3物質(zhì)環(huán)境ppt課件

1、3 物質(zhì)環(huán)境Material Environment3.1 地球上水的存在方式及分布Forms and distribution of water on the Earth3.2 生物對(duì)水分的順應(yīng)Adaptation of organisms to water3.3 大氣組成及其生態(tài)作用Atmospheric composition and its ecological role3.4 土壤的理化性質(zhì)及其對(duì)生物的影響Physical and chemical properties of soil and their influences on organisms教學(xué)目的了解地球水的存在方式及分

2、布；了解生物對(duì)水分的順應(yīng)；掌握陸生植物的類型及其順應(yīng)特點(diǎn)；水生植物對(duì)水環(huán)境的順應(yīng)；水生動(dòng)物對(duì)高鹽度或低鹽度環(huán)境的順應(yīng)；了解大氣的組成及其生態(tài)作用；大氣中氧氣、二氧化碳濃度與生物的關(guān)系；土壤的理化性質(zhì)及其對(duì)生物的影響；掌握土壤的生物學(xué)特性。教學(xué)重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)1、陸地上水的分布及其變化規(guī)律;2、水生植物對(duì)水環(huán)境的順應(yīng); 水生動(dòng)物對(duì)高鹽度或低鹽度的順應(yīng);3、氧氣和二氧化碳的生態(tài)作用；4、土壤的生物學(xué)特性;5、難點(diǎn)是濕生植物、中生植物、旱生植物、腐殖質(zhì)、土壤質(zhì)地、土壤構(gòu)造、鹽堿地植物、程度衡概念。 學(xué)時(shí)數(shù) 2-33.1 地球上水的存在方式及分布水是生命物質(zhì)的關(guān)鍵組成成分；A key component o

3、f organic matters水是生命活動(dòng)的根底；The basis of life activities水為水生生物提供資源和棲息地；Providing resources and habitats for aquatic organisms水影響陸生生物的生長(zhǎng)與分布Influencing the growth and distribution of terrestrial organisms Chemical properties of waterWater is the universal internal medium of all organisms, comprising mo

4、re than 90% of living matter. The shape of the water molecule, with an HOH angle of 105results in the side with the hydrogen being positively charged (electropositive) whereas the other side is negatively charged (electronegative). This explains many of waters properties relative to physical and che

5、mical reactions. It also explains why water is attracted to charged ions.3.1.1 水的特性與存在方式Properties and Forms of Water水分子具有極性polarity；水具有高熱容量high thermal capacity；水具有特殊的密度變化special density change；水具有相變phase change3.1.2 陸地上水的分布降水量 precipitation 緯度變化：020潮濕帶；2040枯燥帶；4060潮濕帶；極地枯燥帶降水量的空間分布海陸分布坡向變化季節(jié)變化大氣濕度

6、我國(guó)降水量的地域分布3.2 生物對(duì)水分的順應(yīng)3.2.1 植物與水Plant and water3.2.1.1 陸地植物的程度衡water balance3.2.1.2 水生植物3.2.1.3 植物消費(fèi)力3.2.2 動(dòng)物對(duì)水的順應(yīng)Adaptation of animals to water3.2.2.1 水生動(dòng)物3.2.2.2 兩棲類的程度衡3.2.2.3 陸生動(dòng)物陸地植物的程度衡Water Balance of Terrestrial PlantsWater balance: 得水根吸水a(chǎn)bsorption、失水葉蒸騰evaporation堅(jiān)持平衡陸地植物：濕生植物hygrophyte、中生植

7、物mesad、旱生植物siccocolous順應(yīng)性：多得水、少失水；形狀構(gòu)造、生理生態(tài)、行為調(diào)理Changing leaf area: (a) following rainfall ocotillo(墨西哥刺木，蔓仙人掌) plants of the Sonoran Desert develop leaves and flower; (b) during dry periods they lose their leaves and blossoms.水生植物浸透壓調(diào)理：高滲、等滲、低滲鹽脅迫順應(yīng)：耐受、分泌排除、降低葉蒸騰 【脯氨酸】缺氧順應(yīng)：通氣系統(tǒng)開放型如荷、封鎖型如金魚藻、無蒸騰作用、出

