氣象專業(yè)英語1

1、 氣象科技英語氣象科技英語 English For Meteorological Science and Technology擴(kuò)展大氣科學(xué)類專業(yè)英語詞匯量擴(kuò)展大氣科學(xué)類專業(yè)英語詞匯量熟悉專業(yè)術(shù)語及專業(yè)英語的特殊語法熟悉專業(yè)術(shù)語及專業(yè)英語的特殊語法掌握氣象專業(yè)英語翻譯技巧掌握氣象專業(yè)英語翻譯技巧 順利閱讀外語文獻(xiàn)資料和書籍順利閱讀外語文獻(xiàn)資料和書籍學(xué)習(xí)目的學(xué)習(xí)目的Learn English , Go Abroad, To Watch the World!課時安排課時安排總學(xué)時總學(xué)時3232，周學(xué)時，周學(xué)時2 2由于學(xué)時有限，實(shí)際的課堂教學(xué)以第一部分為由于學(xué)時有限，實(shí)際的課堂教學(xué)以第一部分為主，第

2、二三部分供課余學(xué)習(xí)。主，第二三部分供課余學(xué)習(xí)。第一部分學(xué)習(xí)第一部分學(xué)習(xí)8 8課，我們課堂詳細(xì)閱讀講解。課，我們課堂詳細(xì)閱讀講解。Part One: Reading materials of English for meteorological science and technology 參考教材參考教材u壽紹文等，壽紹文等，氣象科技英語教程氣象科技英語教程，氣象出版社，氣象出版社，20022002u何三寧等，何三寧等，氣象科技英語翻譯氣象科技英語翻譯，氣象出版社，氣象出版社，20102010uC.DonaldC.Donald Ahrens Ahrens ，Meteorology TodayM

3、eteorology Today，20092009u錢正安，錢正安，氣象科技英語氣象科技英語900900句句，氣象出版社，氣象出版社，19991999u盛芝義等，盛芝義等，科技英語科技英語900900句句，氣象出版社，氣象出版社，19911991講課方式講課方式 課前請同學(xué)們預(yù)習(xí)將要上的課程，課堂上以提課前請同學(xué)們預(yù)習(xí)將要上的課程，課堂上以提問方式，講解方式為主。并挑出其中的長句、問方式，講解方式為主。并挑出其中的長句、難句重點(diǎn)分析。對于每一課挑選出的重要的專難句重點(diǎn)分析。對于每一課挑選出的重要的專業(yè)詞匯，要求同學(xué)們熟練掌握課后總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)。業(yè)詞匯，要求同學(xué)們熟練掌握課后總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)。 考考 試試閉卷

4、閉卷概述概述(前言前言)科技英語是描述科技用詞中各種語言現(xiàn)象和特科技英語是描述科技用詞中各種語言現(xiàn)象和特性的一種英語體系，它是用來進(jìn)行國際科技交性的一種英語體系，它是用來進(jìn)行國際科技交流的重要手段。全面的專業(yè)英語能力應(yīng)包括讀，流的重要手段。全面的專業(yè)英語能力應(yīng)包括讀，寫，譯，聽，說等五個主要方面對于本科生寫，譯，聽，說等五個主要方面對于本科生來說，應(yīng)基本具備這五方面的能力，尤其是來說，應(yīng)基本具備這五方面的能力，尤其是讀讀。這對于今后閱讀英文文獻(xiàn)，掌握國際科研最新這對于今后閱讀英文文獻(xiàn)，掌握國際科研最新動態(tài)是必不可少的工具。動態(tài)是必不可少的工具。 English for special purp

5、oses(ESP) English for science and technology(EST) English for meteorological science and technology75% of the 30,000 journals are in Englishworking language for most of international conferences is English氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)科技文體是一種信息語言體，是科技工作者借以傳遞科技信息的媒介。 科技信息的主要內(nèi)容是客觀真理、一般規(guī)律、具體事實(shí)和科學(xué)設(shè)想等，具有較強(qiáng)的客觀性和科學(xué)性。因此，科技

