英語語法句子成分和基本句型的講解演示文稿課件

1、英語語法句子成分和基本句型的講解演示文稿英語語法句子成分和基本句型的講解2022/7/173(Members of a Sentence)2022/7/174現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補語（complement）。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。句子包括哪些成分？主語：主語是在句子中

2、說明全句中心主題的部分一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動名詞或從句充當(dāng)它的位置一般在句首2022/7/175The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to believe.They are good friends.謂語：謂語說明主語做什么，是什么，怎么樣，由簡單動詞或者動詞短語構(gòu)成2022/7/176They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.賓語賓語是動作，行為的對象，由名詞，代詞，短語，不定

3、式，動名詞，從句充當(dāng)它和及物動詞一起說明主語做了什么，在謂語之后2022/7/177She plays the piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.表語：表語說明主語是什么，或者怎么樣，由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，不定式，動名詞，短語，或者從句充當(dāng)表語位于系動詞后面2022/7/178I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home

4、now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.補語：補充說明。（由動詞類別來決定）補語的構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞 2）代詞 3）形容詞 4）數(shù)詞 5）不定式 6）-ing 形式7）過去分詞 8）介詞短語 9）名詞從句主語補語Tom was made monitor.賓語補語I made Tom monitor.表語補語I am sure to succeed.2022/7/179賓語補足語在英語中，有些句子只有賓語并不能表達完整的意思，還必須在賓語后面家上賓語補足語才能表達完整的意思它起補充說明賓語干什么，怎么樣的作用它可以由名詞，形容詞，副詞

5、，介詞短語，不定式，現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞充當(dāng)2022/7/1710 If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called.定語定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，介詞短語，不定式，動名詞，分詞，從句都可以充當(dāng)定語2022/7/1711 The

6、 black bike is mine. Whats your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.狀語狀語用來修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞它表示行為發(fā)生的時間，地點，目的，方式，程度一般由副詞，介詞短語，不定式或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)，也可由從句來充當(dāng)2022/7/1712He did it carefully.Without h

7、is help, we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.2022/7/1713有哪幾種常見的句型結(jié)構(gòu)？2022/7/1714種類類型主語S謂語動詞v表語/賓語p賓語0賓補oc第1種S+VWework第種He playsviolin.第種We arestudents第種S+v+IO+DOshegaveme a pen.第種S+V+O+OCHe m

8、ademelaugh2022/7/1715基本句型 一： （主系表） （是系動詞） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的氣味很好。3. He fell in love. 他墮入了情網(wǎng)。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看來都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。7. Our

9、well has gone dry. 我們井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的臉紅了。2022/7/1716系動詞詞義不完整，在句中不能單獨使用（除省略句外），后面必須接有表語，系動詞和表語一起構(gòu)成合成謂語。 2022/7/1717一、系動詞的分類： 常見的系動詞大致可分為三類。 第一類：表示特征或狀態(tài)的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell， taste， sound， turn out（結(jié)果是、證明是）等。 Youll be all right soon. You dont look very well. I feel rat

10、her cold. He seems to be ill. It appears that he is unhappy. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one 2022/7/1718第二類：表示從一種狀態(tài)到另一種狀態(tài)的變化，有become， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is

11、 getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad. Yesterday he suddenly fell ill. Marys face went red. His dream has come true. The boys blood ran cold. 2022/7/1719第三類：表示保持狀態(tài)的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 Keep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains

12、 to be proved. 2022/7/17201.系動詞后的表語可以是名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞、動名詞、不定式、副詞、介詞短語、詞組、從句，系動詞be可用于上述所有情況。 The news was surprising.（分詞） His job is teaching English.（動名詞） The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式） I must be off now.（副詞） The bridge is under construction.（介詞短語） That would be a great weight

13、off my mind.（詞組） This is why he was late.（從句） 2022/7/1721 2.所有的系動詞都可接形容詞作表語，此處略舉數(shù)例。 Our future will be beautiful. She looks unhappy today. Do you feel cold？ You seem/appear ill. The food tastes delicious. The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry. 2022/7/17223.能用不

