外研版必修2模塊3語言知識學習

1、外研版必修2模塊3語言知識學習余明朝 陜西省商南縣高級中學詞語詮釋 一、audience1. audience是集合名詞，用作主語時，其謂語可用單數(shù)(視為整體)或復數(shù)(視為個體)。如：The audience is are listening attentively. 聽眾都在聚精會神地聽著。2. 由于audience 是集合名詞，所以an audience 不是指“一個觀眾”，而是指某一群觀眾、某一個場次觀眾、某一方面的觀眾等。如：She has never spoken to such a big audience before. 她以前從未向這么多人講過話。同樣地，audiences 也

2、不是指“多個觀眾”，而是指多群觀眾，多個場次觀眾，多個方面的觀眾等。She has addressed audiences all over the country. 她曾向全國各地的聽眾演講。另外，audience作為集合名詞，原則上不能用它表示個體，但every audience是例外，當要強調(diào)每一名觀眾時，可以這樣用。如：The pianist made a conquest of every audience for which she played. 這位鋼琴家以她的演奏征服了每一位聽眾。 3. 形容聽(觀)眾人數(shù)之多或少，通常用big, large, huge, mass, vas

3、t, wide 以及small, thin等形容詞修飾，但是不用many, few修飾。如：There was a large audience of young people at the pop concert. 流行音樂演奏會上有大量青年聽眾。4.要具體表示觀眾的數(shù)量，可參考以下表達：There were at least three hundred people in the audience. 觀眾至少有300人。The series has attracted an audience of more than 10 million. 這個系列片吸引了1,000多萬觀眾收看。 二、t

4、alent1. 形容詞意思是有天才的, 有才幹的He is a very talented actor. 他是一個很有天賦的演員。2. 名詞意思是天才, 天資US1(+for)He had a talent for music. 他有音樂天才。天才們, 有才能的人們UG; 天才CShe is a new diving talent. 她是一個新的跳水天才。 (演藝界)明星們, 藝人們UG; 明星, 藝人CThere was a lack of local talent, so they hired an actor from London. 因為缺乏本地的明星, 所以他們從倫敦雇來一位演員。三

5、、composevt. 組成，構成：(be composed of )England, Scotland and Wales compose the island of Great Britain.英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士組成大不列顛島國。整理，整頓： to compose laws into a coherent system把各項法律整理成為一個連貫的體系創(chuàng)作(文學、音樂、繪畫等作品)： She spent her spare time composing poetry.她利用業(yè)余時間作詩。vi.創(chuàng)作；作曲： She is not only a teacher of music, she c

6、omposes.她不僅是一位音樂教師，而且也會作曲。構圖；構成： He photographs any scene that composes well.他把任何構圖美好的風景都拍攝下來。短語:be composed of由組成compose oneself鎮(zhèn)靜下來，安下心來變形：composer 作曲家 composition 作曲，作文composed, composing四、popularadj.流行的,通俗的;受歡迎的;大眾的;普及的most popular最受歡迎;最流行popular with受歡迎;有好評popular among受歡迎popular culture大眾文化,通俗

7、文化;流行文化popular science大眾科學,通俗科學popular music.流行音樂;通俗音樂popular song流行歌曲popular literature.大眾文學,通俗文學popular education大眾教育,國民教育popular type通用型;普通型be very popular非常受歡迎be popular with 受的歡迎popular goods快銷貨五、affect, effect, influence用法辨析1. affect 與 effect 均可表示“影響”，其區(qū)別是：前者是動詞(及物)，主要指一時的影響，著重影響的動作，可指一般意義的影響(

8、不分好壞)，也可指不良影響；后者是名詞(可數(shù)或不可數(shù))，兩者的關系大致為：affecthave an effect on。如：To affect a policy is to have an effect on it. 影響一項政策就是對該政策具有一種影響。The news did not affect her at all.The news had no effect on her at all. 這條消息對她沒有一點影響。注：effect 有時雖用作動詞(及物)，但不表示“影響”，而表示“實現(xiàn)”或“產(chǎn)生”等。如：They effected their escape in the middl

