高考語法復語法系列---動詞講義

1、 動詞1 動詞的種類動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞，如：jump(跳)，fly(飛)，become (成為)，keep(保持)等。根據(jù)詞義與作用，動詞可分為四類：行為動詞、情態(tài)動詞、連系動詞、助動詞。另外，還有“動詞+介詞或副詞等”構成的短語動詞。1-1 行為動詞行為動詞又稱為實義動詞，有完整的詞義，可獨立作謂語。行為動詞可分為及物動詞與不及物動詞兩種。1)及物動詞(1)study English和absent oneself及物動詞是指可以帶賓語的動詞。英語中的絕大部分動詞為及物動詞，及物動詞后必須帶賓語，句義才完整。習英背sadies Enolish very hord.她非常努力地學He se

2、nt her some books.他給她寄了一些書。(sent后接的是雙賓語，也可以說sent some books to her)Alice bought her mother a lot of flowers.艾麗斯給她母親買了許多花。(bought 后接的是雙賓語，也可以說 bought a lot of flowers for her mother)He ordered the soldier to put up his hands.他命令那個士兵舉起手來。(接賓語補足語)The news made her happy.那消息使她非常高興。(接賓語補足語)提示英語中有些動詞常用反身代

3、詞作賓語。absent oneself缺席pride oneself on以為自豪enjoy oneself過得快活amuse oneselfby以消遣另外，某些日?？谡Z也常用反身代詞作賓語。Help yourself!請隨便吃！Make yourself at home.請隨便些。He introduced himself.他作了自我介紹。Please behave yourself.請規(guī)矩些。有些及物動詞后可有兩個賓語(雙賓語)，一個是間接賓語(指人，即：接受東西的人)，一個是直接賓語(指物，即：被給的東西)。通常是間接賓語在前，直接賓語在后。I sent her a new book.我

4、給她寄去了一本新書。He bought each child an ice-cream.他給每個孩子都買了冰淇淋。I found him a nice second-hand car.我替他找了輛很好的二手車。這種“動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語”結構可以轉換為“動詞+直接賓語+to+間接賓語”或“動詞+直接賓語+for+間接賓語”結構。用to還是用for，不同的動詞有不同的搭配要求。(2)動詞+直接賓語+to/for+間接賓語A.要求用“to+間接賓語”的動詞有：bring，leave, take, sell, owe, teach, read, offer, show, write, tell,

5、 promise, post, throw, pass, give, hand, lend, send, return, pay, grant, deny, refuse, wish, allow等。她把她的照片給我看。She showed me her photos.She showed her photos to me.他把球傳給湯姆。He passed Tom the ball.He passed the ball to Tom.她允諾給他一個答復。She promised him a reply.She promised a reply to him.他已經(jīng)把自行車還給她了。He ha

6、s returned her the bike.He has returned the bike to her.B.要求用“for+間接賓語”的動詞有：build，pick, order, make, save, choose, buy, fetch, get, find, reserve, do, paint, play, spare, sing,reserve,book(訂購)等。He bought an ice-cream for each child.他們給她留了一個座位。They saved her a seat.They saved a seat for her.他為她摘了一些花。

7、He picked her some flowers.He picked some flowers for her.提示1get, do, sing, play等動詞有時可用“to/for+間接賓語”結構。Ill get some water for/to you.我給你弄些水來。She played some folk songs for/to us.她為我們演奏了一些民歌。個別間接賓語放在直接賓語之后，間接賓語前面要加of，on或with。Id like to ask you a favor.我想請你幫個忙。Id like to ask a favor of you.May I ask y

8、ou a question?我問你一個問題好嗎？May I ask a question of you?She played him a game of chess.她和他下了盤棋。She played a game of chess with him.(要用with)They played him a trick.他們捉弄他。The played a trick on him.(要用on)(3)動詞+賓語+賓語補足語有些及物動詞可用于“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結構，充當補足語的可以是形容詞或名詞短語。這類動詞有：find(發(fā)現(xiàn))，get(使)， drive (使得)，paint (漆)，le

