《化學入門專業(yè)英語》課件專英第九章材料專業(yè)英語翻譯與寫作1

1、第一章 專業(yè)英語的特點材料專業(yè)英語的翻譯與寫作第一節(jié) 專業(yè)英語的語法特點 專業(yè)英語以表達自然科學和工程技術中的有關概念、原理、事實等為其主要內(nèi)容，強調(diào)表達的客觀性和真實性，要求語言敘述準確規(guī)范、簡潔流暢、邏輯性強。因此，“客觀、準確、精煉”是專業(yè)英語的主要語言特點和對語言表達（包括翻譯、寫作）的基本要求。一、非人稱語氣和客觀性二、被動語態(tài)三、非謂語動詞四、名詞化結(jié)構五、省略句六、慣用句型七、復雜長句八、其他一、非人稱語氣和客觀性在論述科技問題時必然會較多地使用無生命的第三人稱語氣（非人稱語氣），力求對研究對象和研究過程做出客觀而準確的陳述。下面來看看一段研究論文：Graphitization

2、characteristics of either conventional malleable irons and magnesium-treated white irons have been proposed or reported in previous literature. However, no detailed investigation has been conducted regarding the heat-treatment responsiveness of Mg-treated malleable irons. In this paper, the influenc

3、e of different foundry variables (e.g.section size, composition of the iron, nodule count, etc.) on first-stage and second-stage graphitization was investigated. Magnesium treatment contributed to improved nodularity, uniform nodule size, uniform nodule distribution and shorter first-stage graphitiz

4、ation time. Empirical regression equations were derived and indicated that the pearlite-ferrite ratio in the matrix can be controlled by varying the second-stage graphitization cooling rate through critical temperature range. The pearlite-ferrite ratio also depends upon the section size of the casti

5、ngs, the composition of the iron and the nodule count.二、被動語態(tài) 專業(yè)英語中的被動語句不一定要說出行為主體，特別當行為主體是人時。但有時也可用“by”引出行為者，這些行為主體除了人、機構、物質(zhì)以外，還包括完成該動作的方法、原因或過程等。如：(1)After the hot-worked surface has been cleaned and oxides removed, the metal can be cold worded to give the final dimensions and properties.在對經(jīng)過熱加工的金屬

6、表面進行清潔和除去氧化物后，可對金屬進行冷加工得到最后的尺寸和性能。(2)Hard spots can be removed from castings by heat treatment, either annealing or normalizing unless the iron contains alloy elements such as chromium.如果鐵不含像鉻這樣的合金元素，硬點就可以通過熱處理（退火或正火）從鑄件中出去。另外，有時可將被動句中的“by”放到句首，構成倒裝句，以強調(diào)主動方。如果想讓讀者特別注意過程的步驟或事件的順序時，可采用此法。如：By carefull

7、y applying a current to the joint after welding, it is possible to retard the cooling rate and produce a machinable weld joint.在焊接后通過小心地對焊縫施加電流，有可能減慢其冷卻速度從而獲得可進行機械加工的焊縫。三、非謂語動詞專業(yè)英語中，動詞的非謂語形式（分詞、動名詞、動詞不定式及它們的復合結(jié)構）應用廣泛，這是因為專業(yè)英語要求準確、精煉，而動詞的非謂語形式可以很好地實現(xiàn)這些要求。1.分詞的使用 在專業(yè)英語中，分詞短語被大量地用作定語、狀語和獨立分詞結(jié)構，取代被動態(tài)或主動

8、態(tài)的關系從句，使句子結(jié)構得到簡化。如：(1)In laser hardening, the surface of the workpiece, coated with a substance which increases its absorptivity, is heated to austenitizing temperature.在激光淬火時，將涂有一種能增大其吸收能力的物質(zhì)的工件表面加熱到奧氏體化溫度。（分詞短語作后置定語）(2)Examined under a microscope, gray cast iron consists of metal matrix and graphi

9、tes.在顯微鏡下觀察，灰鑄鐵由金屬基體和石墨組成。（分詞短語作條件狀語）分詞獨立結(jié)構（名詞或代詞+分詞短語）是一種主謂結(jié)構，在句中的作用相當于并列分句或從句。如：(1)The process is called dieless drawing, as the product being formed without direct contact with a die.由于產(chǎn)品是在不與模具直接接觸的情況下成形，故稱此工藝為無模拉拔。（狀語從句）(2)In the heat exchanger of blast furnace the air flows through the outside