6、信息必然是可定義的、可比較的、可分類的、可計量的和可驗(yàn)證的。圍繞以上信息，人們可進(jìn)行論證、討論，提出假說等，而這又要求有嚴(yán)格的邏輯推理過程和手段。氣象科技文體也不例外，從文體上講較多使用議論或說明文體，追求歸納概括、列舉演繹、證明、假設(shè)、推理等功能，語言要求做到概念清晰、數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確、邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、思路縝密。 氣象科技英語文體在詞匯、短語、句子、修辭和語篇?dú)庀罂萍加⒄Z文體在詞匯、短語、句子、修辭和語篇各個層面上都有其自身特點(diǎn)。各個層面上都有其自身特點(diǎn)。 氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)一、詞匯特點(diǎn)氣象專業(yè)英語詞匯大體包括五種類型大氣科學(xué)專用詞匯大氣科學(xué)專用詞匯通用科技詞匯通用科技詞匯派生合成詞匯派生合成詞

7、匯縮略語縮略語普通詞匯專業(yè)化普通詞匯專業(yè)化1.1.大氣科學(xué)專用詞匯大氣科學(xué)專用詞匯Troposphere 對流層 stratosphere平流層ridge line脊線 trough line 槽線 climatic feedback氣候反饋 meteorology氣象學(xué) frontogenesis鋒生作用 active-monsoon periods季風(fēng)活躍期 synoptic model天氣學(xué)模式 radarsonde雷達(dá)測風(fēng)儀 這些詞匯的詞義精確而狹窄，專業(yè)性強(qiáng)2.2.通用科技詞匯通用科技詞匯通用科技詞匯有多種含義，因此使用時一定要弄清它們在不同學(xué)科或領(lǐng)域中的確切意思，不能隨意使用，以免

8、造成誤解。同一詞語語義的多專業(yè)化3.3.派生合成詞匯派生合成詞匯合成詞：合成詞：指由兩個或其以上的英語單詞構(gòu)成的詞匯指由兩個或其以上的英語單詞構(gòu)成的詞匯Counter-circulation 反環(huán)流反環(huán)流Raindrop 雨滴雨滴 wind-finding 高空測風(fēng)高空測風(fēng)Leap-day閏日閏日派生詞：派生詞：指通過詞綴手段產(chǎn)生的詞匯指通過詞綴手段產(chǎn)生的詞匯anti-: anticyclone 反氣旋反氣旋 anti-icing 防積冰防積冰sub-: subtropical 亞（副）熱帶亞（副）熱帶 subpolar 副極地副極地再如：前綴再如：前綴hydro-,hyper-和和inter

9、-分別表示分別表示“液體液體”，“超過超過”，“交互交互”等意義。等意義。(hydrobiology 水生物學(xué)水生物學(xué) ，hyperactive 活動過度的）活動過度的）是指通過合成、轉(zhuǎn)化和派生構(gòu)詞手段而構(gòu)成的詞匯4.4.縮略詞縮略詞EASM: East Asian summer monsoonEAWM: East Asian winter monsoonWMO: World Meteorological Organization AO: Arctic OscillationENSO: El Nino and Southern Oscillation5.5.普通詞匯的專業(yè)化普通詞匯的專業(yè)化（1

10、）氣象科技英語中的普通詞匯專業(yè)用途。這類詞匯在日常生活和在氣象學(xué)科詞義是一致的。5.5.普通詞匯的專業(yè)化普通詞匯的專業(yè)化（2）氣象科技英語中還有一部分詞匯，從其基礎(chǔ)意義來看，它們完全是普通詞匯，但在氣象學(xué)科中有專業(yè)化的詞義，翻譯時需要注意氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)二、句法特點(diǎn)大量使用被動語態(tài)大量使用被動語態(tài) 這是科技英語的顯著特征，因?yàn)楸粍泳鋸?qiáng)調(diào)的是客觀、真實(shí)，拒絕的是主觀和臆斷被動語態(tài)的應(yīng)用主要是突出這些主體，讓其做主語，可以讓讀者被動語態(tài)的應(yīng)用主要是突出這些主體，讓其做主語，可以讓讀者重點(diǎn)注意到這些敘述中的客觀事實(shí)、現(xiàn)象、實(shí)驗(yàn)和結(jié)果等重點(diǎn)注意到這些敘述中的客觀事實(shí)、現(xiàn)象、實(shí)驗(yàn)和結(jié)果等氣象