9、ave (留下)，set (使),think(認為)， dye(染)，believe (相信)，name(命名)，choose(選擇)，judge(判斷)，declare(宣布)，keep (使)， cut (切)， imagine (想象)， wish(祝愿)，make(使變?yōu)?，call(叫)，elect(選舉)等。The president declared the exhibition open. 總統(tǒng)宣布展覽會開幕。The noise from the neighbors is driving me mad.鄰居家的噪聲快要把我逼瘋了。We consider it a great s

10、uccess. 我們認為這是一個極大的成功。Shall I make you a cup of coffee?我給你沖一杯咖啡好嗎？(4)動詞+賓語+to be+名詞或形容詞有些及物動詞可以用“to be+名詞或形容詞”作賓語補足語。這類動詞有：suppose(猜測)，believe(認為)，declare(宣布)，imagine(想象)，feel (感覺)，find(發(fā)覺)，know(知道)， prove(證明)， understand(理解)，等。本結構中的 to be也可省略。I believe him to be innocent. 我認為他是無罪的。We know him to be

11、 a good worker.我們知道他做起事來是一把好手。(5)動詞+賓語+過去分詞有些及物動詞可用過去分詞作賓語補足語。這類動詞有：hear(聽見)，watch (注意看)，have(使)，make(使)，think(認為)，see(看見)，get(使)，find(發(fā)現(xiàn))等。Jim has got his bike repaired. 吉姆把自行車修了。She found the door painted.她發(fā)現(xiàn)門被漆過了。Tom had his left foot injured in the fall.湯姆左腳摔傷了。(6)動詞+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞有些及物動詞可用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語。這類

12、動詞有：watch(注意看，觀看)，see(看見)，hear(聽見)，catch(抓住)，smell(聞到)，observe(觀察)，keep(使)，get(使)，have(讓)，find(發(fā)現(xiàn))等。Mr. Lin found a student dozing off.林老師發(fā)現(xiàn)一個學生在打瞌睡。She heard a bird singing merrily in the tree.她聽見一只鳥在樹上歡快地鳴叫。He kept the boy waiting outside the room. 他讓那男孩在房間外面等。(7)動詞+賓語+as/for+賓語補足語有些及物動詞可用as/for引出

13、賓語補足語。這類動詞有：consider(認為)，regard(看作)， use(用作)， choose (選為)等。They considered him as the best scholar in thefield.他們認為他是這個領域里最優(yōu)秀的學者。He regarded the experiment as a failure.他認為這項實驗是失敗的。提示有些及物動詞可用介詞短語或副詞作賓語補足語。He kept the car in good condition.他的車子保養(yǎng)良好。Please make yourself at home.請別客氣。I found her out.我發(fā)

14、現(xiàn)她出去了。She shut the dog in.她把狗關在屋里。John drove us home.約翰開車送我們回家。(8) hear和hear of有些及物動詞后可接 of，表示間接性動作。比較：hear聽見hear of聽說read讀read of讀到speak 說speak of說到I heard him singing in the room. 我聽見他在房間里唱歌。I heard of him, but I dont know him.我聽說過他，但不認識他。(9)動詞+賓語+不定式有些及物動詞可用于“動詞+賓語+不定式”結構，常見的有：allow, remind, expe

15、ct, tell, order, ask, beg, command, request, teach, invite, drive, intend, mean, cause, want, permit, advise, persuade, encourage, recommend, (would) love, (would) like, (would) prefer等。He encouraged her to do the work well.他鼓勵她把工作做好。Id like you to go with her.我想讓你同她一起去。allow， permit, advise, recomm

16、end,encourage 后既可以接動名詞，也可以接“賓語+不定式”。They dont allow fishing in the lake. 他們不允許在這個湖里捕魚。They dont allow people to fish in the lake.他們不允許人們在這個湖里捕魚。I advise leaving right now.我建議馬上動身。I advise them to leave right now.我建議他們馬上動身。提示suggest的結構是：suggest+動名詞suggest to sb.+ that從句(that可省略)但不可說suggest sb. +不定式。比

17、較：他們建議他再試一次。They suggested (his) making another try. (正)They suggested to him (that) he make another try. (正)They suggested him to make another try. (誤)(10)疑問代詞或疑問副詞+不定式有些及物動詞或動詞短語后可接“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+不定式”結構，即：動詞+疑問代詞或疑問副詞(what,which，how, where,when)+不定式。但why不可用于這種結構。這類動詞或動詞短語有：forget, remember, ask, wonde