10、pipe, the gas through the inside pipe, with heat exchange taking place through the wall.在高爐熱交換器中，空氣流過外管，燃氣流過內(nèi)管，熱交換通過管壁進行。（并列分句）在此例句中，分詞獨立結(jié)構前加with/without變成起狀語作用的介詞短語，用于當分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致時。2.動名詞的使用 動名詞構成的介詞短語可取代狀語從句或簡化陳述句，在專業(yè)英語中應用廣泛。如： (1)The formation of complex gas can be controlled by reducing the o

11、xygen content in the melt and this is achieved by adding deoxidants.通過減少金屬液中氧的含量可以控制復雜氣體的形成，而這是由加入脫氧劑實現(xiàn)的。 (2)A metal part formed by forging must withstand the rapid application of a force without breaking and gave a high enough ductility to deform to the proper shape.用鍛造方法成形的金屬零件必須承受快速施加的壓力而不開裂，并且具有

12、足夠高的延性以獲得特定的形狀。3.不定式的使用 不定式在專業(yè)英語中的使用也十分頻繁，在句中常用來替換表示目的、功能的句子，使句子結(jié)構簡練。如：(1)To control the transformation behavior of austenite, the process of alloying and heat treatments can be used. 為了控制奧氏體的轉(zhuǎn)變特性，可以采用合金化和熱處理工藝。(2)Certain elements such as magnesium, cerium and calcium can be added into the cast iron

13、 melt of suitable composition to change the growth habit of the eutectic graphite from flake to nodular on subsequent solidification.在具有適當成分的鐵水中添加某些元素，如鎂、鈰和鈣，可以在隨后的凝固中將共晶石墨的生長習性從片狀改變?yōu)榍驙?。四、名詞化結(jié)構 “表示動作意義的名詞+of+名詞+修飾語”叫做名詞化結(jié)構。名詞化結(jié)構具有文字明了、用詞簡潔、結(jié)構緊湊、表意客觀、信息容量大等特點，在專業(yè)英語中經(jīng)常用它代替主謂結(jié)構作各種句子成分，使句子結(jié)構簡化。例如用普通英語表達

14、這樣一句話： If forgings are machined by this method, there will be some loss of material.在專業(yè)英語中就會用名詞化結(jié)構如下表達： The machining of forgings by this method entails some loss of material.用這種方法加工鍛件會浪費一些材料。（名詞化結(jié)構在句中作主語）再如：(1)A reduction in heat loss by the use of insulating refractories in heat treatment furnace

15、seems to be of obvious benefit.在熱處理爐中使用絕熱耐火材料減少熱損失，看來具有明顯的效益。(2)Proper design and choice of the product and its parameters are important for the successful application of HERF process in production.正確地設計和選擇產(chǎn)品及其參數(shù)對于生產(chǎn)中成功地應用HERF工藝是重要的。五、省略句 作者為了減少或避免用復合句進行表述，縮短句子長度，常常采用某些比較簡略的表達形式，以達到精煉的目的，故省略句在專業(yè)英語中應

16、用較多。常用的省略形式有： 1.并列復合句中的省略 2.狀語從句中的省略 3.定語從句中的省略 4.其他省略句 5.常見省略句型1.并列復合句中的省略 各分句中的相同成分主語、謂語（助動詞或行為動詞）或賓語可以省略。如： The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, while the second treatment would require only 26 hours.可以省略為： The first treatment would require a minimum of 48 hours, the second on

17、ly 26 hours.2.狀語從句中的省略 在主從復合句中，當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語相同時，從句中的主語和助動詞往往可以忽略，有時甚至將連詞一并省略。例如： 【If (it is)】alloyed with tin, copper forms a series of alloys which are known as bronze. 如果將銅與錫熔合，就能形成叫青銅的一系列合金。（條件狀語從句中的主語和助動詞可以省略，連詞也可省略）在專業(yè)英語文獻中提到某個圖或表時，常常使用“as in Fig.x”和“as in Table x”的句型，這些也是省略句。例如：The punch forc

18、e p is transmitted to the deformation zone through the pressure on the bottom of the cup as (it is shown) in Fig.11. 沖壓力p通過杯底部的壓力傳到變形區(qū)域，如圖11所示。（方式狀語從句“as”中省略了主語和謂語“It is shown”）另外，有時還可將狀語從句中的連詞、主語和謂語全部省略，只保留介詞短語，而意義不變。如上面列舉的第一句便可進一步簡化成： With tin, copper forms a series of alloys which are known as br