11、科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)二、句法特點(diǎn)大量使用被動語態(tài)大量使用非謂語動詞1. 在科技英語中使用非謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)可以更好、更準(zhǔn)確地描述各個事物之間的關(guān)系，事物的位置和狀態(tài)的變化，以及語氣的加強(qiáng)和強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的概念等。非謂語動詞非謂語動詞是指在句子中不是謂語的動詞，主要包括不定式、動名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。 氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)二、句法特點(diǎn)大量使用被動語態(tài)大量使用非謂語動詞大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)用名詞詞組或短語（主要是用具有動作意義的名詞+of+修飾語）來表示一個句子的意思，就是名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)二、句法特點(diǎn)大量使用被動語態(tài)大量使用非謂語動詞大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)大量使用后置定

12、語 后置定語具有簡化結(jié)構(gòu)、加強(qiáng)語氣、強(qiáng)調(diào)動作概念、詳解事實(shí)等目的The stratosphere is the atmosphere layer above the troposphere.平流層是位于對流層上面的大氣層后置定語包括介詞短語、形容詞及其短語、副詞、分詞及其短語、定語從句等氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)二、句法特點(diǎn)大量使用被動語態(tài)大量使用非謂語動詞大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)大量使用后置定語大量使用長句和復(fù)雜句氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)三、修辭特點(diǎn)句子和時態(tài)的使用特點(diǎn)句子和時態(tài)的使用特點(diǎn) 大量使用陳述句型，謂語動詞傾向于多用現(xiàn)在時，主要以一般時為主，如一般現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時。2. 語氣

13、的使用語氣的使用 使用條件句較多，偶爾也會采用虛擬口氣，使口吻變得委婉和圓滑。氣象科技英語的語言和文體特點(diǎn)四、語篇特點(diǎn)Unit One: The Structure And Composition Of The Atmosphere第一課第一課 大氣的結(jié)構(gòu)和組成大氣的結(jié)構(gòu)和組成New words:gaseous 氣體的inhomogeneous 不均勻的;inhomogeneityProfile 廓線，分布Altitude 高度;height; Meteorological 氣象的Aerological 大氣學(xué)的, 高空的WMO （World Meteorological Organizati

14、on)世界氣象組織 temperature profileTerms中文中文廓線、剖面廓線儀風(fēng)廓線風(fēng)廓線探測雷達(dá)profileprofilerwind profile wind profiling radar Troposphere 對流層 tropopause 對流層頂Stratosphere 平流層 stratopause 平流層頂 Mesosphere 中間層 mesopause 中間層頂Thermosphere 熱成層 thermopause 熱成層頂Exosphere 外逸層對流層平流層對流旺盛近地面，對流旺盛近地面，緯度不同厚度變；緯度不同厚度變；高度增來溫度減，高度增來溫度減，只

15、因熱源是地面；只因熱源是地面；天氣復(fù)雜且多變，天氣復(fù)雜且多變，風(fēng)云雨雪較常見風(fēng)云雨雪較常見氣溫初穩(wěn)后升熱氣溫初穩(wěn)后升熱只因?qū)又谐粞醵嘀灰驅(qū)又谐粞醵嗨搅鲃犹鞖夂盟搅鲃犹鞖夂酶呖诊w行很適合高空飛行很適合上冷下熱上冷下熱高空對流高空對流電電離離層層高層大氣電離層能反射電離層能反射無線電波，對無線電波，對無線電通訊有無線電通訊有重要作用重要作用中間層熱成層lapse 遞減 lapse rate 遞減率boundary 邊界Polar 極地的 tropics 熱帶Latitude 緯度atmospheric 大氣的Inversion 逆轉(zhuǎn)，逆溫isothermal 等溫的Ultraviolet (U

16、V) 紫外線 ozone 臭氧Interplanetary 星際的 interaction 相互作用 Inter- 相互之間Friction 摩擦Eddy-viscosity 渦度粘滯性Instability 不穩(wěn)定性stability 穩(wěn)定性；穩(wěn)定性； unstable adj. 不穩(wěn)定的不穩(wěn)定的 in+ 否定否定 （構(gòu)詞法）（構(gòu)詞法） inaccurate 不精確，不精確， invisible 不可見，不可見，incompressible 不可壓縮不可壓縮 independent 獨(dú)立；獨(dú)立； inhomogeneous 不均勻；不均勻； informal 非正式非正式Parameter

17、參數(shù)參數(shù)Superadiabatic 超絕熱的超絕熱的 adiabatic 絕熱的絕熱的Super+.超超（構(gòu)詞法）（構(gòu)詞法） Supermarket 超市 superman 超人 supercell 超級單體Aerosol 氣溶膠 Photosynthetic 光合的 ， photosynthesis 光合作用Equatorial 赤道的 equator 赤道Global 全球的 (regional 區(qū)域的）P1:Like a fish in the ocean, man is confined to a very shallow layer of atmosphere. The gaseo

