美國文學(xué)史概述及選讀復(fù)習(xí)

1、美國文學(xué)史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:I.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富蘭克林)2.hilip Freneau菲利普費(fèi)瑞諾Benjamin Franklin( 本杰明.富蘭克林)Poor Richards Almanac窮人查理德的年鑒(以筆名 Richard Sunders)“ annual collection of proverbs流行諺語集(If soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Frankli

2、ns shrewd humor, and first spreadhis reputation)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham s Sermon)致富之道(as the perface to Poor Richard Improved)The Autobiography 自傳(18世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas.建立了一個秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和科學(xué)等時事方面的問題

3、.established Americas first circulating library, founded the college-University ofPennsylvania.建立了美國第一個可租借的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)一一就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué).first applied the terms positive and negative to electrical charges.Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famous and respecte

4、d private figure of his time.hilip Freneau 菲利普費(fèi)壬舒諾The Rising Glory of America 蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英國囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans 紀(jì)念美國勇士 同類詩中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle 野生的金銀花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殯葬地（1）poet and political journalist詩人和政治方面的新聞記者（2）perhaps the most outstanding

5、 writer of the post-revolutionary period.（3）has been called the Father of American Poetry美國詩歌之父（4）Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving（華盛頓.歐文）James Fenimore Cooper（詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀）Nathan

6、iel Hawthorne（納薩尼爾.霍桑）Edgar Allan Poe（埃德加.阿倫.坡）Henry Daived Thoreau（亨利.戴維.梭羅）Herman Melville（赫爾曼.麥爾維爾）Walt Whiteman（沃爾特.惠特曼）The Rise of American Romanticism? One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civ

7、il War（1861-65）.? It started with the publication of Washin gton Irvings e The h Sketch Book（1820） and ended with Whitmans s Leaves f of Grass（1855）.Romanticism 的特點(diǎn)：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a

8、 presumption that he natural world was a source of corruption. 浪漫主 義之間大多是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個人主義價值觀和直覺感受，并 且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源。Transcendentalism : Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual and Nature. The most important representatives are Ralph Waldo Emerson and

9、 Henry David Thoreau. .Washington Irving（華盛頓.歐文）A History of New York（紐約外史）A History of New York紐約的歷史- 美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；The Sketch Book見聞札記The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的傳說 使之成為美國第一個獲得國際聲譽(yù)的作家；The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon（ 見聞札記 收錄了 The legend of the Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的傳說和Rip Van Winkle瑞普.凡.溫克爾等名篇，開創(chuàng)

10、了美國短篇小說的傳統(tǒng) ）The Tales of a Traveller,（旅人述異）The Alhambra 阿爾罕伯拉A HIstory of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus（哥倫布的生平和航行）the first great belletrist 第一個純文學(xué)作家，The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayo（n見聞札記the first modern short stories and the first greatAmerican juvenile literature.現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第

11、一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties 重 振了沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識融入了這種體裁。He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第個獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫珀）Leather stocking Tale 皮襪子故事集,（regard as

12、 the nearest approach to anAmerican epic.被認(rèn)為是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品）:-The Deerslayer殺鹿者、The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人、ThePathfinder探路人、The Pioneers拓荒者、The Prairie大草原，.The Spy 間諜（about American Revolution）.precaution（戒備）. contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories f the sea adventure tal

13、e and the frontier saga開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說。.拓荒者在草原上探路，遇到最后一個莫西干人在殺鹿。Nathaniel Hawthorne（納薩尼爾霍桑）.Fanshawe （范肖）.Twice-ToldTales （重講一遍的故事）.The Blithedale Romance （福谷傳奇）.Mosses from an Old Manse （古宅青苔）（包括 Young Goodman Brown小伙子布朗，The Celestial Railroad.The Scarlet Letter（ 紅字）.The House of the S

14、even Gables （帶有七個尖角閣的房子）.The Marble Faun （玉石人像）.The life of Franklin Pierce.Our Old Home特點(diǎn)：unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man s moral nature. 獨(dú) 特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)。 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that

15、 embody great moral questions appears strongly in his short stories.短篇小說里，通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會的一些重大道德問題。 to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral symbol. 杰出之處在于他能把個故事安 放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他書中的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時人們的道德參考。Edgar Allan Poe埃德力口 .阿倫.坡1.show his true talents as an