9、e of the night. 他們半夜逃脫了。He effected great changes in the company. 他使公司發(fā)生了巨大的變化2. influence 表示“影響”，主要指對行為、性格、觀點等產(chǎn)生間接的或潛移默化的影響?？捎米鲃釉~(及物)或名詞(通常不可數(shù)，但有時可連用不定冠詞)。如：What you read influences your thinking. 你讀的東西對你的思想有影響。Its clear that her painting has been influenced by Picasso. 她的畫顯然受了畢加索的影響。Television has

10、 a strong influence on people. 電視對人有很大的影響。六、tour/ travel/journey/ trip /voyage辨析travel一般指長途旅行，或到國外或遠方旅行。與journey不同之處，在于不著重某一目的地，有到各地“游歷”的意思，作名詞時常用復數(shù)形式。地道的英語一般使用to go travel的表達更多。He has just returned from his travels.他剛剛旅行回來One day in his travels in China, he got to Guangzhou.他在中國旅行期間，有一天他到達廣州trip一般指

11、短距離旅行，直達目的地的旅行。在日常用語中，trip可與journey通用。I am going on a trip to the seaside during the summer holidays.暑假期間我將去海邊旅行。He went on a trip journey to Paris.他到巴黎旅行去了。tour 旅行，周游，觀光，主要目的地是游覽或視察，距離可長可短，常帶有“最后回到出發(fā)地”的含義。一般團隊游都是tour，帶有導游的是Guide Tour。法國5日游：5-day Tour to FranceHe is making a tour of the world.他周游世界去

12、了。They spent two months on a tour through most of the countries of Europe.他們用了兩個月的時間去旅行，游歷了歐洲的大部分國家。 journey主要指單程較遠距離的海、陸、空“旅行”，表示“去旅行”時，英語該說go on a journey，而不說go to a journeyMr. Smith made a journey from Paris to New York.史密斯先生作了一次從巴黎到紐約的旅行。A pleasant journey to you.祝你一路平安。voyage: 一趟旅程，尤指海上之旅Many a

13、re finding that the most pleasant way to travel is a voyage on a cruise ship.許多人認為最痛快的旅行方式，是搭乘游輪，來一趟逐波之行。七、prepare1.“準確、預備”，常用prepare sth?；騡et sth。ready，這時主語常常直接參與做事的活動。例如：All the classmates are preparing the party.所有學生都在準備這次聚會。 2. “為而準備”或“使某人為而做準備”，常用句式有： （1）prepare for sth. / to do sth. （2）make pr

14、eparations for sth. / to do sth. （3）prepare sb.（sth.）for sth. / to do sth. （4）get ready for sth. / to do sth.例如： The doctor told him to prepare for the operation.醫(yī)生叫他做好術前準備。 They began to make preparations for this journey. 他們開始為這次旅行做準備。 We must prepare him for the bad news.我們得讓他為這個壞消息作好心理準備。 3. “已經(jīng)

15、準備好了做”，常用句式有： （1）be prepared for sth. / to do sth. （2）be ready for sth / to do sth.例如： They are prepared for anything that might happen.對于隨時可能出現(xiàn)的事情他們已做好了準備。 注意：get / be rady to do sth.也可表達“樂意做”。例如： He is always ready to take the advice of others.他總是樂意接受別人的意見。 4. “正在準備之中”，常用be in preparation。例如： Her

16、wedding is in preparation. 她的婚禮在準備之中。 八、marrymarry vt., vi. -ried, -rying娶；嫁；結婚；和.結婚常見用法如下：1.marry sb. / get married 表示動作He married a pretty girl. 他娶了個漂亮的姑娘。They got married last year. 他們?nèi)ツ杲Y的婚。 Im getting married next month.我將在下個月結婚。2be married (to sb.) 表示狀態(tài)marry 是個非持續(xù)性動詞，它的完成時不可和段時間連用。1). 他們已經(jīng)結婚13年

17、了【誤】They have married for 13 years.【正】They have been married for 13 years.【正】They got married 13 year ago【正】It is10 years since they got married.2). 她已經(jīng)結婚13年了. She has been married to me for 13 years.3.marry +狀語: vi.時，往往用副詞或介詞短語來修飾。She married young / early.她很早就結婚了。She married late (in life). 她結婚晚。S

