international trade(5)

1、 G o o d s a r e i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o international trade. Whether it is visible trade or invisible trade, the goods sold have their own qualities, and the quality of a certain kind of goods determines to a great degree its market and price. Therefore, the quality of the goods is among the

2、main terms upon which a sales contract is based and constructed.Chapter 5 Quality of Commodity Commodity provides the material basis for international trade. All of commodities present certain qualities. Therefore, the quality of commodity is not only one of the major terms of sales contract, but al

3、so the first item which should be agreed upon by the exporter and the importer while the business is being negotiated. 1.Sale by Description（憑文字說明買賣）（憑文字說明買賣） （1）Sale by specification，grade or standard （憑規(guī)格、等級、標準買賣） （2）Sale by brand name of trade mark （憑牌號或商標買賣） （3）Sale by name of origin（憑產地名賣） （4）S

4、ale by description and illustration （憑說明書和圖樣買賣）2.Sale by Sample（憑樣品買賣）（憑樣品買賣） （1）Sale by the sellers sample （憑賣方樣品買賣） Sellers sample are the samples which are usually sent by the seller to the buyer. We also called Original sample. （2）Sale by the buyers sample （憑買方樣品買賣） In this case, the seller shal

5、l first take into consideration the availability of the new material and the possibility of providing the processing technology. DEFINITION:outwards appearance: shape, structure, color, flavor, luster and etc.inner features: composition, physical and mechanical property, chemical, biological feature

6、, etc. The specification of the goodsrefers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc. So it is the detailed description of the goods to be sold. The grade of the goodsrefers to the classifications of the commodity of

7、one kind which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The standardrefers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced (laid down and proclaimed) in a unified way by the government department or commercial organization of a country such as the chamber of commerce, etc.Intern

8、ational standard: ISO-international Standards Organization-has more than 4000 standards IEC-international Electrotechnical Commission-has over 1580 standardsNational standard: GB14-05(is national standard published in 2005, publication No. is 14), BPCraft (Guild) Standard 行業(yè)(公會)標準Local StandardEnter

9、prise StandardAbout standardSale by name of origin There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well known for their excellent quality all over the world. As to these products, the origins may well indicate their qualities. e.g.: Qimen Black Tea; Longjing Green Tea But some

10、times the places of origin do not always represent the areas where the products are turned out. e.g.: Jinghua Ham - is produced mainly in Yiwu County of Zhejiang Province. Definition of Sample:The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. In merchandis

11、ing, a sample is a small quantity of a product, often, taken out from a whole lot or specially designed and processed, that is given to encourage prospective customers to buy the product.Sale by the sellers sample Sellers sample are the samples which are usually sent by the seller to the buyer. We a

12、lso called Original sample. ExercisePlease finish the exercise in the text bookThe quantity of the goods refers to the weight, number, length, volume, area, capacity, etc. which are indicated by different measuring units. Any business deal consists of a certain quantity of goods supplied by the sell

13、er and a certain sum of money paid by the buyer. Without a certain quantity of goods, any business deal would be groundless. Thus, quantity clause is one of the essential terms and conditions for the conclusion of a transaction in the contract. United Nations Convention on Contracts for Internationa

14、l Sale of Goods requires that the quantity of goods delivered should be identical to that called for in the contract, otherwise the buyer is entitled to reject the portion of goods excessive in quantity, and to claim against the seller if the quantity is found to be less than that called for in the

15、contract. Chapter 6 Quantity of CommodityUnits of MeasurementUnits of MeasurementWeight gram (g), kilogram (kg), ounce (oz), pound (Ib), metric ton (M/T), long ton, short ton, etc. Number piece (pc), package (pkg), pair, set, dozen (doz), gross (gr) ream (rm),etc. Length meter (m), centimeter (cm),

16、foot (ft), yard (yd),etc. Areasquare meter (sq m), square foot (sq ft), square yard (sq yd) ,etc.Volumeubic-meter (cu m) cubic centimeter (cu cm), cubic foot (ct ft), cubic yard (cu yd) ,etc.Capacityliter (1), gallon (gal), pint (pt), bushel (bu),etc.Section One Calculating Units of Quantity of the

17、Goods長度換算長度換算Metric System公 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 Britain/American System 英美制 Meter米 Centimeter厘米 Chi 尺 Yard碼 Foot英尺 Feet英寸 1 100 3 1.094 3.2808 39.3701 0.01 1 0.03 0.01094 0.03281 0.3937 0.3333 33.33 1 0.3646 1.094 13.123 0.9144 91.44 2.743 1 3 36 0.3048 30.48 0.9144 0.3334 1 12 0.0254 2.54 0.0762 0.