18、r, decide, learn, think, know, explain,understand, discuss, discover, find out, want to know,have no idea, make up ones mind等。也包括be not sure等。I dont know what to do next.我不知道下面該做什么。I forget how to spell the word.我忘了怎樣拼這個詞了。He has no idea where to have the meeting. 他不知道是在哪里開會。I wonder why I failed in

19、 the exam. (正)我不知道我為什么沒考及格。I wonder why to fail. (誤)提示what, which, whose, how much, how many后可加名詞，再加不定式。I want to know which dictionary to buy.我想知道要買哪一本詞典。They discussed how much money to take.他們討論要帶多少錢。2)不及物動詞不及物動詞指不可帶賓語的動詞，也不可用于被動語態(tài)。這類動詞數(shù)量不多，如come， go, flow，belong等。They go to school every day.他們每天

20、上學。He came last month.他上個月來的。The river flows at the foot of the hill.那條河在山腳下流過。The blue sky belongs equally to us.藍天為人們所共有。提示1英語中許多動詞既可作及物動詞，又可作不及物動詞，其詞義可能稍有不同，也可能大不相同。比較：He dried his hands on a towel.他在毛巾上擦王手。(及物動詞)The roads dried quickly.道路王得很快。(不及物動詞)A strong wind blew dust around me.一陣疾風在我周圍吹起塵土

21、。(及物動詞)It is blowing hard.風刮得很緊。(不及物動詞)She ran the car off the road.她駕車駛離了公路。(及物動詞)He was running quickly.他飛快地跑著。(不及物動詞)2分析并區(qū)別下面的及物動詞(或詞組)和不及物動詞(或詞組)。及物 不及物await, waitfor（等，等 wait（等，等待)待)reach, getto, arriveat/in（到 arrive (到達)達)hear, listento(聽) listen (聽)answer, reply reply (回答)to(回答)oppose,object

22、to(反 object（反對)對)watch out for(提防) watch out(當心)run out of(用完) run out(用完)look out for(照看，提 look out(注意)防)break away break away(脫from(脫離) 離)drop in on/at (拜訪) drop in (拜訪)see, lookat, notice look（看）(看)1-2 情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的詞義，表示說話人的某種語氣或感情，但不能單獨作謂語，要同行為動詞或連系動詞一起構成謂語。另外要注意兩點：(1)與情態(tài)動詞連用的其他動詞是原形，不可帶to；(2)情

23、態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，適用于所有人稱。常用的情態(tài)動詞見下表，注意其變化形式?，F(xiàn)在式 can may mus shall needought todare過去式couldmight mustwouldshouldneedought todared1)may的用法(1)表示許可，意為“可以”，即同意別人提出請求或建議，或請求別人許可，相當于allow或permitYou may leave now.你可以離開了。(相當于Iallow you to leave.或You are permitted to leave.)抽如高，Mo I snoke in the rom?我可以在房間里B: Yes

24、, you may. 可以的。B: No,you may not.不可以。提示1 may的否定式有兩種：may not意為“不可以”，語氣較客氣；must not意為“不可，不許”，語氣較強，有命令強制的意味。You may not sit here.你不可以坐在這里。You must not sit here.你不許坐在這里。(態(tài)度強硬)學校、機關等的公告、文書中的“不得，禁止”這類正式說法，要用may not或mustnt。Cars may not be parked here.此處不得停車。Magazines may not be taken out of the readingroom

25、.雜志不得帶出閱覽室?；卮?May I?問句的 may not 意為“不可以”，而回答 CanI?問句的may not意為“可能不”?！癕ay I go there?”“No,you may not.“我可以去那里嗎？”“不可以的。”“Can his words be true?“It may be, or may not be true.”“他的話可能是真的嗎？”“可能是，也可能不是?！?2)表示對現(xiàn)在或將來情況的推測，意為“也許，可能”It may snow in the evening.晚上可能會下雪。She may not come tomorrow.她明天可能不會來。提示在疑問句中表

26、示“可能”時，通常不用may，而用can, be likely, Do you think等表示。Is he likely to help you?他會幫助你嗎？Can the story be true?這個故事可能是真的嗎？Do you think he will come on time?你認為他會準時來嗎？(=Is it likely that he will come on time?或 Is he likely to come on time?)(3) may well和may as well結構A. “may well+動詞原形”是一種常用結構，意為“(完全)能，很可能”，相當于