16、editor, poet, literary critic.編輯、詩人、 文學(xué)評論家。2.- The Fall of the House of Usher 鄂謝府崩潰記、The Raven烏鴉the title poem of a collection,Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 述異集first collection of short stories. 第部 短篇小說集。3.often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅長描寫哥特式和幻想類的小說。4.First work塔默蘭詩集Henry David Tho

17、reau 亨禾U.戴維.梭羅Naturalist , transcendentalist,Writer and philosopher,Emerson s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson愛默生最忠實(shí)白s theorie信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。一Walden瓦爾登湖成名作。Civil Disobedience平民反抗（論公民的不服從權(quán)利）essay隨筆。非暴力不合作 教義：I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should find out hi

18、s own way,not his neighbor s or his阿6雅爨人們接受我的生活模式，每一個都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。Herman Melville（ 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾）.-Novelist,short story writer,essayist and poet. MobyDick II 白鯨, a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage in pursuit of a seeminglysupernatural white whale.主要講述了一個為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。The book i

19、s steeped in symbolism.本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。主人公：Ishmael ,取自圣經(jīng)。在書中說：to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 寫部宏大的著作，必須 有一個宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab.船長阿哈比；Queequeg ,捕鯨人奎因奎格，was a friendly person ；1. Omoo奧姆，Mardi瑪?shù)希琖hite-Jacket 白外套,Billy Budd水手比利巴德,Pierre皮埃爾,Israel Potter伊斯雷爾 波特，the Piazza Tales

20、廣場的故事,The Confidence-Man騙子，Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War,Clarel: A Poem and Pilgrimage in the HolyLand ,John Marr and Other Sailors（約韓瑪爾和其他水手）,Timoleon（梯摩里昂）Walt Whitman 沃爾特.惠特曼無固定節(jié)奏，無有規(guī).free verse （ 自 由詩體）without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.律的韻腳. Leaves of Grass II 草葉集 1870 the firs

21、t genuine epic poem. Marked the birth of the trulyAmerican poetry. 美國歷史上第一部真正的史詩Poem 林點(diǎn)： most of the poems inLeave s ofrGaiut man and nature.關(guān)注點(diǎn)：In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic common man and that of therugged individual.詩人職責(zé)：he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophe

22、t, one who leads thecommunity by his expressions of the truth.表達(dá)真理的前提下，弓I導(dǎo)社會發(fā)展。.他身處于超驗主義與現(xiàn)實(shí)主義間的變革時期，著作兼并了二者的文風(fēng)?；萏芈敲绹膲凶顐ゴ蟮脑娙酥?，有自由詩之父美譽(yù)。Late 19 th and Early 20 th Century American Literature （Realism）紐約成現(xiàn)實(shí)主義 （realism ） -New York replaced Boston as the nations literary center.為新的文化中心對自然主義影響極大，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的達(dá)

23、爾文主義:an evident influence on naturalism, stress the animality of man, to suggestthat be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.動物性，意味著人的命運(yùn)受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來決定的。The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no freewill, that their lives were controlled by heredity

24、 and the environment, the religiouswere 川usory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.強(qiáng)調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是痛苦的。Deterministic 決定論，宿命的，.Mark Twain（ 馬克.吐溫）.Henry James（亨利.詹姆斯）.Theodore Dreiser.Jack LondonMark Twain（馬克.吐溫）.美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的代表作 一Adventures of Huckle

25、be rry Finn II哈克貝里.費(fèi)恩歷險記（馬克最有 名的作品）.代表作：一Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克貝里.費(fèi)恩歷險記，美國現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)的代表作theGilded Age 70-90 年代，鍍金時代，貧富分化，財富積累。 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer湯姆索亞歷險 t己，The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County（卡拉維拉斯郡著名的跳蛙 ）-frontier taleThe Innocents Abroad（傻子出國記）Roughing It（淘金歲月）Travel nar

26、ratives:A Tramp Abroad（流浪漢在國外）Life on the Mississippi（ 密西西比河上的生涯）Following the Equator（ 赤道沿線）The Prince and the Pauper（ 乞丐公主）Henry James（ 亨禾U.詹姆斯）c transatlantic literature.novelist 小說家；Literature theoretician 文學(xué)理論家James is one of the great figures ofthe founder of psychological realism.心理現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開創(chuàng)者:.

