輪機(jī)英語閱讀

1、English for Marine EngineersBy LI PinyouShanghai Maritime UniversityIntroduction to the CourseThe first “name card” One of the most comprehensive coursesOne of the MSA examination coursesContents Listening & SpeakingReading: main engine;auxiliary machineries; electrical equipment & automation; marin

2、e engineering management; international conventions & codesWriting: engine room log book; repair list; order list; accident report; operating procedures for key equipmentExamination Choices: 60%Reading comprehension: 20%Writing: 20%Basic Vocabulary &Terms(1). Ship types(2). Officers & Ratings(3). En

3、gine Telegraph & Steering Orders(4). Marine Power Plants(5). Main Engine(6). Auxiliary Machinery(7). Valves & Pumps(8). Tools & Meters(9). Marine Oils(1). Ship types(1). Ship types CategoryCategoryClassClassTypeTypeTankerOil tankerGas tankerChemical tankerOBOCrude (oil) CarrierVery Large Crude Carri

4、erUltra Large Crude CarrierProduct TankerLiquefied Natural Gas carrierLiquefied Petroleum Gas carrierOil/Bulk/Ore carrierCCVLCCULCCLNGLPGOBOBulk carrierBulk carrierContainer shipContainer shipGeneral cargo shipGeneral cargo CoasterReeferReeferRefrigerated cargo vesselPassenger shipFerryCruise vessel

5、(2). Officers & RatingsOfficers Ratings Deck DepartmentCaptain(Master)C/O;2nd/O;3rd/OBosun; helmsman;Able bodied seaman;Ordinary seaman;CarpenterEngine DepartmentC/E2nd/E;3rd/E; 4th/E;ETOChief motorman;Pumpman; oiler;electricianBusiness DeparmentPolitical commissar; doctor; chief purser;Chief cook;

6、second cook; steward(3). Engine TelegraphStand by engineDead slow ahead/asternSlow ahead/asternHalf ahead/asternFull ahead/asternStop engineFinished with engine(3). Steering OrdersMidships正舵Port/starboard five左、右舵10度Port/starboard tenPort/starboard fifteenPort/starboard twentyHard-a-port/starboardSt

7、eadyFinished with wheel完舵(4). Marine Power Plant(4). Marine Power Plant Marine diesel engineMarine diesel engine 船用柴油機(jī)Marine steam turbineMarine steam turbine 船用蒸汽輪機(jī)Marine gas turbineMarine gas turbine船用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)船用燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)Marine nuclear plantMarine nuclear plant核動(dòng)力核動(dòng)力 (5). Main Enginetwo-stroke marine diesel

8、 enginefour-stroke marine diesel enginelow speed diesel enginemedium speed diesel enginehigh speed diesel engineWorking cycleSuction strokeCompression strokeExpansion(explosion; power; firing) strokeExhaust strokeWorking cycle of 4-stroke engineWorking cycle of 2-stroke engineEngine partsFixed parts

9、: bed-plate; frame; cylinder;etc.Moving parts: piston; connecting rod; crankshaft; etc.Cylindercylinder head汽缸頭cylinder block汽缸體cylinder liner汽缸蓋cooling water space冷卻水空間cooling water jacket冷卻水套Pistonpiston crown活塞頭piston skirt活塞裙piston pin活塞銷piston ring活塞環(huán)piston ring groove活塞環(huán)槽piston cooling space活塞

10、冷卻空間piston rod活塞桿（十字頭）Cross-headcross-head pin十字頭銷cross-head bearingcross-head slipper (guide shoe)滑塊cross-head guide plate導(dǎo)板top (small) end bearing大端/小端軸承Crankshaftcrankshaft bearing曲柄軸承crank pin曲柄銷crank journal曲軸頸crank web曲軸臂crankshaft deflection曲柄臂開閉量big (bottom) end bearing 大（底部）端軸承Shaftingthrus