18、us envelope of the Earth is physically inhomogeneous in both the vertical and horizontal directions, although the horizontal inhomogeneity is much less marked than the vertical inhomogeneity. P2:Various criteria have been devised for dividing the atmosphere into layers. This division can be based on

19、 the nature of the vertical temperature profile, on the gaseous composition of the air at different altitudes, and the effect of the atmosphere on aircraft at different altitudes, etc. The division based on the variation of the air temperature with altitude is used most commonly in the meteorologica

20、l literature. How to divide the atmosphere into layers? Which criterion is most commonly used for layers division?P3:According to a publication of the aerological commission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1961, the Earths atmosphere, is divided into five main layers: the troposphe

21、re, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere. These layers are bounded by four thin transition regions: the tropopause, the stratopause, the mesopause, the thermopause . troposphere stratosphere, mesospherethermosphere exosphereP4:The troposphere is the lower layer of the

22、 atmosphere between the Earths surface and the tropopause. The temperature drops with increasing height in the troposphere, at a mean rate of 6.5 C per kilometer (lapse rate). The upper boundary of the troposphere lies at a height of approximately 8 to 12 km in the polar and middle latitudes and 16

23、to 18 km in the tropics. In the polar and middle latitudes the troposphere contains about 75% of the total mass of atmospheric air, while in the tropics it contains about 90%. The tropopause is an intermediate layer in which either a temperature inversion or an isothermal temperature distribution is

24、 observed. polarMiddle latitudetropicsEarths surface8km12km16-18km75%90%tropopauseTemp.heightP5:The stratosphere is the atmospheric layer above the troposphere. In the stratosphere the temperature either increases with height or remains nearly constant. In the lower part of the stratosphere (up to a

25、pproximately 20 km above the Earths surface) the temperature is practically constant (about 56 C). While further up the temperature increases with altitude at a rate of about 1 C/km at heights of 20 to 30 km and about 2.8 C/km at altitudes from 32 to 47 km. Under the standard conditions the temperat

26、ure at the 47 km level is normally -2.5 C. P5:This increase in temperature with height is due to the absorption of UV solar radiation by ozone molecules. It should be noted that about 99% of the total mass of atmospheric air is concentrated in the troposphere and stratosphere, which extend up to an

27、altitude of 30 or 35 km. The stratopause is an intermediate layer between the stratosphere and the mesosphere (in the altitude region from 47 to 52 km ), in which the temperature remains constant at about 0C. -2.50 47-52km32 to 47 km20 to 30 km20 kmHow the vertical lapse rate of temperature change w

28、ith height?Why the temperature increase with height in stratosphere?Earths surface1/km2.8/kmP6:The mesosphere is the atmospheric layer in which the temperature continuously decreases with height at a rate of about 2.8C/km up to about 71 km and at a rate of 2.0C/km from 71 to 85 km. At heights of 85

29、to 95 km the temperature ranges from -85 to -90C. The mesopause is an intermediate layer between the mesosphere and the thermosphere (the base of the temperature-inversion region in the thermosphere). Normally the mesopause has an altitude of 85 to 95 km and it is characterized by a constant tempera

30、ture of about -86.5 C.P7:The thermosphere is the atmospheric layer above the mesopause. The temperature in this layer increases with increasing altitude, reaching about 2000C at about 450km, the mean height of the upper boundary of the thermosphere. The temperature increase in this layer is mainly c

31、aused by the absorption of UV solar radiation by oxygen molecules, which dissociate as a result of this process. P8:The exosphere is the furthest out and the least studied part of the upper atmosphere. It is located above 450km altitude. The air density in the exosphere is so low that atoms and mole

32、cules can escape from it into interplanetary space.How high is the mesosphere located above the Earths surface? How the temperature changes with height in the mesosphere ? How high is the temperature at the altitude of mesosphere?P9:Finally, along with the above division of the atmosphere, we will a

33、lso make use of a division based on the extent of atmosphere with the Earths surface. According to this principle, the atmosphere is usually divided into a so-called boundary layer (sometimes also called the friction layer) and the free atmosphere. The atmospheric boundary layer(up to 1 or 1.5 km) i

