14 主旨大意題型閱讀解題技巧講解

1、. 主旨大意題型閱讀解題技巧題型介紹命題特點：考察主旨大意的題在近幾年中相對穩(wěn)定，一般來說每套試題都有23小題。從考察形式上看，從原來的簡單的主旨?xì)w納變得綜合性越來越強(qiáng)；同時文章的行文跳躍性較強(qiáng)，次序變化大，隱含信息增多；對主旨題的答案判斷的干擾性越來越強(qiáng)，對考生綜合、分析、歸納文章主旨大意的才能要求較往年有所進(jìn)步。閱讀理解對主旨大意的設(shè)問方式一般比較固定，測試點主要在對文章的主題subject或中心思想main idea的把握以及寫作目的purpose、文章標(biāo)題title的選擇。盡管設(shè)問角度不一樣，但是所針對的都是文章的主旨大意。干擾項的特點：【鏈接高清】1.以偏概全：答案只闡述了主旨的一部

2、分，也就是部分信息，概括不夠。2. 主題擴(kuò)大：歸納概括的范圍過大，超過了文章要討論的東西。3. 斷章取義，概括錯誤： 常常以次要的事實、細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文主要觀點。解題技巧做此類題目時，首先要搞清題意，可利用文中主要信息來把握文脈，進(jìn)展綜合歸納，概括文章的主題。如有標(biāo)題，標(biāo)題中蘊(yùn)涵的信息往往是關(guān)鍵信息。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，許多文章中最明顯的特點就是有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞即主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。此外，還要學(xué)會借助文章的構(gòu)造來把握中心思想。段落中心思想常常由主題句topic sentence來表達(dá)。一篇文章的中心思想常常在開場段或結(jié)尾段點出，因此，要特別注意段首、

3、段尾及主題句。對于沒有明顯的主題句的文章，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)展全面考慮，綜合分析，歸納出主題句進(jìn)而概括出文章的中心思想，而不要將文章中出現(xiàn)的細(xì)節(jié)誤認(rèn)為是文章或段落的中心思想。略讀是閱讀的第一步。特別是在考場上時間緊、閱讀量大的情況下，要獲取答題所需要的信息，有時不能按常規(guī)逐字逐句地讀，而是要一個意群一個意群地掃描，省略大量與所尋信息無關(guān)的詞句，以求進(jìn)步答題效率。重點掌握以下三點：抓住主題句，鎖定文章主旨仔細(xì)閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關(guān)鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用閱讀法。閱讀時，一般不需逐句閱讀，只需選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句。重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。抓主題詞，

4、確定最正確標(biāo)題標(biāo)題是段落中心思想的精煉表達(dá)形式。標(biāo)題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章內(nèi)容，點明文章主題，它是文章中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式。如同選擇文章的主題思想一樣，標(biāo)題要有概括性、全面性、針對性。確定標(biāo)題時既要防止概括不全，以部分代整體，或以事實細(xì)節(jié)代替詳細(xì)的大意；也要防止概括過度，即脫離了文本內(nèi)容的過度發(fā)揮，導(dǎo)致標(biāo)題范圍太大，缺乏針對性。標(biāo)題選擇如同選帽子一樣必須大小適宜才行。另外，標(biāo)題既要簡潔、突出、新穎，還要具有醒目的特點，這樣才能吸引讀者。抓住主線和關(guān)鍵，歸納文章中心要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時主題句暗含在句中。閱讀這樣的文章，就需要自己根據(jù)文章的細(xì)節(jié)來分析，

5、概括出段落的主題，從而推導(dǎo)出文章的主旨。分析的方法是：先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾方面的內(nèi)容，這些內(nèi)容在邏輯上有什么聯(lián)絡(luò)，然后加以歸納形成主題。 領(lǐng)會意圖，辨清寫作目的每篇文章都有一個特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個信息，或是娛樂讀者，或是講授某個道理。而這些信息通常并不被明確表達(dá)出來，而是隱含在文章之中。因此，這類試題要求在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的根底上領(lǐng)會作者的意圖。特別提示：不管主題句出如今文章的什么位置, 我們都要把這類題作為該篇文章的最后一道題去做, 因為做完其它題以后會對文章的主旨理解有幫助。真題再現(xiàn)【鏈接高清】1.全國II卷第52題What would be the best title

6、 for the text?A. Cultural Differences B. Smiles and RelationshipsC. Facial Expressiveness D. Habits and Emotions2. 浙江卷第50題This article is mainly about _.A. the lives of school childrenB. the cause of arguments in schoolsC. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts 3.福建卷第59題Wh

