初中詞義辨析課件

1、第十講詞義辨析方位介詞on: 在上。表面接觸。over: 在垂直正上方. underabove: 在上方, 高于某物,不一定垂直。 belowon, over, aboveThere is a ship the river. There is a bridge the river. There is a plane the bridge. onoveraboveonoverunderabovebelowbeneath地理方位in: 在內(nèi)部。on: 搭界。to: 不搭界。in, to, onBeijing is the north of China. inJapan is the east of

2、 China. toHunan is the south of Hubei. onin front of, in the front ofin front of: 在前面(范圍之外)in the front of: 在的前部(范圍之內(nèi))There is a car in front of the house and Tom sits in the front of the car.Tom一言辨異cross , across, throughacross: prep. 從表面橫穿through: prep. 從內(nèi)部空間穿cross: v. 穿過，越過*go across the street=c

3、ross the street*go through the tunnel / forest*swim across the Channel *The river runs through this city.in the tree, on the treein a tree: 不是樹上結(jié)的東西on a tree: 樹上長的。on the treein the treeaccept , receiveaccept: 主動接受receive: 收到I received a gift , but I dont want to accept it.接收接受一言辨異alone , lonelyI wa

4、s travelling alone in the lonely mountain.I didnt feel lonely though I was alone.孤單我獨自行走在荒涼的山里，雖孤身一人，但并不感到寂寞.adv. 狀語 獨自adj. 定語 荒涼的孤獨不在獨處時只在鬧市中表語 孤獨的，寂寞的表語 一個人的一言辨異loneadj.定語單獨的,獨自的,無伴的客觀狀態(tài)aloneadj.表語獨自的,一個人的客觀情況adv.狀語單獨地,獨自地lonelyadj.表語孤獨的,寂寞的主觀感受定語偏僻的,荒涼的,孤獨的ill, sickill: adj. 表示“有病的”只能作表語,不能做定語. 作

5、定語時表示“惡劣的,邪惡的” sick: adj. 作定語或表語:“生病的”,與with連用表原因。 作表語“嘔吐的,惡心的”生病My daughter was sick with a cold. 我女兒因感冒而生病。Tom was ill in hospital. Tom生病住院了。That ill woman killed her own child. 那個壞女人殺了自己的孩子。She wanted to help sick people. 她想幫助病人。put on, wear, dress, in, 穿戴put on后接衣服 強調(diào)穿的動作 Put on the coat.wear 后接

6、衣服 強調(diào)穿戴的狀態(tài) She is wearing a blue dress and a mink coat.dress后接人dress sb. (動作) 給別人穿衣服dress oneself (動作) 給自己穿衣服be dressed in +衣服 (狀態(tài))in后接顏色或衣服強調(diào)狀態(tài)，做定語。the girl in redShe is in a red dress.have on穿戴著。表狀態(tài)。無進行時。=be wearingtake, cost, spend, paytake時間主語itIt takes sb.+時間+to do sth.spend金錢/時間主語人sb.+ spend+金

7、錢/時間+on sth. (in) doing sth.cost金錢/時間主語物sth.+ cost + sb.+金錢/時間(模糊時間段)pay金錢主語人sb.+ pay+金錢+for sth.花費知多少madebe made of + 原材料(看得出)be made from + 原材料(看不出)be made by + 制造者be made in + 產(chǎn)地制造Wine is made grapes.This car is made Germany.Cotton is made clothes. The house is made wood.My kite is made Uncle Tom

8、.Water is made oxygen any hydrogen.frominintoofbyup ofbe made into + 成品be made up of + 組成部分borrow, lend, keepborrow sth. from sb.lend sth. to sb.keep + for + 時間段=borrow sb. sth. =lend sb. sth. 借入 借借出 持有一段時間 steal, robsteal sth. from sb./sp.rob sb./sp. of sth.偷搶從某人/某地 偷東西搶某人/某地 東西used toused to do st

9、h. 過去常常做某事be/get used to doing sth 習慣做某事He used to go to work by car, but now on foot.be used to do sth. 被用來做He is used to reading books before he goes to sleep.Knife is used to cut.by, with, in , throughwith: 用工具in: 用語言、材料by : 靠，憑方式/方法/手段through: 通過途徑write with a pen, strike with a hammerkill two b