18、0278 0.0833 1 面積面積換算換算Metric System公 制 Britain/American System英 美 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 Squaremeter平方米 SquareCentimeter平方厘米 SquareYard平方碼 Square feet平方英尺 Square foot平方英寸 SquareChinesemeter平方尺 1 10000 1.196 10.7639 1550 9 0.0001 1 0.00012 0.00108 0.155 0.0009 0.8361 8361 1 9 1296 7.525 0.0929 929 0.111

19、1 1 144 0.836 0.00065 6.45 0.00077 0.00694 1 0.0058 0.111 1111 0.133 1.196 172.2 1 容積換算容積換算Metric System公 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 BritainSystem英 制 AmericanSystem美 制 Liter 升Chinese Liter升 Britain Gallon American Gallon 1 1 0.22 0.264 4.546 4.546 1 1.201 3.785 3.785 0.833 1 Methods of Stipulating Quality

20、of Goods: By description*by Specification*by Grade*by Standard*by Brand name or Trade Mark*by Name of Origin*by Instruction By sample*by the sellers sample*by the buyers sample*by counter sample體積體積換算換算Metric System公 制 Britain/American System英 美 制 ChineseSystem中國市制 Cubic-meter 立方米 Cubic centimeter立方

21、厘米 Cubic yard立方碼 Cubic Feet立方英尺 Cubic foo立方英寸 CubicChineseMeter立方尺 1 1000000 1.303 35.3147 61024 27 0.000001 1 0.0000013 0.00004 0.06102 0.000027 0.7636 764555 1 27 46656 20.643 0.02832 28317 0.037 1 1728 0.7646 0.000016 16.387 0.00002 0.00058 1 0.00044 0.037 37037 0.0484 1.308 2260 1 1.Weight Calcu

22、lation（重量的計算） By Gross Weight（按毛重） By Net Weight（按凈重） Conditional Weight（公量） 公量= =干量+標準含水量 （4）Theoretical Weight（理論重量） 實際重量實際重量*（1+標準回潮率）標準回潮率） 1+實際回潮率實際回潮率Section Two Methods of Calculation （5）Legal weight（法定重量）2.More or Less Clause（溢短裝條款） Weight: It is usually used for mineral products, agricultur

23、al and by-products such as wool, cotton, grains and ore products. Number: Constantly used for measurement of industrial products and general products such as ready-made clothes, stationery, paper, toys and so on. Length :It is mostly used for textile products, metal cords, electric wires, ropes and

24、so on.Area :It is often used in trade of glass, textile products such as carpets, etc. Volume :It is generally used for timber/wood, chemical gases, etc. Capacity :It is mostly used for grain, petroleum/oil, etc. Package :It is often used in the packing of cement, cotton, tin food and so on, such as

25、 bag, carton, case, bale, etc.Methods of Calculating Weight In international trade, there are many goods which are calculated by weight. CISG Article 56Cases: case book P39 Case18Weight CalculationWeight Calculation 1) By Gross Weight Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodity itself a

26、nd the tare (the package weight). Thats to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods. 2) By Net Weight Net weight = gross weight-tare weight There are four ways to calculate tare. (1) By actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities. (2) By average tare:

27、 In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages.(3) By customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognizer weight which can be used to represent the weight of such packages.e.g.: The weight of a gunny bag is 2.5

28、pounds.(4) By computed tare: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weighing.Gross for Net 3)By Conditioned weight公量公量 This refers to the kind of weight derived from the process, with which the moisture content o

29、f the commodity is removed and standardized moisture added both by scientific methods. This kind of calculating method is suitable to those cargoes, which are of high economic value and with unsteady moisture content (whose water contents are not stable), such as wool, raw silk, etc. The formula of

30、calculating the conditioned weight is: Wa x (1+standard regaining rate of water) Wc = - 1 + actual regaining rate of water = Dried Weight + Standard MoistureIn which: Wa- Actual Weight Wc- Conditioned WeightExercisePlease finish the exercise in the text bookPacking, in business practice, is one of the most important problems that confront the merchants engaged in foreign trade. It needs more care in export trade than domestic trade. The real art of packing is to get the contents into nice, compact shape that wil