàn)儀器與觀察儀器上得到識別和確認(rèn)的某些素質(zhì)和天賦的能力。他們在體育、智力或藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)出興趣并獲得成功。2）These might be children who are gifted athletes but who have real trouble mastering academic subject matter, or students who are poor athletes but are highly intellectual “quiz kids”

56、 who knock the top off all measuring devices. “Gifted” may describe pupils of average intelligence who have exceptional ability in art or music, or it may refer to the child with an IQ of 135 who excels in everything. 這些兒童可能是天才的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，而在掌握學(xué)校的文化課程方面卻有著很大的障礙；也可能是體育一無所長，卻能攻克所有測試難題的高智“神童”；天才既可以指那些智力平平卻在藝術(shù)或

57、音樂方面有超凡能力的學(xué)生；也可以指那些在任何方面都表現(xiàn)出色，智商為135的學(xué)生。3）How can we deal with these gifted? I firmly believe that we should group them as nearly as possible according to interest and ability (giftedness) and challenge them with a type of program that will help them to grow to the fullest extent of their abilities

58、and capacities. 我們怎樣對待這些天才呢？我堅(jiān)信我們應(yīng)按興趣和能力(天賦多少的程度)盡可能接近地把他們分在一組，用能夠幫助他們盡可能充分發(fā)揮他們的能力和才華的教學(xué)計(jì)劃給他們考驗(yàn)、刺激。4）This grouping could take the form of special subject arrangements in the elementary grades, a situation in which a class is heterogeneously grouped most of the day but is divided at times into specia

59、l interest or ability class groups for special instruction. In high school, it may take the form of grouping students in regular classes according to any number of criteria but basically those of interest and proficiency (or lack of proficiency) in various subject areas.在低年級可安排特別課程加以組班，即在一天中的大部分時(shí)間里學(xué)生在多元化的班級學(xué)習(xí)，而在一些時(shí)間內(nèi)，只按特別興趣和能力分類組班，專門施教。在中學(xué)，可任意規(guī)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織普通班，但基本上可按