27、be very likely to。He may well be proud of his son.他大可為兒子而自豪。Her appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize her.她的模樣變化太大，你很可能認不出她了。B. “may as well+動詞原形”意為“最好，滿可以，倒不如”，相當于 had better 或 have no strong reason not to。You may as well stay here over the night.你最好留在這里過夜。You may as well d

28、o it at once.你最好馬上就做這件事。(4) may be和maybe的區(qū)別may be是“情態(tài)動詞+系動詞 be”結構，表示“可能有，可能在”，否定式為may not be。maybe是一個詞，為副詞，意為“大概，也許，可能”，在句中作狀語。He may be over thirty years old.他可能30多歲了。Maybe he is over thirty years old.他也許30多歲了。提示may可以用于祈使句中，表示祝愿。May we never forget each other.愿我們彼此永不相忘。May you return in safety. 愿你平

29、安歸來。2)might的用法(1)保持時態(tài)一致，might是may的過去式The newspaper says it may snow soon.報紙上說不久要下雪了。The newspaper said it might snow soon.I guess he may be about forty.我猜想他約有40歲。I guessed he might be about forty.(2)might 可以表示對現(xiàn)在或將來的推測，意為“可能”，但might表示的可能性較小，而may表示的可能性較大It may rain this evening.(可能性大)It might rain th

30、is evening.(可能性小)(3)用于現(xiàn)在時或將來時中，表示請求別人許可，意為“可以”，語氣較may更為婉轉Might I sit here? 我可以坐在這里嗎？Might I see the manager,please?請問，我可以見一下經(jīng)理嗎？(4) may+動詞完成式和might+動詞完成式這兩種結構都是對過去的推斷，意為“可能已經(jīng)”;“may+動詞完成式”比“might+動詞完成式”的可能程度大。I am afraid she may have fallen ill.恐怕她可能已經(jīng)病了。You may have noticed something moving in thedi

31、stance.你可能已經(jīng)注意到有東西在遠處移動。She might have studied English for years.她學習英語可能已經(jīng)數(shù)年了。You didnt take the bus or you might have beenkilled.你沒乘那班汽車，不然你就可能沒命了。3) can的用法(1)表示能力，意為“能夠”，相當于be able to;cant/can not意為“不能夠”He can swim across the river. 他能橫游過那條河。(=He is able to)Can she speak French?她能說法語嗎？ (=Is she ab

32、le to)提示1can 與be able to的區(qū)別是：表示能夠時，can只能用于現(xiàn)在時(用can)和過去時(用could)，而be able to則可以用于現(xiàn)在時、過去時、將來時和完成時。The baby will be able to walk next month.嬰兒下個月就會走了。(將來時，不用can)John has been able to play football for severalyears.約翰學會踢足球已有好幾年了。(完成時，不用can或could)I hope to be able to see her again.我希望能再次見到她。(不定式，不用can)2c

33、an可以表示人的能力或物的能力，而beable to 只可表示人的能力或生物的能力，但不可表示物的能力。比較：The boat is able to carry five persons. (誤)可索ootcan cary five pesons.(正)這個小船(2)表示許可或請求別人許可，意為“可以”，相當于may，但may多用于正式、莊重的場合Can I take the book home?我可以把書帶回家嗎？You can go now if you like.你想走可以走了。提示can not在英式英語中寫為cannot，縮寫為cant。can not 在這種意義上意為“不可以”，相

34、當于must not。You can not sit here.你不可以坐在這里。(3)表示推測，意為“也許，可能”，相當于perhaps,it is possible that 等；在這種意義上，cannot意為“不可能”，表示懷疑、不確定或不會有的情況The hole can be very deep.這個洞可能很深。(=Perhaps the hole is very deep.)Even a wise man can sometimes make mistakes.甚至一個聰明人有時也會犯錯誤。(=It is possible that a wise man sometimes mak