7、at would be the best title for the passage?A. Money Is Raised by the NewspaperB. Newspaper Distributes Money to the NeedyC. Unknown Hero Spreads Love in EnvelopesD. Robin Hood Returns to the City4. Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever, even though neither one can reme

8、mber how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, “In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment,

9、but the terrible reality of violence. Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable.Once students recognize that conflict

10、 is unavoidable.After both sides have calmed down.Finally.There will always be conflict in schools, but.50.This article is mainly about _.A. the lives of school childrenB. the cause of arguments in schoolsC. how to analyze youth violenceD. how to deal with school conflicts5.Honey蜂蜜from the African f

11、orest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest巢and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts

12、 of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper a little bird called a honey guide.The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax蜂蠟in the beehives蜂房. The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. So, w

13、hen it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the

14、 nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always fall to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share.Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eat

15、ing the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. The birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. They will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit. 63. What can be the bes

16、t title for the text?A. Wild Bees C. Beekeeping in AfricaB. Wax and HoneyD. Honey-Lovers Helper6. Do you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? Or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? Well, apparently its because we have mirror neurons 神經(jīng)元in

17、 our brains.Put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that .Mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains, but .Any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior.Research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning h

18、ow humans behave and interact互動.70.What is the passage mainly about?A. Ways to find mirror neurons. B. Problems of mirror neurons.C. Existence of mirror neurons.D. Functions of mirror neurons.7. One of the greatest contributions to the first Oxford English Dictionary was also one of its most unusual

19、. In 1879, Oxford University in England asked Prof. James Murray to serve as editor for what was to be the most ambitious dictionary in the history of the English language. It would include every English word possible and would give not only the definition but also the history of the word and quotat

20、ions 引文showing how it was used. This was a huge task. So Murray had to find volunteers from Britain, the United States, and.Minor joined the army of volunteers.But he was also a mystery. In spite of many invitations, .Murray and Minor became friends, sharing their love of words. .In 1910, Minor left

21、 Broadmoor for an asylum in his native America. Murray was .Minor died in 1920, seven years before the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was completed. .66. What does the text mainly talk about?A. The history of the English language.B. The friendship between Murray and Minor C. Minor an

22、d the first Oxford English DictionaryD. Broadmoor Asylum and is patients 8. For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages. Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as the

23、y walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago.Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest 征服 of time and dis

24、tance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured 忍受. The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a

25、grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. Then there is the time

26、 spent being “processed at a modern airport. People are conveyed like robots along walkways; baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “proce

27、ssed at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines.Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many people depend upon it; whole n

28、ew industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. Speed controls peoples lives; time saved, in work or pl

29、ay, is the important thingor so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. 75. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Air travel benefits

30、 people and industries. B. Train Travel has some advantages over air travel. C. Great changes have taken place in modern travel.D. The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.9. Spring is coming, and it is time for those about to graduate to look for jobs. Competition is tough, so job seekers m

31、ust carefully consider their personal choices. Whatever we are wearing，our family and friends may accept us, but the workplace may not.A high school newspaper editor said it is unfair for companies to discourage visible tattoos 紋身nose rings, or certain dress styles. It is true you cant judge a book

32、by its cover, yet people do “cover themselves in order to convey 傳遞certain messages. What we wear, including tattoos and nose rings, is an expression of who we are. Just as people convey messages about themselves with their appearances, so do companies. Dress standards exist in the business world fo

33、r a number of reasons, but the main concern is often about what customers accept.Others may say how to dress is a matter of personal freedom, but for businesses it is more about whether to make or lose money. Most employers do care about the personal appearances of their employees 雇員,because those p

34、eople represent the companies to their customers.As a hiring manager I am paid to choose the people who would make the best impression on our customers. There are plenty of well-qualified candidates, so it is not wrong to reject someone who might disappoint my customers. Even though I am open-minded

35、, I cant expect all our customers are.There is nobody to blame but yourself if your set of choices does not match that of your preferred employer. No company should have to change to satisfy a candidate simply because he or she is unwilling to respect its standards, as long as its standards are lega

36、l.59. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Employees Matter B. Personal Choices MatterC. Appearances Matter D. Hiring Managers Matter1. C. 中心句為每段首句頻繁出現(xiàn)的中心詞句?？焖賿咭暼哪馨l(fā)現(xiàn)如下中心詞：Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships.Our faces show emo

37、tions, but we should not attempt to “read people from another culture as we would “read someone from our own culture.It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the US.2. D。每段首句如下，通過搜索每句的中心詞Two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship foreverFirst of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable.Once students recognize that conflict is unavoidableAfter both sides have calmed down, they can use another key strategy for conf