8、水通氣根mangrove 紅樹林植物消費(fèi)力和降雨量親密相關(guān)Taxodium distichum Baldcypress, cypress, swamp cypress沼澤柏、落羽杉、池柏魚類的程度衡浸透調(diào)理：水分滲入與排出淡水硬骨魚：高滲性hyperosmotic, 排尿腎，攝鹽鰓海洋硬骨魚：低滲性hypoosmotic ，吞海水，泌鹽鰓海洋軟骨魚：等滲性Isosmotic ，尿素血液，離子調(diào)理廣鹽性洄游魚類：腎調(diào)理水，鰓調(diào)理鹽水生動(dòng)物對(duì)水密度的順應(yīng)密度大，浮力大：體型龐大，四肢退化，魚鰾深海高壓：魚類皮膚通透性大，骨骼和肌肉不興隆，無鰾；肺呼吸動(dòng)物的胸腔構(gòu)造，防止“減壓病魚對(duì)水中低氧的順應(yīng)水

9、體溶解氧濃度大氣氧濃度低氧順應(yīng)：血氧容量添加、厭氧代謝兩棲類的程度衡： 腎功能類似于魚腎 皮膚功能類似于魚鰓陸生動(dòng)物程度衡失水與得水動(dòng)態(tài)平衡得水途徑：飲水、進(jìn)食、代謝水、吸水失水途徑：蒸發(fā)、呼吸、排泄順應(yīng)對(duì)策：添加得水、減少失水動(dòng)物與濕度：行為、發(fā)育動(dòng)物與雪被：dune crest 沙丘頂部groove凹槽evaporative cooling蒸發(fā)冷卻tap into接近mesquite 豆科灌木burrow洞穴saguaro:巨人柱, insulated絕熱的, stomate氣孔3.3 大氣組成及其生態(tài)作用大氣層atmosphere：地表到1100 km范圍內(nèi)空氣海拔300 m，大氣壓3.

10、33 kPa。大氣組成：氮nitrogen、氧oxygen、二氧化碳carbon dioxide等CO2：植物光協(xié)作用原料、生物氧化代謝產(chǎn)物O2：幾乎一切生物生存所依賴的媒介3.3.1 氧與生物氧與動(dòng)物能量代謝: 氧是陸生動(dòng)物進(jìn)化成恒溫動(dòng)物的保證；動(dòng)物代謝率隨環(huán)境氧分壓而改動(dòng)是普通規(guī)律內(nèi)溫動(dòng)物對(duì)高海拔低氧的順應(yīng)：限制因子 加大呼吸深度； 添加肺泡氣體彌散才干； 添加肌紅蛋白數(shù)量； 添加紅細(xì)胞數(shù)量及血紅蛋白濃度植物與氧：主要消費(fèi)者Biological Role of OxygenMolecular oxygen, O2, is essential for cellular respiration

11、 in all aerobic好氧 organisms. It is used as electron acceptor電子接受體 in the mitochondria線粒體 to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP三磷酸腺苷) during oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化. During this reaction, oxygen is reduced復(fù)原 to water. Conversely, free游離 oxygen is produced in th

12、e biosphere through photolysis光解作用 (light-driven oxidation and splitting) of water during photosynthesis in cyanobacteria藍(lán)細(xì)菌, green algae and plants, thus closing the biological water-oxygen redox氧化復(fù)原 cycle.3.3.2 二氧化碳的生態(tài)作用大氣中CO2與溫室效應(yīng)：greenhouse effect ！溫室效應(yīng)的積極意義CO2與植物：作物生長(zhǎng)盛期和強(qiáng)光照下， CO2缺乏是光協(xié)作用的限制要素Bio

13、logical Role of Carbon DioxideCarbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In high

14、er animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the bodys tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled. In plants using photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere.3.4.1 土壤的物理性質(zhì)與生物土壤的生態(tài)學(xué)意義固、水、氣三相復(fù)合系統(tǒng)土壤質(zhì)地與構(gòu)造：砂土、壤土、粘土；微團(tuán)粒構(gòu)造、團(tuán)粒構(gòu)造、比團(tuán)粒更大的構(gòu)造；直接影響生物水氣肥協(xié)同；影響土壤水、氣、溫土壤水分：過多過少均不利土壤空氣：低氧

15、、高二氧化碳土壤溫度：SoilSoil comprising the pedosphere土壤圈 is positioned at the interface of the lithosphere巖石圈 and biosphere with the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Soil is considered a three phase system, consisting of solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase consists of mineral and organic matter, including li