14、定式作表語的系動詞有：appear， seem， get， prove， remain， turn out等。 She appears/ seems to be very young. He appears/ seems to have caught cold. They got to be friends。 The meeting turned out to be successful. The theory proved to be right. Much remains to be done. 2022/7/17234. 能接從句的有：be， seem， appear， sound， l

15、ook等。 Thats why he fell ill. My idea is that we should help him. It seems/ appears to me that something is wrong. It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.2022/7/17245. 能接介詞短語的有：be， feel， look， sound， t

16、aste，remain等。 be是特別活躍的系動詞，其后可接很多介詞短語作表語。 He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home/ on holiday.They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. The road is under repair.2022/7/1725其他系動詞能和介詞搭配的范圍很小。如： It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain. It sounds like a train going under my room. It tastes of apple

17、s.（這有蘋果的味道。） The concert remains in my memory. 2022/7/17266. 能接分詞的系動詞有：be， become， get， grow， seem， appear等。 His report was surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonished。 He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics

18、。 He seems/ appears drunk。 系動詞后還可接代詞、數(shù)詞、動名詞、副詞及其詞組，基本都是be的用法。其他系動詞幾乎不能這樣用或很少這樣用。page432022/7/1727 一. 對表示狀態(tài)變化的系動詞的考查 英語中常見的表示狀態(tài)變化的系動詞有 get ， turn ， turn out （結(jié)果是）， go ， come （成為）， fall ， become 等。1. 對 go 的考查 系動詞 go 的意義是“變成，成為”，后多跟形容詞，如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如： On hearing the

19、 news of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale. A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared 分析：該題考查的是“ go+adj. ”系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 got 和 changed 不能與 pale 搭配起來表達這一狀態(tài)的變化，而 appeared 是表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞。所以正確答案是 C 。 2022/7/17282. 對 fall 的考查 系動詞 fall 表示“（不知不覺地或突然地）進入狀態(tài)”，后常跟形容詞、副詞或介詞短語等，如： fall ill （生?。?fall apart （散開）， fall asleep

20、, fall into a deep sleep （睡熟）。例如： As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell 分析：該題第二空考查的是系動詞“ fall + adj. ”結(jié)構(gòu)， fall asleep 是短暫性動詞短語，不能用于進行時態(tài)，故正確答案是 B 。句意是“她讀報時，奶奶睡著了。”2022/7/1729二 . 對表示狀態(tài)存在的系動詞的考查 常見的有 be, seem, appear,

21、 look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie （處于某種狀態(tài)）， stand （處于某種狀態(tài)）等。 1. 對 stay 的考查 stay 意為“保持原狀，維持”，后面可以接形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞等。 The weather has stayed warm all week. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days. A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have

22、 stayed 分析：該題考查的是系動詞 stay 后接形容詞（ fresh ）的系表結(jié)構(gòu)，它表示一種存在的狀態(tài)，主動形式表示被動意義，這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般不能用于進行時態(tài)，所以正確答案是 B 。 2022/7/17302. 對 appear 的考查 appear 的含義是“似乎，好像，看來（如關(guān)于某人的性格、感情或意圖）”，此時不用進行式，后接形容詞、名詞、動詞不定式等。 She appeared rather upset about something. 看來有些什么事使她心煩。 Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everyt

23、hing. （上海 2001 ） A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told 分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告訴你媽媽。她看上去已經(jīng)知道一切事情。”句中 tell 后面沒有賓語，故用不定式的被動式，又因為“知道一切”發(fā)生在“告訴真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正確答案是 D 。2022/7/1731基本句型 二： （主謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！ 謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之

24、后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。 （不及物動詞） 1. The sun was shining. 太陽在照耀著。2. The universe remains. 宇宙長存。3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4. Who cares? 管它呢？ 5. What he said does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。 6. The pen writes smo

25、othly 這支筆書寫流利。2022/7/1732主語可有修飾語-定語，謂語可有修飾語-狀語。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but

26、strong ones may stay up.2022/7/1733鞏固練習(xí)：1她昨天回家很晚。 2會議將持續(xù)兩個小時。 3在過去的十年里我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化.41919年，在北京爆發(fā)了“五.四”運動。5每天八時開始上課。 2. The meeting will last two hours.3. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 5. Classes begin at