11、t shaft推力軸intermediate shaft中間軸tail shaft尾軸thrust bearing推力軸承thrust pad推力塊stern tube bearing尾軸管軸承PropellerBoss (hub)漿骨Blades (35)槳葉Left-handed propeller左旋槳Right-handed propellerFixed pitch propeller(FPP)定距槳Controllable (Variable) pitch propeller(CPP/VPP)可控螺距槳Fixed Partsbed-plate機(jī)座Frame機(jī)架 Crankcase曲軸

12、箱crankcase door曲軸箱檢查孔蓋 tie-bolt (tie-rod, through bolt) 貫穿螺栓Scavenginguniflow scavenging直流掃氣cross scavenging橫流掃氣loop scavenging回流掃氣scavenging port (inlet port)掃氣口exhaust port (outlet port)排氣口Turbo-chargingexhaust gas turbocharger廢氣渦輪增壓器Turbine渦輪Compressor壓縮機(jī)emergency blower應(yīng)急鼓風(fēng)機(jī)constant pressure sys

13、tem定壓系統(tǒng)pulse system脈沖系統(tǒng)Power systemsFuel oil system燃油系統(tǒng)Lubricating oil system滑油系統(tǒng)Cooling water system冷卻水系統(tǒng)Compressed air system壓縮空氣系統(tǒng)Fuel oil systemdouble bottom tank雙層底艙settling tank沉淀柜 daily service tank日用柜fuel pump燃油高壓泵fuel injector燃油噴射器fuel injection cam噴射凸輪Lubricating oil systemSump油底殼cylinder

14、lubricator氣缸潤(rùn)滑器telescopic pipe伸縮管oil filter燃油濾器drain tank放殘柜Cooling water systemopening cooling system開式冷卻系統(tǒng)closed cooling system閉式冷卻系統(tǒng)central cooling system中央冷卻系統(tǒng)expansion tank (head tank)膨脹水箱Compressed air systemair compressor壓縮空氣機(jī)air bottle (receiver,reservoir)氣瓶starting air valve啟動(dòng)空氣閥starting ai

15、r distributor啟動(dòng)空氣分配器air cooler空氣冷卻器scavenging receiver掃氣箱Control systemGovernor調(diào)速器reversing device換向裝置reversing servomotorcontrol stand控制臺(tái)control room控制室UMS (Unattended Machinery Space)無人機(jī)艙(6). Auxiliary Machinerymarine boiler船舶鍋爐refrigerating plant制冷裝置steering gear舵機(jī)oil separator分油機(jī)anti-pollution e

16、quipment防污設(shè)備deck machinery甲板機(jī)械Marine boilerdonkey (auxiliary ) boiler輔鍋爐exhaust gas boiler廢氣鍋爐water tube boiler水管鍋爐fire tube boiler煙管鍋爐Furnace爐膛oil burner燃油器Refrigerating plantdomestic refrigerator家用電冰箱refrigerating compressor制冷壓縮機(jī)Condenser冷凝器thermostatic expansion valve恒溫膨脹閥Evaporator蒸發(fā)器Refrigerant

17、制冷劑Theoretical cycle of refrigerationRefrigerating PlantSteering gearelectric-hydraulic steering gear電動(dòng)液壓舵機(jī)Two(four)-ram hydraulic steering gearstock舵柄Tiller舵柱hunting gear追隨機(jī)構(gòu)Ram 撞桿RPTsteering wheeltransmitterreceiverhunting gearfloating leverfeed backlink withpivotcylinderramrudder stockvalve block

18、tillercross-headcylinderisolating valvepumpmotorbuffer springOil separatorPurifierclarifierseparator bowlbowl discgravity disc比重環(huán)Nomogram諾模圖Anti-pollution equipment防污染設(shè)備Sewage treatment plant污水處理裝置Incinerator焚燒爐Oily water separator油水分離器coarse separating compartmentoil collection spacefine separating

