化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室致癌物質(zhì)和誘發(fā)畸變物質(zhì)

1、HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES(TOXIC, DANGEROUS, CARCINOGENIC, AND MUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC)有害物質(zhì)(有毒的、危險(xiǎn)的、致癌的、導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)突變或者畸變的物質(zhì))1. TOXIC SUBSTANCES（有毒物質(zhì)）（有毒物質(zhì)）Any volatile substances which are dangerous when inhaled must be handledonly in an adequately ventilated area or in a fume hood.嚴(yán)格的講，任何可揮發(fā)性、吸入時(shí)有害的藥品，都必須在通風(fēng)性好的地

2、方或者是通風(fēng)櫥中處理。 a) Benzene：Benzene is particularly dangerous since it causes blood diseases. Avoid using it as a solvent. Chronic poisoning is possible following. prolonged inhalation of minute quantities of benzene. Avoid skin contact. It is a known carcinogen.避免用苯作溶劑，避免皮膚接觸，它是已知的致癌物質(zhì)之一。有害物質(zhì)b) Carbon t

3、etrachloride and chloroformCarbon tetrachloride and chloroform have specific dangers:They can be absorbed through the skin.l These substances can eventually cause functional disorders of the kidney and the liver even at low concentrations.l They are suspected carcinogens. CCl4和CHCl3在很低的濃度下就容易引起腎和肝臟的

4、失調(diào)，并且它們也是被懷疑為可致癌的物質(zhì)之一。有害物質(zhì)c) Cyanides and NitrilesCyanides and Nitriles are some of the most acutely toxic substances known;l they react very quickly “in vivo” when they are present in the ambient environment.l Symptoms of poisoning (weakness, difficulty in breathing, nausea) appear as soon as these

5、 substances have been absorbed, inhaled, or ingested.l Contact with acid liberates a highly toxic gas. The inhalation of a very minute amount of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) can be fatal.氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物質(zhì)之一，氰化物在體內(nèi)反應(yīng)很快，中毒的癥狀表現(xiàn)為虛弱、呼吸困難、惡心，而且當(dāng)你吸入或者咽下以后癥狀出現(xiàn)很快。與酸性物質(zhì)接觸以后放出高毒性的氣體(HCN)，吸入一定在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)將會(huì)死亡。有害物質(zhì)d) PhenolsSol

6、utions of phenols are very dangerous.l Phenols are absorbed rapidly through the skin during contact.l If rapid and complete decontamination is not effected immediately, serious poisoning and even death could occur, depending on the concentration of the solvent and the amount of body surface that is

7、contaminated.苯酚很溶液通過皮膚滲入，如果沒有及時(shí)的清洗，嚴(yán)重中毒或者死亡都可能發(fā)生。有害物質(zhì)e) Hydrogen fluorideHydrogen fluoride is extremely corrosive. Due to the absence of immediate pain, penetration can be extensive and lead to serious injury. It can cause severe eye irritation and skin burns.HF酸，有很強(qiáng)烈的腐蝕性，不是馬上就能感覺到疼痛，所以它很容易擴(kuò)散開，導(dǎo)致皮膚和

8、眼睛的受傷。有害物質(zhì)f) Hydrogen sulfideHydrogen sulfide is very toxic. Inhalation causes respiratory paralysis. It can also damage the eyes and mucous membranes.l Small cylinders of it are commercially available for laboratory use.l CAUTION: The gas can be easily synthesized by action of dilute acids on sulfi

9、des.l Waste gas should be passed through scrubbers before venting.H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物質(zhì)與稀酸作用的時(shí)候很容易生成。有害物質(zhì)2. DANGEROUS SUBSTANCESa)Perchloric acid 高氯酸高氯酸Perchlorate esters, when exposed to impact, behave in the same manner as nitroglycerine.高氯酸酯受到?jīng)_擊時(shí)與硝化甘油類似會(huì)爆炸。b) Organic Peroxides 有機(jī)過氧化物有機(jī)過氧化

10、物Some organic peroxides are very unstable and very dangerous. Due to their high sensitivity to heat, friction, impact, sparks, light, and oxidizing and reducing agents, they can cause violent explosions.有機(jī)過氧化物對(duì)熱、摩擦、沖擊、火花、氧化和還原性試劑很敏感，可能產(chǎn)生爆炸。有害物質(zhì)To minimize the risks of such peroxides, the following p

11、recautions must be taken:Buy only the necessary quantities of peroxides needed.Use only the minimum amount necessary. Never replace unused peroxidein the original container.Immediately clean up spilled peroxide.If a volatile solvent must be used, avoid losses due to evaporation which could increase

12、the peroxide concentration。當(dāng)使用揮發(fā)性溶劑時(shí)，避免蒸發(fā)以免使過氧化學(xué)濃度增加。Avoid flames, sources of heat, and direct sunlight.Store peroxides at as low a temperature as possible above the freezing point, so as to minimize the rate of decomposition.過氧化物應(yīng)該在低溫(0度以上)保存，以減小分解反應(yīng)的速率。Do not cool liquid peroxides, or those in sol

13、ution, to temperatures where they could solidify or precipitate because in this form they are extremely sensitive to impact and to heat(在此狀態(tài)對(duì)溫度和沖擊敏感).有害物質(zhì)3. CARCINOGENS 致癌物質(zhì)致癌物質(zhì)Carcinogens and substances capable of inducing cancer. These substances must be subject to strict guidelines such as those

14、published by the International Agency for Research on Cancerwhen they are stored, used, and disposed of. Avoid exposure where exposure is unavoidable, keep it as low as reasonably achievable. The list of known carcinogens is continually updated. (See next page for some examples of carcinogens).致癌類物質(zhì)

15、要避免直接暴露在空氣中，其名單以國(guó)際癌癥研究中心公布的數(shù)據(jù)為準(zhǔn)。有害物質(zhì)a) KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGENS對(duì)氨基聯(lián)苯砒霜五氧化砷三氯化砷石棉三氧化砷對(duì)二氨基聯(lián)苯苯并芘1.4丁二醇二甲黃酸酯 砷酸鈣 氯甲基甲基醚有害物質(zhì)鉻酸鹽煤焦油中可揮發(fā)性瀝青環(huán)磷酰胺砷酸鉛2-萘胺N,N-雙(2-氯乙基)-2-萘胺對(duì)硝基聯(lián)苯砷酸鈉亞砷酸鈉過氧化釷硫烷氯乙烯有害物質(zhì)b) SUSPECTED HUMAN CARCINOGENS 未有定論的癌癥引發(fā)物質(zhì)未有定論的癌癥引發(fā)物質(zhì)丙烯酰胺丙烯腈丁二烯鎘氯化鎘硫酸鎘鈹四氯化碳二甲硫酸酯2-硝基丙烷Ni的硫酸鹽苯肼-丙內(nèi)酯丙烯亞胺2-甲基苯胺4-甲基苯胺溴乙

16、烯有害物質(zhì)1.2-二溴乙烯甲醛六氯丁二烯六甲基磷酰胺肼醋酸鉛磷酸鉛堿式乙酸鉛甲肼碘甲烷鎳碳酸鎳羰基鎳氧化鎳氫氧化鎳有害物質(zhì)4. MUTAGENS AND TERATOGENSMutagens are substances causing permanent transmissible alterations in genetic information. Teratogens are agents interfering with normal prenatal development causing abnormalities in the fetus. Exposure to mutagens and teratogens should be kept as