34、s influenced considerably by the Earths surface and by eddy-viscosity forces. At the same time, we can neglect, as a first approximation, the influence of eddy-viscosity forces in the free atmosphere.除以外（還） P10:Of all the above atmospheric layers, only the troposphere(especially its boundary layer)

35、is characterized by a marked instability of the vertical distribution of the meteorological parameters. It is in this layer that both temperature inversions and superadiabatic temperature variations with height are observed.The Earths atmosphere is a mixture of gases and aerosols nitrogen, oxygen, a

36、rgon, neon- permanent atmospheric components water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone vary in quantity from place to place and from time to time (1)(10) Division of the atmospheric layers (11)-(18) Composition of the atmosphereP11:The Earths atmosphere is a mixture of gases and aerosols, the latter be

37、ing the name given to a system comprised of small liquid and solid particles distributed in the air. Air is not a specific gas :rather, it is a mixture of many gases. Some of them, such as nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon, and so on, may be regarded as permanent atmospheric components that remain in fi

38、xed proportions to the total gas volume. Other constituents such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone vary in quantity from place to place and form time to time. 微量氧氧20.95%氬氬0.93%氮氮78.09%變動氣體變動氣體固定氣體固定氣體二氧化碳二氧化碳臭氧臭氧水汽水汽氣溶膠粒子氣溶膠粒子（極微量極微量）P12:The principal sources of nitrogen, the most abundant c

39、onstituent of air, are decaying from agricultural debris, animal matter, and volcanic eruption. On the other side of the ledger, nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere by biological processes involving plants and sea life. To a lesser extent, lightning and high-temperature combustion processes conv

40、ert nitrogen gas to nitrogen compounds that are washed out of the atmosphere by rain or snow. The destruction of nitrogen is in the atmospheres in balance with production. is?P13:Oxygen, a gas crucial to life on Earth, has an average residence time in the atmosphere of about 3000 years. It is produc

41、ed by vegetation that, in the photosynthetic growth process, takes up carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. It is removed from the atmosphere by humans and animals, whose respiratory systems are just the reverse of those of the plant communities. We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Oxygen diss

42、olves in the lakes, rivers and oceans, where it serves to maintain marine organisms. It is also consumed in the process of decay of organic matter and in chemical reactions with many other substances. For example, the rusting of steel involves its oxidation. P14:From the human point of view, the sca

43、rce, highly variable gases are of great importance. The mass of water vapor, that is, H2O in a gaseous state, in the atmosphere is relatively small and is added to and removed from the atmosphere relatively fast. As a result ,the average residence time of water vapor is only 11 days. Water vapor is

44、the source of rain and snow, without which we could not survive. From common experiences it is well known that the water vapor content of air varies a great deal. In a desert region the concentration of water vapor can be so low as to represent only a tiny fraction of the air volume. At the other ex

45、treme, in hot, moist air near sea level, say over an equatorial ocean, water vapor may account for as much as perhaps 5 percent of the air volume.P15:There are large variations of atmospheric water vapor from place to place and from time to time, but the total quantity over the entire Earth is virtu

46、ally constant. The same can not be said about carbon dioxide (CO2).The concentration of this sparse but important gas has been increasing for the last hundred years or so. Carbon dioxide is added to the atmosphere by the decay of plant material and humus in the soil ,and by the burning of fossil fue

47、ls: coal, oil, and gas. The principal sinks of co2 are the oceans and plant life that uses co2 in photosynthesis. P15:In the middle 1980s,atmospheric chemists were still debating about the effects on atmospheric co2 of burning, harvesting ,and clearing of forests/The oceans take up large amounts of

48、co2,about half the amount released by fossil fuel combustion. It is expected that this fraction will diminish with the passing decades whereas the total mass of co2 released will increase ,at least through the early part of the next century. During the 1980s atmospheric co2 was accumulating at a rat

49、e of about 1 part per million (ppm) of air per year, but it is expected to increase more rapidly in decades to come .In1983 it averaged about 340 ppm of air. P16:Ozone(O3),another important, highly variable gas, occurs mostly at upper altitudes ,bur it is also found in urban localities having a grea

50、t deal of industry and automotive traffic and a generous supply of sunshine. In cities such as Los Angeles, ozone concentration may be more than 0.1ppm in extreme cases. Most atmospheric ozone concentration often exceed 1.0 ppm and may be as large as 10 ppm. P16:They vary greatly with latitude, season ,time of day, and weather patterns. The high-latitude ozone layer is maintained by photochemical reactions. The ozone l