27、 eight every day. 1. She went home very late yesterday evening. 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格，如：me，him，them等 （及物動詞） 1. Who knows the answer? 誰知道答案？ 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜歡看書。5. They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。6. He said Goo

28、d morning. 他說：早上好！7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He admits that he was mistaken. 他承認犯了錯誤。 2022/7/17342022/7/1735鞏固練習(xí)：1昨晚我寫了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你談?wù)劇?3這本書他讀過多次了。 4他們成功地完成了計劃。 5那位先生能流利地說三種語言。 I wrote a letter last night. I want to talk with you this afternoon. He has read this book many times. They

29、 have carried out the plan successfully. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓） （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. He brought you a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他對

30、她什么都不拒絕。5. I told him that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點了。6. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我開機器。 2022/7/1736這類句型常有給某人某物、送某人某物、留給某人某物等意思。常見的這類謂語動詞有 give(給某人), bring(帶給某人), tell(告訴某人), send(送給某人), leave(留給某人), pass(遞給某人), read(給某人讀), write(給某人寫), take(給某人拿), show(給某人看), teach(教某人), get(給某人弄到), a

31、ward(授予某人),lend(借給某人), rent(租賃某人), buy(給某人買), pay(支付某人), hand(遞給某人), recommend(將某人推薦給)等。例如：（注：上面各詞的中文釋義是刻意按照該詞的常用動詞句型而給的，以便于大家更好地理解該詞出現(xiàn)于哪個基本句型中。） She brought me a shirt .她給我?guī)硪患r衣。Pass him the dictionary , please.請將詞典遞給他。I lend him my bicycle.我把自行車借給他了。2022/7/17372022/7/1738但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），

32、則要借助于介詞to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.2022/7/1739用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for 側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, d

33、raw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。2022/7/1740鞏固練習(xí)：1Johnson 先生去年教我們德語。 2奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。 3請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？ 4他把車票給列車員看。 Mr Johnson taught us German last year. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. Would you please pass me the dictionary? He showed the ticket to the conductor. 202

34、2/7/1741說明: 此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整。The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. 基本句型 五： （主謂賓賓補） （及物） （賓語） （賓補）名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞The war| made| him |a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞New methods |make |the job| easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松. 名詞/

35、代詞賓格 + 介詞短語I |often find| him |at work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式The teacher| ask |the students |to close the windows./老師讓學(xué)生們關(guān)上窗戶. 名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞I |saw |a cat |running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.2022/7/1742常帶復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的及物動詞有：elect(選舉) , feel(感覺到) , find(發(fā)現(xiàn)) , get(使得) , have(使，讓) , hear(聽到) , imagine(想象

36、) , keep(保持) , make(使) , notice(注意到) , see(看見) , let(使) , smell(聞到) , start(使開始) , watch(注視，看) , appoint(任命) , believe(相信) , call(稱) , catch(發(fā)現(xiàn)) , allow(容許) , ask(請求，要求) , cause(使得) , consider(認為) , expect(預(yù)期) , know(知道) , tell(告訴) , think(想，認為) , want(想要) , wish(希望) ,listen to(聽) , look at(看，瞧)等等。例

37、如：We elected him our monitor .我們選他當(dāng)班長。President appointed John manager of Marketing .總裁任命約翰為營銷部經(jīng)理。 The news made me happy .那消息使我很高興。We know him to be an expert .我們知道他是專家。The story made us laugh .那故事使我們笑了起來。He heard somebody opening the door . 他聽見有人在開門。I found myself in dark .我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己還蒙在鼓里。2022/7/174320

38、22/7/1744 用 it 做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.2022/7/1745 鞏固練習(xí)：1我們叫她Alice. 2我們大家都認為他是誠實的。 3他們把小偷釋放了。 4我要你把真相告訴我。 5 .衛(wèi)兵命令我們立即離開。 6. 每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。 7他每個月理一次發(fā)8我們不會讓她在晚上外出的。 We call her Alice. All of us considered him

39、 honest.They have set the thief free. I want you to tell me the truth. The guards ordered us to leave at once. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. He has his hair cut every month. We wont let her go out at night. 句子成分練習(xí)題( 一 )(一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘） The teacher with two of his students i

40、s walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.2022/7/1746(二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘） I dont like the picture on the wall.A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The day

41、s get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?A.Did B