19、 compartmentcatch plate擋板Deck machineryCargo handling gear,cargo winch,deck craneWindlass起錨機(jī)capstan, mooring winchhatch cover艙口蓋gangway lifting gear舷梯升降裝置(7). Valves & PumpsSafety valvepilot valve導(dǎo)向閥non-return (check ,one-way) valve單向閥stop (shut-off, cut off) valve截止閥by-pass valve旁通閥change-over valv

20、e轉(zhuǎn)換閥over-flow valve溢出閥make-up valve補(bǔ)償閥PumpsCentrifugal pump Positive displacement pumpreciprocating pump往復(fù)泵rotary pump回轉(zhuǎn)泵ejector pump噴射泵ballast pump壓載水泵bilge pump污水泵sanitary pump衛(wèi)生水泵sewage pump排污泵transfer pump, priming pump, booster pump(8).Tools & MetersImpact wrenchpipe wrenchengineer hammeradjust

21、able spannerscrew driverbridge gaugeFeeler塞尺electrode welding machine手工電弧焊MetersMicrometer千分尺Thermometer溫度計(jì)pressure gauge壓力計(jì)Salinometer鹽度計(jì)Viscosimeter粘度計(jì)flow meter流量計(jì)oil mist detector油霧檢測(cè)器indicatorpower meter,ammeter,volt meter,ohmmeter (9). Marine Oilsmarine diesel oilmarine fuel oilintermediate fu

22、el oilcylinder oil (high alkalinity)engine (crankcase,system) oilhydraulic oilanti-rust emulsion oil防銹乳化油Grease油脂Lesson1Lesson1 Brief Introduction to Marine Brief Introduction to Marine Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines Key words/termsKey words/termsThe Two-stroke Crosshead Engine The Medium Speed 4-Stro

23、ke Trunk Piston Engine main propulsive power unit merchant vessels residual fuels waste heat recovery Key words/termsKey words/termsalternator diesel electric propulsion no longer align reduction gearing Trunk Piston Key SentencesAs the price of oil rose, developments in the design of these engines

24、allowed them to burn the poorer residual fuels.Medium speed engines have a higher power to weight ratio than the slow speed two-stroke engines, but due to the higher speeds tend to have reduced maintenance intervals Key SentencesThe medium speed 4-stroke trunk piston engine can be found on most medi

25、um to large merchant vessels even if the main engine is either a steam turbine or a 2-stroke crosshead engine.Additional Sentences Marine power plant is a plant that propels a waterborne vessel.There are four main types of marine power plants: the diesel engine, the steam turbine, the gas turbine an

26、d the marine nuclear plant.Gas turbines differ from steam turbines in that the former uses gas to turn a shaft.The diesel engine is similar to the gasoline engine in that the power is developed by the piston in the cylinderAdditional SentencesThe reason why more and more of the large merchant vessel

27、s are being powered by medium-speed diesel engines is their smaller size and weight. Medium speed diesel engines are increasingly used as main engine on merchant vessels, because they have a higher Hp/Weight ratio.Additional SentencesThe slow speed main propulsion diesel operates on two-stroke cycle

28、. At this low speed the engine requires no reduction gear box between it and propeller.Typical marine propulsion plants include a single, long-stroke, slow-speed, turbocharged, two-stroke diesel engine directly coupled to the vessels single large-diameter, fixed-pitch propeller.Additional SentencesA

29、mong the main propulsion units on board the ship with the same capacity, the lightest one is gas turbine. Diesel engines instead of steam engines were used as main engine on board ships is mainly because they have a higher thermal efficiency.Additional SentencesOwing to its long life, lower cost and

30、 reliability, the low speed cross-head diesel engine is widely used on board ship as a main engine.Lesson 2 The 4-stroke Cycle and Lesson 2 The 4-stroke Cycle and the 2-stroke Cyclethe 2-stroke CycleKey words/termsKey words/termsThe four-stroke cycle The two-stroke cycle suction stroke, compression