19、onze. 銅能與錫形成叫做青銅的一系列合金。3.定語從句中的省略 由關聯(lián)詞that或which引導的定語從句，可將關聯(lián)詞和從句謂語中的助動詞一并省略。如上句中的which可予省略，留下作定語用的分詞“known as bronze”；并且還可進一步省略成： Alloyed with tin, copper forms a bronze. 用錫合金化，銅就形成青銅。 In this diagram the solid solution (which is) based on metal C is called the phase. 在此相圖中，以金屬C為基的固溶體成為相。4.其他省略句（1）通

20、過改變句子結(jié)構（有時是添加個別詞語），可省略一些詞語，將較長的句子壓縮成較簡短的句子。例如： In the form in which they have been presented, the test results give no useful information. 可以省略為：Thus presented, the test results give no useful information.這樣給出的試驗結(jié)果不能提供什么有用的信息。 在此句中，用副詞“thus”代替短語“In the form in which they have been”，只保留一個分詞“presented

21、”，使句子結(jié)構大為簡化。又如： Normally lead was extruded at room temperature, aluminum either cold or hot, and copper hot. 通常，鉛在室溫下進行擠壓，鋁可進行冷擠壓或熱擠壓，銅進行熱擠壓。（2）使用標準的縮寫詞，也可將長句縮短。例如： The interface composition between matrix and reinforce can be analyzed by EMPA. 應用電子顯微探針可以分析基體與增強物之間的界面成分。（3）使用某些特定句型也可以省略一些句子成分。例如： Th

22、e lower the temperature of bainite formation the finer are these carbides and the structures produced become similar to that of tempered martensite. 貝氏體形成的溫度越低，這些碳化物就越細，而形成的組織變得類似于回火馬氏體的組織。5.常見省略句型在專業(yè)英語中常用一些省略句型，如：As described aboveAs explained beforeAs shown in figure 3As indicated in Table 2As alr

23、eady discussedAs noted laterIf any (anything)If convenientIf necessaryIf possibleIf requiredIf notIf soWhen in useWhen necessaryWhen neededWhen possible六、慣用句型專業(yè)英語中有許多慣用句型，除了前面已提到的以外，最常用的是由導引詞it（用作形式主語）引出的陳述句（后面用主語從句或不定式短語作邏輯主語）。常用的有：It appears thatIt can be seen thatIt has been proved thatIt is evid

24、ent thatIt is necessary to point out thatIt is not hard to imagine thatIt is possible thatIt is well known thatIt may be remarked thatIt must be noted thatIt was reported thatIt should be mentioned thatIt will be found thatIf follows (from this) that另外還有一類慣用句型是包含有表語或表語從句的陳述句。例如：Of importance is (are

25、)The conclusion is thatOf recent concern is (are)The fact is thatParticularly noteworthy is thatThe purpose of this paper isThe case (question) is that還有一類慣用句型是包含有賓語或賓語從句的陳述句，例如：Calculations indicated thatExperience has shown thatFig.2 illustratesResults demonstrate thatI suppose thatSome believe th

26、atOne can only say thatTests have proven thatPeople say thatThis implies thatPractice has shown thatWe believe that長句的翻譯應注意切分，可采用順序法、逆序法、分句法和綜合法處理。1. 順序法Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep，electricity is working for us，driving our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our

27、rooms air-conditioned即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉(xiāng)時，電仍在為我們工作： 幫我們開動電冰箱，把水加熱，或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。即使在我們關掉了床頭燈深深地進入夢鄉(xiāng)時，電仍在為我們工作： 幫我們開動電冰箱，把水加熱，或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機繼續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)。 七、復雜長句2.逆序法Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century，because nowhere in nature is it found free，owing to its always being combined with other elements，mo

28、st commonly with oxygen，for which it has a strong affinity.鋁總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合； 因為鋁跟氧有很強的親和力，由于這個原因，在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以，鋁直到19世紀才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。3.分句法Television，it is often said，keeps one informed about current events，allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics，and offers an endless ser

29、ies of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.人們常說，通過電視可以了解時事，掌握科學和政治的最新動態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。4.綜合法Modern scientific and technical books，especially textbooks，requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas，observations and discoveries.大

30、對于現(xiàn)代書籍，特別是教科書來說，要是作者希望自己書中的內(nèi)容能與新概念、新觀察到的事實和新發(fā)現(xiàn)同步發(fā)展的話，那么就應該每隔較短的時間，將書中的內(nèi)容重新修改。It is important to remember that the composition of a given grade of steel can be subject to variations within the range of its specification, and such variations in composition, impurity elements and also grain size caused