18、he married well. =She married a rich man.她嫁給了一個有錢人。4.be married 用來詢問某人是否結婚, 而不涉及結婚的對象Is she married? / Has she been married?她結婚了嗎？（前者更常見些）5.marry sb. to sb.表示父母把女兒嫁給某人或為兒子娶媳婦。It was her parents who married her to Tom.是她父母把她嫁給了湯姆。6.marry sb. 為證婚；為主持婚禮 When you get married, Ill marry you.當你結婚時，我來給你主持婚

19、禮。It was her teacher who married them.是她老師給她們主的婚（主持婚禮）。7.通常不這樣說： 1). When did you marry?2）. Has she married? 3）. She married with an Englishman.注：marry 一般不與介詞with 連用, 但是它的名詞后可以：On her marriage to / with Mr. Smith, Miss Jones became Mrs. Smith.一和史密斯先生結婚，Jones小姐就成了史密斯夫人.8.便于記憶marry用法的相關對話A: 她結婚了嗎？A: I

20、s she married?B: 結了。她很早就結婚了。B: Yes, she is. She married very early.A: 何時結的？A: When did she get married?B: 1993年。也就是說，她結婚13年了。B: She got married in 1993. That is, she has been married for 13 years.A: 嫁給誰了？A: Who married her?B: 嫁給湯姆了。是她父母做得主，是她老師主的婚。B: Tom did. It was her parents who married her to To

21、m and it was her teacher who married them.九、standA. vi. (1)站 Come and sit by my side if you love me.(2)立于 The house stands between the two large trees. There stood a strange man right behind me.B. vt. (1)放Stand the ladder against the wall. (2)忍受 If you cant stand the heat, get out of the kitchen.C.習

22、語stand against反對 They all stood against the war. stand at attention/ease立正/稍息stand behind sb. 支持stand by支持；袖手旁觀；準備行動 Well stand by you through thick and thin. You mustnt stand by and do nothing about it.stand for代表，表示；主張X often stands for an unknown number. We stand for self-reliance（自力更生）.stand on

23、ones own feet依靠自己stand out突出；顯著 Her talent stood out in comparison with the others. stand aside站開；不參與；靠邊站stand back向后退stand still站??；停頓stand up站起；起立短語聚焦十、as well as1. as well as 可連接并列的單詞或短語。例如：It is unpleasant in summer as well as in winter.夏天不好過，冬天也不好過。The child is lively as well as healthy.這孩子既健康又活

24、潑。2. as well as 連接兩個謂語動詞時，它們的時態(tài)應保持一致。例如：He publishes as well as prints his own books.他的書是他自己印刷出版的。as well as 與動詞連用時，其后可用V-ing形式，尤其as well as 位于句首時，此時相當于in addition to。例如：As well as breaking his leg, he hurt his arm.他不但摔斷了腿，而且還傷了胳膊。She sings as well as playing the piano.她不但會彈鋼琴，而且會唱歌。3. 如果as well as

25、前面是動詞不定式，那么其后的動詞也是不定式，但to要省略。例如：You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children. 你不可能叫她既照顧孩子又做家務。4. 由as well as 連接的復合主語并不影響謂語動詞的數(shù)。例如：Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance.海倫和我一樣急于要看演出。5. as well as 連接的人稱代詞既可以是主格也可以是賓格，但句意不同。例如：They have invited you as well a

26、s me. 他們邀請了我，也邀請了你。（you和me都作invited的賓語）They have invited you as well as I.他們和我一樣都邀請了你。（they和I都作invited的主語）6. as well as 在意義上通常強調(diào)前者，而not only but also在意義上則強調(diào)后者。例如： He”s got a car as well as a motorbike. 他不但有一輛摩托車，而且有一輛小汽車。（= He”s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ）7. 注意as well as 有時會引起歧義句。例如：H