35、es mistakes.)Can it be true that she has won the gold medal?她真的獲得金牌了嗎？The pen cant be his.這支鋼筆不可能是他的。提示1比較下面兩組句子：What she said cant be true.她的話不可能是真的。What she said may not be true.她的話也許不是真的。He cant be only thirty.他不可能只有30歲。He may not be only thirty.他可能不止30歲。can常用于疑問句或否定句，表示泛指的、一般的、理論上的可能，而may則表示特指的、

36、具體的、實際的可能。比較：We can go to Shanghai by bus.我們可以乘汽車去上海。(泛指某一次)He may be wrong at this point.在這一點上他可能錯了。(特指的可能，不用can)Can he be going back this spring?他今年春天可能會回來嗎？(4)can+動詞完成式這種結構常用在疑問句中，意為“可能已經(jīng)”。I can find him nowhere. Where can he havegone?我哪里也找不到他，他可能到哪里去了呢？There is no light in the room. Can she have

37、 gone to bed?房間里沒有燈，她可能已經(jīng)睡了嗎？4) could的用法(1)保持時態(tài)一致，could為can的過去式She couldnt go there yesterday.她昨天不能去那里。He asked me if I could give her more money. 他問我是否能多給她一些錢。(2)表示客氣的請求，比用may或can更顯得禮貌Could I use your pen?我用一下你的鋼筆好嗎？Could you return the book next Friday?你下星期五還那本書好嗎？(3)用于現(xiàn)在時或將來時，表示不大的可能性It could be

38、his pencil,but I am not sure.這可能是他的鉛筆，但我不能肯定。It could rain in the evening.晚上可能會下雨。(4)could和was/were able to的區(qū)別A.表示過去具有或不具有某種能力時，could和was were able to可以互換。She could/was able to swim when she was only six years old.她6歲時就會游泳了。The box was locked, and I couldnt/wasnt able to open it.這箱子鎖上了，我打不開。He said

39、he couldnt/wasnt able to answer thequestion.他說他回答不了這個問題。B. was/were able to可以表示過去經(jīng)過努力完成了某事，相當于managed to do sth.或 succeeded in doing sth.，在這種意義上不可用could。She was able to pass the exam after three years of hard study.經(jīng)過3年刻苦學習，她終于考試通過了。Although it rained hard that day,they were able to arrive there on

40、time. 雖然那天雨下得很大，但他們還是準時到達那里了。(5) could+動詞完成式這種結構表示本來能夠做而沒有做的事情，含有責備的意味，意為“本來應該，本來能夠”。You could have come earlier.你本該早些來的。(但沒能早些來)He could have done better.他本應該做得更好的。(但沒能做得更好)這種結構也可以表示對過去事情可能性的推測。Could he have said so?他可能會這樣說嗎？They could have reached the town by now. 他們現(xiàn)在可能已經(jīng)到達那個小城了。(6)“could not+動詞完

41、成時”和“can not+動詞完成式”的區(qū)別這兩種結構均意為“決不會，不可能”，用于指過去的事情，前者比后者在語氣上更為婉轉。He cant have lost his way.他不可能迷路的。They couldnt have known about it. 他們不可能已經(jīng)知道那件事了。比較：She can not have said so.她不會這樣說的。=It is impossible that she said so.She may not have said so.她也許沒這么說。=It is possible that she did not say so.5) must的用法(

42、1)must表示“必須，應該，一定要”，可用于一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時。主語是第一人稱或we時，表示說話人認為有必要或有義務做某事；主語是第二、三人稱 you、they、he、she 等時，表示說話人要求或命令別人做某事。Time is up. We must leave now.時間到了，我們必須離開了。(有必要)You must study hard.你必須努力學習。(Iwantyou to study hard.)He must return the dictionary tomorrow. 他明天必須歸還那本詞典。提示must的過去式通常用had to表示，但在間接引語中也可用must。

43、They had to work twelve hours a day at thattime.那時候，他們一天必須工作12個小時。He told me that he must/had to walk through theforest.他告訴我說，他必須步行穿過森林。2在將來時態(tài)中，可以用shall/will have to替代 must。比較：我們下周必須到那里去。We must go there next week.We shall have to go there next week.在一般現(xiàn)在時中，有時可用have/has to替代must。比較：她說她現(xiàn)在必須走了。She say