31、stroke, power stroke, and exhaust stroke clockwise fuel injector atomize Working cycleKey words/termsKey words/termsTop Dead Center or TDC Bottom Dead Center or BDC scavenging scavenge ports Key SentencesThe four-stroke cycle is so called because it takes four strokes of the piston to complete the p

32、rocesses needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work. Because the engine is reciprocating, this means that the piston must move up and down the cylinder twice, and therefore the crankshaft must revolve twice. Key SentencesThe four strokes of the piston are known as the suction stroke, the com

33、pression stroke, the power stroke, and the exhaust stroke. It is during this stroke that work energy is being put into the engine; during the other 3 strokes of the piston, the engine is having to do the work.Key SentencesThe two-stroke cycle is so called because it takes two strokes of the piston t

34、o complete the processes needed to convert the energy in the fuel into work. Because the engine is reciprocating, this means that the piston must move up and down the cylinder, and therefore the crankshaft must revolve once. Key SentencesIt is during this stroke that work energy is being put into th

35、e engine; during the upward stroke of the piston, the engine is having to do the work. Key SentencesAt about 140after TDC the piston uncovers a set of ports known as scavenge ports. Pressurized air enters the cylinder via these ports and pushes the remaining exhaust gas from the cylinder in a proces

36、s known as scavenging. The piston now goes past Bottom Dead Center and starts moving up the cylinder, closing off the scavenge ports. The exhaust valve then closes and compression begins. Additional Sentences(Piston area)(Piston stroke)(numbers of the cylinders)=engine displacement. The main factor

37、determining the output of each cylinder is the cylinder bore. The figure that the volume of air at BDC is divided by the volume of air at TDC is termed as compression ratio.Additional SentencesWith cylinders of equal diameter of bore and equal revolutions, the two-cycle engine delivers a power about

38、 80 percent greater than that of the four-stroke one. In the two-stroke engine, inefficient scavenging and other losses reduce the power advantage to about 1.8. Lesson 3 Diesel Engine Construction Lesson 3 Diesel Engine Construction （） Key words/termsKey words/termsbedplatebedplate rigid bearing hou

39、sing transverse girderalignment flexible hog /sag Key words/termsKey words/termsholding down bolt longitudinal girder crankshaft throw thrust collar A-FramesA-Frames Key words/termsKey words/terms crosshead guide entablature crankcase fitted bolt tie rodstie rods (bolts)Key words/termsKey words/term

40、stightened hydraulically bending moment jack bolt crankshaftcrankshaft Key words/termsKey words/termsfully built typeshrink shrunk-shrunkSemi-built type connecting rodconnecting rod Key words/termsKey words/termsreciprocating motion rotary motion white metal shim tin aluminum alloy Key SentencesThe

41、bedplate is the foundation on which the 2-stroke engine is built. It must be rigid enough to support the weight of the rest of the engine, and maintain the crankshaft, which sits in the bearing housings in the transverse girders, in alignment. At the same time it must be flexible enough to hog and s

42、ag with the foundation plate to which it is attached and which forms part of the ships structure. Key SentencesIf the bedplate was too rigid, then as the hull flexed, the holding down bolts, which secure the engine into the ship would be likely to break, and there would be a danger of the bedplate c

43、racking. The trend nowadays is to build the frame box as a separate fabricated construction and then, after stress relieving and machining the mating surfaces, to mount it on the bedplate. This has the advantage of saving weight.Key SentencesTo hold the bed-plate, frames and entablature firmly toget

44、her in compression, and to transmit the firing forces back to the bedplate, long tie bolts are fitted through these three components and then tightened hydraulically. Key SentencesTo prevent excessive bending moments in the transverse girders, the tie bolts are positioned as close to the center of t

45、he crankshaft as possible. Because the tie bolts are so close to the crankshaft, some engines employ jack bolts to hold the crankshaft main bearing cap in position instead of conventional studs and nuts.Key Sentences On older engines the so-called fully built method was used. This consisted of forgi