16、ving organisms. The liquid phase is known as the soil solution, and is the phase from which plants take up nutrients. The gaseous phase is important for supplying oxygen to the roots for respiration. SoilSoil formation, or pedogenesis土壤發(fā)生, is the combined effect of physical, chemical, biological, an

17、d anthropogenic processes on soil parent material母質(zhì)層 resulting in the formation of soil horizons土層.O: Organic horizon有機(jī)質(zhì)層，具有大量新穎的或部分分解的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。A: Mineral soil mixed with some organic matter受氣候、植被、耕作等自然和人為影響最強(qiáng)的最上部土層,稱為淋溶層。B: Depositional horizon某種方式受成土因子的影響而構(gòu)成的獨(dú)特層次,稱淀積層。C: Weathered parent material底土層，普

18、通不受成土因子的影響3.4.2 土壤化學(xué)性質(zhì)與生物土壤酸度：植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)有效性、動(dòng)物區(qū)系土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)：腐殖質(zhì)humus:腐殖質(zhì)是土壤微生物分解有機(jī)質(zhì)時(shí)，重新合成的具有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性的多聚體化合物，主要是humic acid和fulvic acid土壤礦質(zhì)元素：植物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育、動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)分布土壤的生物屬性及生物對(duì)土壤的順應(yīng) 土壤的生物特性：植物、動(dòng)物、微生物；促進(jìn)成土作用、改善土壤植物對(duì)土壤的順應(yīng)： 鹽堿土植物halophyte:A halophyte is a plant that naturally grows where it is affected by salinity in the root ar

19、ea or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs, and seashores 沙生植物psammophyte：抗風(fēng)蝕沙割、耐沙埋、抗日灼、耐干旱貧瘠注：“濕地一詞是指被淺水或暫時(shí)性積水所覆蓋的低地。普通包括：草本沼澤 mashes，灌叢沼澤swamp，苔蘚泥炭沼澤bogs，濕草甸wetmeadow，泡沼potholes，淺水沼澤sloughs以及濱河泛濫地bottom land，也包括生長(zhǎng)挺水植物emergent vegetation的淺水湖泊或淺水水體，但河、溪

20、、水庫和深水湖泊等穩(wěn)定水體不包括在內(nèi)。由于這些水體不具有這種暫時(shí)性，對(duì)濕地土壤植被的開展幾乎毫無作用。黑梭梭Haloxylon aphyllum shrubby psammophyte and halophyte, growing on old reed-remnants土壤水分和鹽分對(duì)美洲斑潛蠅寄主選擇性的影響水分和鹽分都會(huì)影響美洲斑潛蠅的寄主選擇性 .干旱、土壤過濕、低質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)的 Na Cl脅迫都能夠添加美洲斑潛蠅的寄主選擇性水分脅迫(干旱或土壤過濕)和鹽分脅迫不但會(huì)影響植物的含水量，而且會(huì)抑制蛋白質(zhì)合成，促使植物蛋白質(zhì)的降解及可溶性氮的添加，從而有利于昆蟲的選擇同時(shí)它降低植物的光臺(tái)作用

21、，影響了植物的CN 平衡，從而導(dǎo)致昆蟲寄主選擇性的加強(qiáng)、澇害還會(huì)使植物體內(nèi)的不飽和肪酸下降 另外，這些脅迫可以促使植物細(xì)胞浸透勢(shì)下降和膨壓上升，王珂指出，細(xì)胞質(zhì)浸透壓較高時(shí) 許多刺吸式害蟲不能取食；水分的短缺也能夠引起含N、S的防御性化臺(tái)物 及萜類化臺(tái)物的添加；土壤水分和鹽分對(duì)美洲斑潛蠅寄主選擇性的影響鹽分脅迫也會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些有毒氪基酸的積累，從而不利于昆蟲的選擇 ；高鹽質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)可以導(dǎo)致N 同化受損，蛋白質(zhì)代謝失調(diào)，二胺如腐胺、尸胺及多胺發(fā)生積累 引實(shí)踐上，鹽分對(duì)昆蟲寄主選擇性的影響還能夠是由于Na 或Cl一對(duì)植物生長(zhǎng)的影響，如Cl鹽可以添加甜菜的糖含量，而且在大多數(shù)情況下可使其氨基酸和甜菜堿降低；而運(yùn)用Na肥也可以添加甜菜的含糖量 因此，土壤水分和鹽分對(duì)美洲斑潛蠅寄主選擇性的影響，是有剎要素和不利要素綜協(xié)作