44、s she must go now.She says she has to go now.表示“不必要，不需要”時，用need not或dont have to 表示。比較：You must leave for Nanjing tomorrow.你必須明天動身去南京。You need not leave for Nanjing tomorrow.你不必明天動身去南京。=You dont have to leave for Nanjing tomorrow.(2)must可以表示推斷或揣測，指極有可能或不可避免，意為“一定會，準會，一定要，一定是”?！癿ust+動詞原形”表示對現(xiàn)在情況的推測；“

45、must+be+現(xiàn)在分詞”表示對現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生或將來正在發(fā)生的事情的推測，意為“一定正在”；“must+動詞完成式”表示對過去情況的推測，意為“一定已經(jīng)”。It must be true.這一定是真的。It must be ten oclock now.現(xiàn)在準是10點鐘了。It must be raining outside.外面一定在下雨。(推測正在發(fā)生的情況)According to the radio, it must be snowingtomorrow.據(jù)廣播，明天將要下雪。(推測將來正在發(fā)生的情況)You must have got the letter.你一定收到那封信了。(推測已

46、經(jīng)完成的情況)提示這種意義上的否定推斷只能用can not，意為“不可能，一定不”，不可用must not。The door is locked. He cant be at home.門鎖著，他不可能在家。The man cant be over fifty.那人不可能有50多歲。Her answer must be wrong.(正)她的回答準是錯的。Her answer cant be wrong. (正)她的回答不可能錯。Her answer must not be wrong. (誤)(3)must not意為“不準，不許”，表示斷然拒絕或否定，語氣較強。Children must

47、not play with fire.兒童不準玩火。You must not do it that way.不許你那樣做。提示must作“必須”解時，其否定式為need not,不是must not，參見上文。比較：A: Must I read the book again?我必須把這本書再讀一遍嗎？B: No, you neednt.你不必再讀。(或No，you dont need to. /No, you dont have to.)A:Must we leave now?我們必須現(xiàn)在離開嗎？B: No, you neednt. 不必。(沒有必要)B: No, you mustnt. 不準

48、。(不允許，含命令口氣)(4)must和have to有時可以換用，但仍有區(qū)別。A.語義上的區(qū)別：表示說話人的主觀意圖或要must 求，相當于漢語中的“必須”表示由于外部環(huán)境、情況或習have/has to 慣等的客觀需要，相當于漢語的“不得不”I must finish the work before Friday.我必須在星期五前完成工作。(主觀愿望)You must pay more attention to grammar.你應多注意語法。(決定，要求)It rained all day long, so we had to stay at home.整天都在下雨，所以我們不得不待在家

49、里。(外部環(huán)境所迫)Mary has to study late into the night in order to pass the exam. 為了通過考試，瑪麗不得不學習到深夜。(客觀需要)B.適用范圍上的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在時 must或have/has to過去時 had to(直接引語中可用must)將來時 must或shall/will have to現(xiàn)在完成時 have/has had tomust只有現(xiàn)在時一種形式，在賓語從句中可以表示過去，而have to有多種時態(tài)形式；have to可以有不定式、分詞、動名詞等形式，而must則沒有。He said he must ask his

50、 parents first.他說他必須先問問他父母。Ill have to get to my office at eight because the meeting will begin at ten past eight.我必須在8點鐘到達辦公室，因為會議將在8點10分開。He has had to study harder. 他必須更努力地學習。I regret to have to leave early.我很抱歉不得不早些離開。Having to go shopping every day,she felt ratherbored.每天都要去買東西，她感到有點煩了。6) need的

51、用法(1)作情態(tài)動詞用時，need沒有人稱和時態(tài)的變化，后接動詞原形，多用于疑問句或否定句中。在疑問句中，need意為“需要，必須”，在否定句中，need意為“不需要”，?？s寫為neednt。本詞美 nesd bu anoder dictionary，你需要再買一Need we get up so early?我們必須起這么早嗎？Need he take more money with him?他需要帶更多的錢嗎？I need not/neednt tell her that.我不需要把那個告訴她。She neednt do it right now.她不需要馬上就做。提示need也可用作行為