46、ng separate webs, crankpins and main journals. The crankpins and journals were machined and matching holes bored in the webs, which were slightly smaller in diameter. The webs were heated up and the crankpins and journals fitted into the holes (which due to the heat had expanded in size). As the web

47、s cooled down, so the diameter of the bored holes would try and shrink back to their original size. In doing so, the crankpins and journals would be gripped tightly enough to stop them being able to slip when the engine was being operated normally.Key SentencesToday, crankshafts for large 2-stroke c

48、rosshead engines are of the semi built type. In this method of construction the crankshaft throws consisting of two webs and the crankpin are made from a single forging of a 0.4% carbon steel. The webs are bored to take the separately forged and machined main journals which are fitted into the webs

49、using the shrink fitting method described above. Key SentencesThe advantages of this method of construction is that by making the two webs and crankpin from a single forging the grain flow in the steel follows the web round into the crankpin and back down the other web.Additional Sentences The bedpl

50、ate is secured by means of side-chock bolts and end-chock bolts. At the top of the A-frames there is a strong cast iron frame called the scavenging air box. A-frames and cylinder block is held together by tie rods to form a rigid structure. Additional Sentences Although the crankshafts of medium die

51、sel engines appear to be robust, they rely on the support of the main bearings to develop their full strength. A main bearing consists of two shells which are secured by means of studs and bearing caps. Additional SentencesThe chain transmission, forming the connection between the crankshaft and the

52、 camshaft, is enclosed in a cast iron casing known as the chain drive casing. Each crank is made up of two crank webs joined by a common crankpin to which the bottom end bearing is fitted.Lesson 4 Diesel Engine ConstructionLesson 4 Diesel Engine Construction（）Key words/termsKey words/termscrossheadc

53、rosshead crosshead pin slipper crosshead guide crosshead bearing Key words/termsKey words/termsaccelerate /decelerate hydrodynamic lubrication tin-aluminum alloy polish mirror finish telescopic pipe misalignment stuffing box Key words/termsKey words/terms piston crown skirt piston ring groove chrome

54、-plated uniflow scavenged engine trunk piston engine Key words/termsKey words/terms cylinder liner Key SentencesBecause the top of the connecting rod swings about the pin and changes direction each time the piston reaches mid stroke, the relative speed between bearing and pin at mid stroke is zero,

55、accelerates to a maximum as the piston approaches top or bottom dead center and then decelerates back to zero again as the piston approaches mid stroke and the connecting rod changes direction.Key SentencesThe load on the pin is always downwards, so it is the bottom half of the bearing which is subj

56、ect to wear. Because of the high loads the bearing material is a tin-aluminum alloy bonded to a steel shell. The pin is highly polished to a mirror finish.Key SentencesOil is supplied to the crosshead using a swinging arm or a telescopic pipe and is sometimes boosted in pressure to aid efficient lub

57、rication.The crown is subjected to the high temperatures in the combustion space and the surface is liable to be eroded/burnt away. For this reason the material from which the crown is made must be able to maintain its strength and resist corrosion at high temperatures. Steel, alloyed with chromium

58、and molybdenum is used, and some pistons have a special alloy welded onto the hottest part of the crown to try and reduce the erosion caused by the burning fuel. Key Sentences Pistons are cooled either using water or the crankcase oil. Water has a better cooling effect than oil, but there is a risk

59、of leakage of water into the crankcase. Modern engines have oil-cooled pistons. Key SentencesThe liner can be manufactured using a superior material to the cylinder block. While the cylinder block is made from a gray cast iron, the liner is manufactured from a cast iron alloyed with chromium, vanadi

60、um and molybdenum. (cast iron contains graphite, a lubricant. The alloying elements help resist corrosion and improve the wear resistance at high temperatures.) Key SentencesAt working temperature, the liner is a lot hotter than the jacket. The liner will expand more and is free to expand diametrica