31、 in hot-working process will result in differences in both response to heat treatment and variations in mechanical properties.重要的是要記住，給定牌號鋼的化學成分在其規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)可能發(fā)生一些變化，這樣一些在熱加工過程中引起的存在于成分、雜質(zhì)元素，還有晶粒大小上的變化，將使熱處理工藝和力學性能產(chǎn)生一些差異。第一節(jié)完 謝謝大家！八、其他除前述幾個語法特點外，專業(yè)英語還有詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多，使用短語動詞、條件句多等特點。在修辭上，專業(yè)英語文筆樸實，使用陳述句居多，祈使句在說明書等技術文

32、件中較多，感嘆句、疑問句使用少。在時態(tài)上，多采用一般時（一般現(xiàn)在時、過去時和將來時），有時采用現(xiàn)在進行時、完成時，其它時態(tài)很少用。限于篇幅，這些不在一一贅述。翻譯練習（一）（1）Steel generally contains between 0.05w and 2.0w carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0w and 4.5w carbon.（2）A composition of 5w total noncarbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between

33、low alloy and high alloy steels. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs.（3）The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal.（4）Iron which contains a ne

34、gligible quantity of carbon, for example, wrought iron behaves differently from iron which contains a lot of carbon.（5）The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite and partly as a chemical combination of iron and carbon which is called cementite.Heat Treatments (熱處理)Definition Heat tre

35、atment is the technical process or treatments to steels in solid state according to the scheduled requirements like heating, keeping warm and cooling, their aims are to vary the internal structure and gain the desired properties. Heat Treating Process of steels: Annealing Normalizing QuenchingTemper

36、ingi. Annealing (退火) and Normalizing (正火) (1)The function of annealing and normalizing *Lowering hardness, improving plasticity, making steels apt to the cold-work. *Homogenizing the steel structure, refining the grain, developing the mechanical properties. *Clearing up the internal stress, resistin

37、g the deformation of workpieces. (2)The selection of annealing and normalizing *Aimed mainly at improving the machinability, normalizing is better for Medium or Low Carbon Steels; while annealing for High Carbon Steels. *Aimed mainly at developing the mechanical properties and never need any other h

38、eat treatments, normalizing is better. *From the aspect of economy, normalizing is better than annealing.ii. Quenching (淬火) (1)Process Heating the steel pieces to the quenching temperature, cool them quickly in the quenching agents after the warm-keeping treatment, then the Austenite changes into th

39、e Martensite.(2)Quenching Agents *Mineral Oil, Water, and Brine. *Generally speaking: Carbon Steel, cooling in water and brine. Alloy Steel, cooling in oil. (3)Quenching Function developing the hardness, strength and wear (abrasion) resistance. *The emergency cooling in quenching is apt to make flaw

40、 in the steel pieces, so the tempering is commonly needed to clear up the stress after quenching. *Quenching and Tempering are always combined to the technical process.iii. Tempering (1)Process Heat the steel pieces which are already quenched to the certain temperature (TTcritical), cool them quickl

41、y in still air after the warm-keeping treatment. (2)Purpose Reduce or clear up the internal stress of workpieces after quenching, stabilize the internal structure and gain the different mechanical properties.(3)Types of Tempering *Tempering at low temperature after quenching, tempering between 15025

42、0C. Functionreduces the internal stress and brittleness of quenching steels, and at the same time keeps the high hardness and high wear resistance. Usage in various tools, ball bearing and parts after carburation (滲碳作用).*Tempering at medium temperature after quenching, tempering between 300450C. Fun

43、ctionreduce the internal stress, reach the limit of high strength and high elasticity. Usagein the treatment of various spring.*Tempering at high temperature after quenching, tempering between 500680C. Functiongain the certain strength, have higher plasticity and impact toughness, i.e. excellent ove

44、rall mechanical properties. Quenching + Tempering Thermal Refining Usageimportant parts, such as gear, rod, crank shaft, etc.The last heat treatment: Facial Heat Teatment表面熱處理 Three Basic Types of C existing in the iron-carbon alloy (鐵碳合金)1、DissolutionC dissolute in the crystal lattice of Fe to form

45、 the Solid Solution (固溶體) Fe-C Solid Solution.Solvent the element without changing in the crystal lattice. FeSolute the element dissolving in solvent. CTwo kinds of common-used Solid SolutionFerrite (F):The solid solution formed by C dissolving in -Fe is called Ferrite, body centered cubic lattice.

46、Characteristics: Because the clearance between atoms is small, the capacity to dissolve C is weak. Temperature Solubility of CAt room temperature 0.006 % 723 0.02 %(maximum)Properties: Low strength Low hardness Good plasticity Good toughness Austenite (A):The solid solution formed by C dissolving in -Fe is called Austenite, face centered cubic lattice. Characteristics:Characteristics: Because