52、動詞，后接賓語或帶to的不定式。情態(tài)動詞 need 可改為行為動詞 need，但結構不同，注意區(qū)別，見下表。情態(tài)動詞 行為動詞He neednt +動詞 He doesnt need + to原形 不定式Need he +動詞原 Does he need +to不形 定式He neednt,need He doesnt need + tohe? 不定式，does he?提示注意 need作為情態(tài)動詞和行為動詞用法在反意疑問句中的應用：He neednt come at once,need he?他必須馬上就來，是嗎？He doesnt need to come at once, does he

53、?(2)回答用need或must提問的問句時，肯定句一律用must，口語中也可用have to或have got to;否定句一律用need not。Need) we attend the evening party?我們必須參加晚會嗎？Must jYes, you must. (正)是的，必須。Yes, you need. (誤)Yes, you have to/have got to.(正)No, you neednt. (正)不，不必。No, you mustnt. (誤)提示neednt和dont have to均可表示“沒有必要”、但有所不同。neednt表示說話者的主觀認識，don

54、t have to 表示客觀上沒有必要。You neednt go to work today;just take a rest athome.你今天不必上班，在家休息一下吧。(主觀上的想法)You dont have to walk so fast; there is still enough time left. 你不必走那么快，時間多著呢。(客觀上存在的情況)(3)“need not+動詞完成式”和“did not needto+動詞原形”?！皀eed not+have+過去分詞”表示過去本不必做但卻做了的事；“did not need to+動詞原形”表示過去不必做某事而實際上也沒有做

55、。比較：She need not have come yesterday.她昨天本不必來的。(但卻來了)She didnt need to come yesterday.她昨天不必來。(實際上也沒來)He neednt have watered the trees because it might rain soon.他本不需要給樹澆水的，因為天不久就會下雨了。(實際上澆水了)He didnt need to water the trees because his sister had already watered them.他不需要給樹澆水，因為他妹妹澆過了。(實際上他也沒澆)(4)nee

56、d say和need to say。比較下列句中情態(tài)動詞need和行為動詞need的結構差別：He never need say how much he likes the book. (need 為情態(tài)動詞，不可以說needs say或 need to say)He never needs to say how much he likes thebook.他沒有必要說他多么喜歡那本書。(need 為行為動詞)That is all she need know.(正)那就是她需要知道的一切。(情態(tài)動詞)That is all she needs know.(誤)That is all she

57、needs to know.(正)(行為動詞)That is all she need to know. (誤)(5)need后跟不定式和動名詞的區(qū)別。need后跟的不定式如果是主動語態(tài)，則表示主動意義，這種句子的主語必須是“人”；need后跟動名詞時表示被動意義，這種句子常以“物”作主語,偶爾也用“人”作主語。need后跟的動名詞不可用被動形式，但可改用不定式被動式。She needs to learn.她需要學習。The garden needs watering.花園需要澆水了。(=The garden needs to be watered.)The girl needs lookin

58、g after.那個小女孩需要照看。(=The girl needs to be looked after.)The room needs cleaning up.這個房間需要徹底清掃一下。提示want和require作“需要”解時，后跟動名詞或不定式，被動式的用法與need相同。The floor requires/wants wiping every day.地板要每天擦。The floor requires/wants to be wiped every day.7) dare 的用法情態(tài)動詞dare主要用于疑問句和否定句中，后接動詞原形(不帶to)，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但過去式為 da

59、red。dare也可以用作行為動詞。比較下表中情態(tài)動詞dare和行為動詞dare的結構。情態(tài)動詞 行為動詞Dare he+動詞原形 Does he dare to+動詞原形He darent +動詞原 He doesnt dare to +形 動詞原形He darent +動詞原 He doesnt dare to +動詞原形，does形，dare he? he?He dared not+動詞 He did not dare to +原形 動詞原形(1) dare用于疑問句中，意為“敢，有勇氣”；這時，如果用行為動詞dare，后面的to也可省略。比較：Dare you jump off the

60、 high wall?你敢跳下這堵高墻嗎？(情態(tài)動詞)動詞e yo dare (o) jamp of ie high wall?(行為Dared he climb the tree in the past?他過去敢爬那棵樹嗎？(情態(tài)動詞)Did he dare (to) climb the tree in the past?(行為動詞)How dare she do like that?她怎么敢那樣做？(情態(tài)動詞)How does she dare (to) do like that?(行為動詞)(2)darent表示否定，意為“不敢”；這時，如果用行為動詞dare，后面的to也可以省略。比較