10、irds with one stone in English, in ink , in Large Letters, in shorthandAll work had to be done by hand.所有的工作都是手工進行的。 He makes a living by teaching. 他以教書為生。How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail?He came by train, but his wife came by bus. He succeeded through hard work. The scien

11、tist studies the skies through a telescope.look, see, watch, readlook : 去看。強調(diào)看的過程。vi. 與at連用see: 看見。強調(diào)看的結(jié)果watch: 觀看，欣賞(電視,劇,表演,比賽)read: 讀(書,報,雜志)看Look! Look at the pictures! What can you see?聽listen, hearlisten: vi. 與to連用。強調(diào)聽的動作,不一定聽見。hear: vt. 聽見。強調(diào)聽的結(jié)果。I was listening, but heard nothing.sound, nois

12、e, voicesound: 一切聲音noise: 噪音There is a loud noise outside the classroom. The teacherhad to raise his voice, ”Light travels much faster than sound.”教室外面一片嘈雜，老師只得提高聲音說：“光的傳播速度比聲音快得多?！甭曇魐oice: 嗓音一言辨異say, speak, tell, talk, chat說sayvt. 說，講。強調(diào)說的內(nèi)容。vi. 和說。 say to sb.speakvt. 講某種語言vi. 側(cè)重講的動作。speak to sb.te

13、llvt. 告訴,講述(story, lie, joke)tell sb. sth. tell sb. to do sth.talkvi. 談話,談?wù)?talk about talk with/to sb.chatvi.聊天。 chat with/to sb.look for, find, find outlook for: 尋找。 強調(diào)找的過程和動作。find: 找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)。強調(diào)結(jié)果。She looked for her lost ring everywhere, but she didnt find it.The next day she found out that a little b

14、oy had stolen it.find out: 找出，發(fā)現(xiàn)，查明。指通過調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)真相。尋找一言辨異discover, inventdiscover: 發(fā)現(xiàn)。 原本就存在的。Edison invented the light.invent: 發(fā)明。 原本沒有Columbus discovered New Continent.in future, in the futurein future: 從今以后的全部將來in the future: 將來的某一時刻I must study hard in future and I will succeed in the future.將來=from

15、now on從今以后我必須努力工作， 那么將來我就會成功。Do you want to go to America in the future?I hope youll be careful in future.一言辨異sleep, asleep, sleepygo to bed: 上床,就寢。 強調(diào)動作。與get up對應 go to sleep: 睡著,入睡。 強調(diào)結(jié)果。=fall asleep：自然而然、不知不覺地睡著。sleepy: adj. 疲倦的。睡覺be asleep： 睡著了的。強調(diào)睡眠的狀態(tài)。asleep: adj. 只能做表語。sleep: v. & n. sleep a

16、sound sleep sleeping: n. 睡眠。做定語 a sleeping bag/ car / babysleep： 指睡覺的動作過程。be strict in, be strict withbe strict in sth. : 對某事(工作、學習)嚴格要求be strict with sb.: 對某人嚴格要求。Students must be strict in their study and teachers must be strict with their students.嚴格嚴格是大愛一言辨異job, workjob: n. 可數(shù)。 工作,職業(yè),任務(wù),職責。work:

17、 v. & n. 不可數(shù)。Whats your job?I got a job as a teacher a few days ago. I have a lot of work to do every day.I must work hard.工作a good job 一件好事 lose ones job 失業(yè) be out of a job 失業(yè) Do a good job.=Good job! 干的不錯 at work 在工作 work hard 努力工作（或?qū)W習） bring, take, fetch, carrybring: 拿來,帶來 take: 拿走,帶走 Please brin

18、g your book here.fetch: 去取來,去拿,去接 go and bringcarry: 攜帶,運送,運載帶Lets take Mary to the party.Please fetch me a cup of coffee.Dont forget to carry the medicine.This plane can carry 550 people.die, dead, dying, death1. He died suddenly last night.2. The old man is dying.3. Lei Feng was dead for many year

19、s, but death cant bring him away from peoples heart.4. Nowadays many people die of cancer.5. The young man died from a traffic accident.死dievi.死。瞬間動詞deadadj.無生命的,死的dying現(xiàn)在分詞垂死的,要死的deathn.死亡die of死于(疾病,衰老)內(nèi)部原因die from死于(地震,事故)外部原因cloth, clothes, clothingcloth: 布,布料。clothes: 衣服的總稱。以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)。包括上衣，褲子，內(nèi)衣，外