27、e can speak french as well as English. （1）他會說英語，也會說法語。（2）他說法語能說得像英語一樣好。（as well as he speaks English）十一、By the timeby the time 有兩個意思1.到.為止，一般要求主句用過去完成時。The movie had begun by the time we got there.當我們到那兒的時候，電影已經(jīng)開始了。2當?shù)臅r候;如果只是說過去某個時候的狀況，用過去時，而不用完成時。By the time the war was over , death and suffering w

28、ere to be seen everywhere.在戰(zhàn)爭結束的時候，到處可見死亡和饑餓。 3By the time they get here, well have finished the work. 等他們到這里時,我們會已經(jīng)把工作做完。十二、Go deafgo用作連系動詞時，通常表示主語處于某種狀態(tài)或由某種狀態(tài)向另一種狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變，后面多接形容詞作其表語。1常與有關顏色的形容詞連用，大多表示情況變化的結果或程度。例如：The maple leaves went brown楓葉紅了。Her hairs going grey她有好多白頭發(fā)了。He went red（pale/white）wit

29、h anger他氣得臉都紅了（他氣得臉色蒼白/他氣得臉煞白）。The grass was going green草變綠了。2當某人或某物的情況變壞時（一般來說，這種變化是不可逆的或永久性的），也常用“go +形容詞”來表示，即由正常情況變?yōu)椴徽；蛱厥馇闆r。例如：Eggs are easy to go bad in summer雞蛋在夏天容易變壞。The situation went from bad to worse情況越來越糟。He has gone mad/crazy他發(fā)瘋了。The old man has gone bald（blind）那老人謝頂了（失明了）。Henry has go

30、ne quite deaf亨利的耳朵已經(jīng)很聾了。The heat has caused the milk to go sour高溫使牛奶酸掉了。十三、in all. 總計，總共1)above all更重要的是2)after all畢竟3)all in all總的說來4)at all根本5)first of all首先6)for all盡管7)in all總計8)most of all特別9)worst of all最糟糕的是句型再現(xiàn)十四、強調(diào)句型：在英語中，我們常用“It iswas+被強調(diào)部分 who/that+剩余部分”結構來突出強調(diào)句子的某一成分(一般是句子中主語，賓語或狀語)。在這個句

31、型中，it只是引出被強調(diào)的成分。如果被強調(diào)的成分是表示人，用who或that來連接都可以。如果是其它成分，則一律用that來連接。It is my mother whothat cooks every day.It was yesterday that Tom passed in the maths exam1使用本句型的幾個注意事項： 1）被強調(diào)成分是主語，whothat之后的謂語動詞應該在人稱和數(shù)上與原句中的主語保持一致。 It is I who am rightIt is he who is wrongIt is the students who are lovely 2）即使被強調(diào)成分

32、是句子中的時間狀語，地點狀語，原因狀語等，也不能用when，where, because，要用 that。It was after the war was over that Einstein was able to come back to his research work again .It was in front of the bank that the old lady was robbed It was because of the heavy rain that he came late3）被強調(diào)成分是作主語的代詞，用主格，是作賓語的代詞，用賓格It was he that h

33、elped me yesterday. It was me that he helped yesterday.4）被強調(diào)部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用wholt was the things and people that they remembered that they were talking about2.區(qū)分定語從句和強調(diào)句型某些定語從句和強調(diào)句型形式差不多，容易混淆。如果去掉it is was .that句子仍然通順成立，則為強調(diào)句型，不成立不通順，則為定語從句。It was three years ago that he went to American for a fur

34、ther study.去掉It was that句子為Three years ago he went to America for a further study句子通順，意思完整，那么，這就是一個強調(diào)句型。十五、until句型1.用于肯定句中，意思是“到、為止”，表示動作一直持續(xù)到表示的時間為止。主句的動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞。I will wait here until half past four.He worked in the office until the cleaner came in.2.后面的從句中不能用將來時，如果要表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)，則用一般現(xiàn)在時代替。He will stay here until his mother comes back.They will study at the school until their parents come to take them home.2until用于否定句中，意思是“直到、才”，表示動作從until表示的時間才開始，主句動詞延續(xù)性、非延續(xù)性均可。I didnt go to bed until 12 last night.I wont come back