27、代表作：Roderick Hudson （羅德里克赫德森）Daisy Miller （黛西米勒The Spoils of Poynton被凌辱的伯頓The Ambassadors 使節(jié)3.He was one of the three strong advocates of 19The two was Howells and Mark Twain.The American （美國人）The Portrait of a Lady一位女士的畫像The Wings of the Dove鴿翼The Golden Bowl 金碗thcentury American realism,point of v

28、iew4.His literary technique is mainly concerned withTheodore Dreiser 西奧多.德萊塞代表作： Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹 （the first novel, which traces the material rise ofCarrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.）.Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲：The Financier （金鬲4家）-The Titan （巨人）、一The Stoic （斯多葛）.An American Tra

29、gedy美國悲居11,（The identification of potency with money isat the heart of Dreiser s greatest and most suovcel瀚兼塞最恢宏、最成功的小說，表達(dá)了金錢萬能的主題。）. Plays of the Natural and SupernaturalA Hoosier Holiday （印第安納節(jié)日）A Book About Myself （關(guān)于我自己A Gallery of Women （婦女群像）Tragic America （悲劇的美國），Jack London_杰克.倫敦：（自然和超自然的戲?。?/p>

30、，Twelve Men （十二個男人），）, The Color of a Great City（大都會的色彩），Dawn （黎明），America Is Worth Saving （美國值得拯救）was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist.A pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction,.he was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity an

31、d a large fortune from his fiction alone.代表作：一The People of the Abyss（深淵里的人們）一The Call of the Wild（野性的呼喚）The Sea Wolf （海狼）Martin Eden （馬丁 伊登）（autobiographical novel自傳體小說）The Son of Wolf（ 狼子）White Fang （白牙）20 th Century American Literature before WWII.Modernism 現(xiàn)代主義：is loosely a synonym of anything c

32、ontemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one.現(xiàn)代主義的標(biāo)志： T. S. Eliot s The Wfesthe_Hiod5t significant American poem of the t

33、wentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought.典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzg erald, The Great Gatsb y 了不起的蓋茨比novelErnest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises太陽照樣升起-A Farwell to Arms告別了，武器W川iam Faulkner-The Sound and the用宜瘠與騷動4.、Playwrights 戲劇、居U作家：Eu

34、gene O NeillThe Emperor Jones 瓊斯國王、Anna Christie安娜.克里斯蒂、The Hairy Ape毛猿5,代表人物：Robert Frost羅伯特.弗洛斯特Ezra Pound埃茲拉.龐德F. Scott Fitzgerald F司各特.菲茨杰拉德William Faulkner 威廉.?？思{Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特.海明威John Steinbeck約翰.斯坦貝克Robert Frost 羅伯特.弗洛斯特：.自然主義詩人（He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol. ）.he

35、become a national bard美國民族詩人的翹首，win four Pulitzer Prizes 獲得了四次普利茲獎. The Road Not Taken （未選擇的路）-Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening （雪夜林間駐足）向往大自然，想逃避社會；死亡、迷惑.代表作：A Boys W川 少年的意志，North of Boston 波士頓之北,Mountain Interval 山 洼，west-running Brook（西去的溪流）,A Further range 又一片牧場，A Masque of Reason（理 智的假面具）,In

36、 the Clearing（林間空地），Ezra Pound 埃茲拉.龐德:1. Imagism 意象派的代表人物。 Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring topoetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument.龐德和愛略特都是運(yùn)用意象主義作為文學(xué)表現(xiàn)手法的早期詩人。2.Imagism emphasized the direct treatment of an object or situation.Pound endorsed three pr

37、inciple of the Imagism:direct treatment”, “economy ofexpression :and rhythm ”.Work:In a Station of the Metro（best exemplifies his Imagist ideal）Collection Poems of Ezra PoundThe Cantos （詩章）The seafarer （航海者）Cathay （中國）Huge Selwyn MauberlyF. Scott Fitzgerald F司各特.菲茨杰拉德：F. Scott Fitzgerald F. is consi

38、dered a member of the Lost Generation of the 1920sHe was an American novelist and short story writer , whose works are the paradigmatic writings of theJazz Age .作品：一This Side of Paradise 人間天堂，the first novel.-The Great Gatsby 了不起的蓋茨比novelTender Is the Night夜色溫柔novelFlappers and PhilosophersTales of the Jazz Age（爵士時代的故事）All the Sad Young Men（ 所有悲傷的年輕人的故事）Taps at ReveilleThe Beautiful and Damned（ 美麗與毀滅）（漂亮冤家）The Last Tycoon（unfinished）（最后一個大亨）William Faulkner 威廉.?？思{1 .作品的主題：the universal theme ofitself人類心