20、衣，含義較具體。All her clothes are very beautiful. 她所有的衣服都很漂亮。clothing: 服裝的總稱。 包括衣服褲子鞋襪,范圍比clothes廣,含義較抽象。衣服The shop sells mens clothing. 這家商店賣男裝。I need a lot of cloth if Im going to make a new dress.jacketcoatshirtblousedressskirttrousersshortssweatersockstiehouse, home, familyhouse: 房子。指建筑。無感情色彩。 home: 家

21、。強調(diào)家的氛圍或環(huán)境，有感情色彩。She has a new house in Shanghai.She goes home at five everyday.Her family all like travlling.family: 家庭。強調(diào)家庭成員。家have been to, have gone to, have been in, have been awayhave been to: 去過某地。(人已回) have gone to: 去了某地。(人未回)-Where is Tom?-He has gone to London. He has been to London three

22、times.We have been in NY for 5 years.Mr. Smith has been away from Paris for 2 months.have been in: 在某地呆著。have been away: 離開某地。enough to, tootoenough to: 足夠能夠做tooto: 太而不能The boy is too young to go to school.=The boy is not old enough to go to school.The girl is old enough to go to school.反tooto結(jié)構(gòu)在肯定句

23、式中表示否定含義，但在下列情況表示肯定含義。 not tooto but/just/only tooto toonot to besides, except, except for,besides: 除了之外(還有) 從整體中加上,是附加關(guān)系 =in additionexcept: 除了之外 ,從整體中減去,是排除關(guān)系。 不能放在句首,放在句首需要用except for 替代。She can speak French and Japanese besides English .except for: “除之外”，用于引述細節(jié)以修正和補充句子的主要意思， 有“瑕不掩瑜美中不足”之意。前后名詞性質(zhì)

24、不同。 apart from: apart from具有多重意義，既可表示besides， 也可表示except或except for。在同類或不同類都能用。 除了We all passed the exam except Tom.Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.Apart from the price, the dress doesnt suit me. 且不說sometime, sometimes,some time, some timesIt took me some tim

25、e to finish the report.We will meet sometime next week.She sometimes goes to school on foot.We have been to the Great Wall some times.some time一段時間sometimeadv.某時some times幾次，幾倍sometimes偶爾，有時 口訣分開是”一段“ 相聚在“某時”分開s是“倍次” 相連s是”有時“不到長城非好漢too, either, also, as well也also肯定句位于助動詞后行為動詞前as well肯定句位于句末不用逗號隔開too

26、肯定句位于句末可用逗號隔開either否定句位于句末可用逗號隔開be famous forbe famous as be famous for: 因而著名(不同概念)be famous as: 作為而出名(同一概念)China is famous for the Great Wall.著名China is famous as an ancient country.be afraid of doingbe afraid to do be afraid of doing: 擔心出現(xiàn)某種后果be afraid to do： 不敢做害怕一言辨異Mr. Black was afraid to climb

27、 the tree, for he was afraid of falling down from it.布萊克先生不敢爬樹，因為他怕從樹上掉下來。be familiar withbe familiar tobe familiar with: 人做主語，某人對熟悉She is familiar with modern jazz. 她對現(xiàn)代爵士樂很熟悉。Your name is very familiar to me. 你的名字我很熟悉。be familiar to: 物做主語，物對人來說是熟悉的熟悉agreeagree with:agree to:.agree on:同意How.How man

28、y多少？對數(shù)量提問(可數(shù))How much多少？對數(shù)量提問(不可數(shù))How long多長時間？對完成時中時間段提問How soon多久以后？對將來時中in+時間段提問How far多遠？對距離提問How often多長時間一次？對頻率提問join, take part in, enter for, attend參加join加入黨派組織社會團體成為其中一員(party, army, club)join insb.take part in參加某項集體活動enter for參加競賽比賽(competition, race)attend參加某種場合(meeting) 著重指動作hear of/abou

29、thear fromhear of / about: 聽說。間接聽到或聽說某人某事。hear from: 收到來信Have you heard from Susan recently?I heard of her illness.一言辨異learn of/aboutlearn fromlearn of / about: 聽說的事情, 得知,了解We should learn from Lei Feng.learn from: 向?qū)W習Im very sad to learn about his death.manage to, try to, try doingmanage to do: 設(shè)法做

