測(cè)繪英語unit

1、共十九頁New words and ExpressionsSound saund a.正確的，有根據(jù)的，充分的Abundance bndns n.充裕，富足(fz)，大量Super abundance n.過多，剩余Disclose diskluz vt.發(fā)現(xiàn)，揭露Erroneous irunis a.錯(cuò)誤的Disturb dist : b vt.干擾，擾亂Passage A Survey Adjustment共十九頁New words and Expressionsconsequence knsikwns n.結(jié)果，后果inconsistency inknsistnsi vt. 不一致，(前

2、后)矛盾Trigonometrical trignmetrikl a.三角學(xué)的Consistent knsistnt a.一致的，前后統(tǒng)一(tngy)的Alteration ,:ltrein vt.改變，變更Consistency knsistnsi n.一致性Unsound nsaund a.不適宜的，無根據(jù)的共十九頁Notes to the Text1.In almost all surveying operations，the number of quantifies actually measured is greater than the geometrically necessar

3、y minimum.譯文:幾乎在所有測(cè)量工作中，實(shí)際觀測(cè)量的個(gè)數(shù)都大于幾何(j h)上必要的觀測(cè)個(gè)數(shù)。共十九頁2.One obvious general principle is that the more measurement contributed to a job the more accurate the results should be .譯文:一項(xiàng)測(cè)量工程中觀測(cè)值的個(gè)數(shù)愈多，其結(jié)果(ji gu)愈精確，這是一個(gè)顯而易見的道理。Notes to the Text共十九頁3.，but however small these errors are they give rise to

4、inconsistencies. 由however引出的是讓步狀語從句。譯文:然而(rn r)，不論這些誤差多么小，都會(huì)帶來不符值。Notes to the Text共十九頁Notes to the Text4.we must not suppose that an adjustment will end in giving us correct values.譯文:我們(w men)切不可認(rèn)為平差解算的結(jié)果一定是正確值。共十九頁New words and Expressionsbe accounted for： 說明原因, 是的原因transpose v. 變換, 使互換poor arith

5、metic： 算術(shù)(四則)運(yùn)算能力差duplicate .v 復(fù)制, 使重復(fù)； n. 副本(fbn), 復(fù)制品slacking off： 松弛下來be compensated for： 被補(bǔ)償, 被抵消through chance： 偶然地, 碰巧地spring balance： 彈簧秤, 拉力計(jì)Passage B Types of Error共十九頁Notes to the Text1.Before under taking a discussion of the corrections that may be applied, it is well to call attention to

6、 the order in which errors are removed. 譯文:在討論可能加入的改正數(shù)之前(zhqin), 最好先注意一下誤差被消除的次序。共十九頁2.Once detected, these errors may usually be removed or compensated for by a predetermined procedure or application of a constant. 譯文:這些誤差一經(jīng)被發(fā)現(xiàn), 通常都可以通過事先確定的觀測(cè)(gunc)方法或加入改正常數(shù)來加以消除或抵消.Notes to the Text共十九頁New words a

7、nd Expressions1east squares： 最小二乘erroneous a. 錯(cuò)誤的, 不正確的，有誤差的adjusted quantity： 平差值redundant a. 多余(duy)的，重夏的redundant observations： 多余觀測(cè)值true value： 真值graphical a. 圖解的, 圖形的graphical adjustment： 同形平差, 圖解法平差be opposed to： 在的對(duì)面, 與相反arbitrary a. 任意的, 隨機(jī)的, 獨(dú)立的Passage C Adjustment Computation by Least Squa

8、res共十九頁New words and Expressionstheorem n. 定理, 原型, 法則desired quantity： 所求值（量）vertical net： 高程網(wǎng)algebraic a . 代數(shù)的algebraic sum： 代數(shù)和loop n . 圈，環(huán)，閉合環(huán)from case to case： 視具體情況（事件）residual n. 殘差，改正數(shù)respective a. 各自的，各個(gè)(gg)的weight n. 權(quán)coordinate n. 坐標(biāo)共十九頁New words and Expressionssensible a. 合理的，敏感的，明顯的adjus

9、tment by observation equations： 間接平差adjustment by condition equations： 條件(tiojin)平差adjustment of direct observations： 直接平差combination of observation equations and condition equations： 間接條件混合平差共十九頁Notes to the Text1.The task of adjustment computation is to “adjust” these discrepancies such that the a

10、djusted quantities are as c1ose as possible to the true value. 這是一個(gè)(y )復(fù)合句。such value 是目的狀語從句。as close as possible譯為: 盡可能靠近。譯文:平差計(jì)算就是“調(diào)整”這些不符值，以便使平差值盡可能接近其真值。共十九頁2.It has, as opposed to all other methods, the advantages that the discrepancies are not adjusted in an arbitrary manner, that it yields s

11、ensible values for the adjusted quantities, and that it makes use of statistical theorems.這是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。三個(gè)從句 that the discrepancies, that it yields,和that it makes是advantages的同位語。譯文:這種方法與其它方法的不同，它有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)：不符值不是以任意的方式進(jìn)行調(diào)整(tiozhng)的，對(duì)平差量可產(chǎn)生合理的數(shù)值，并可以利用統(tǒng)計(jì)原理。Notes to the Text共十九頁3.If the observations are dependent

12、 in such a manner that they have to fulfill certain conditions, 句中that they haveconditions是由suchthat引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(zhungy)從句。譯文:然而，不論這些誤差多么小，都會(huì)帶來不符值。Notes to the Text共十九頁Notes to the Text4.The observed height differences have to be adjusted such that addition to the principle of least squares, the algebraic sum of height differences for loops should be zero.譯文:觀測(cè)高差平差時(shí)，除了以最小二乘原理（為基礎(chǔ)）外，還必須(bx)使水準(zhǔn)閉合環(huán)高差的代數(shù)和為零。共十九頁SEE YOU NEXT！共十九頁內(nèi)容摘要New words and Expressions。譯文:幾乎在所有測(cè)量工作中，實(shí)際觀測(cè)量的個(gè)數(shù)都大于幾何上必要的觀測(cè)個(gè)數(shù)。譯文:一項(xiàng)測(cè)量工程中觀測(cè)值的個(gè)數(shù)愈多，其結(jié)果愈精確，這是