30、成某事How did you manage to get there? 你是怎么設(shè)法到達那里的？The doctor tried to cure the patient of her illness,so he tried treating her with new medicine.醫(yī)生盡力為這個病人治病，因此他試著用新藥給她治療。try to do: 企圖，設(shè)法去做某事try doing : 嘗試做某事一言辨異a number of, the number ofThe number of books in our library is going up.我們圖書館里的藏書數(shù)量正在上升。a

31、number of: 大量，許多，后接復數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復數(shù)the number of: 的數(shù)量。中心詞是number,謂語動詞用單數(shù)A number of students are on the playground.很多學生在操場上。A number of teachers are present today, the number of them is 300. 許多老師今天都出席了，人數(shù)有300人。一言辨異much too, too muchmuch too: 太,非常，后接形容詞或副詞。too much: 太多, 后接不可數(shù)名詞,或修飾行為動詞,置于句末。There is too

32、much water here.這里有很多水。He cant write too much on a card. My wife always worries too much.我的妻子總是擔心太多。The box is much too heavy. He cant carry it.這個箱子太重了，他搬不動。no more, no longerI have eaten enough apples. I dont want to eat any more.=I want to eat no more.我吃了足夠多的蘋果，我不想再吃了。 no more: 數(shù)量、程度上不再多與非延續(xù)性動詞連用=

33、notany more no longer: 時間、距離上不再, 多與延續(xù)性動詞連用=notany longer不再His uncle is not a driver any longer.=His uncle is no longer a driver. 他的叔叔不再是個司機了。whole, allwhole: 與定冠詞和物主代詞連用時,whole 位于它們后 all: all the 整個All the people here have known the whole truth about the matter. 這里所有的人都知道了這件事情的全部真相。一言辨異 all the day

34、一整天=the whole day all the time 一直the whole time 全部時間wish, hopeI wish you success.I hope it will be fine tomorrow.I hope to watch the football match again.wish: 祝愿。 難以實現(xiàn)的。hope: 希望。 可實現(xiàn)的。 leave, leave forleave: 離開(出發(fā)地)leave for: 動身，前往(目的地)。 leaveleave forNigel will leave Beijing for Sydney next pare t

35、o, compare withcompare to: 把比作 (有相似性)Dont compare my plan with others.不要把我的計劃和他人的相比。compareto/with: 把和相比較 (有對比性)He often compares the world to a stage.他常常把世界比作一個舞臺。the sameasbe similar tobe different fromthe sameas和相同be similar to和相似be different from和不同It is+ adj.+ for sb. to doIt is+ adj.+ of sb. t

36、o do對某人來說做某事是.的客觀。easy, hard, difficult, possible, impossible某人是的去做某事主觀。表示人品的形容詞good, kind, nice, honest, cleverWhat is he like?What does he look like?他是個什么樣的人？ 指內(nèi)在特征。kind, nice, clever, honest, shy, polite, quiet, frank, hard-working, awful, lazy他長的什么樣子？指外在特征。beautiful, pretty, smart, handsome, tal

37、l, short, fat, thin, big eyes, black hair, drop in at, drop in on,call at, call on, visit參觀拜訪drop in at sp.關(guān)顧、參觀某地drop in on sb.看望、拜訪某人call at sp.光顧、參觀某地call on sb.看望、拜訪某人visit sp.光顧、參觀某地visit sb.看望、拜訪某人許多,大量 可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)/不可數(shù)manymucha lot of=lots ofa great / good many a great amount ofplenty ofa gre

38、at / large number ofa great / good deal ofa quantity ofquantities of不定式和動名詞的區(qū)分forget to do忘記要做某事forget doing忘記做過某事remember to do記得要做某事remember doing記得做過某事stop to do停下來去做另一件事stop doing停止做某事regret to do抱歉、遺憾要做某事regret doing后悔做過某事mustnt, shouldnt, neednt, cantmustnt千萬別做(禁止)neednt不必做dont have to不必做shouldnt不該做cant不可能同義表達立刻immediatelyat onceright now充滿裝滿be full ofbe filled with道歉be sorry to sb.apologize to sb.來自be fromcome from親自by oneselfon ones ownalone由負責be responsible forhave the duty forin charge of擅長be good atdo well in對有興趣be keen onbe interested in包括包含consist ofbe made up o