化學(xué)專業(yè)英語有機(jī)化合物中英文命名一課件

1、(最新整理)化學(xué)專業(yè)英語有機(jī)化合物中英文命名一2021/7/261有機(jī)化合物的命名系統(tǒng)命名IUPAC names (systematic names) 俗名法trivial names (popular names)國際純粹化學(xué)和應(yīng)用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會 IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied ChemistryNomenclature of Organic Compounds2021/7/262有機(jī)化合物的命名系統(tǒng)命名IUPAC names (systematic names)CCS命名法-中文系統(tǒng)命名法CCS -Chinese Chemical

2、Society , CCS以IUPAC基本原則為準(zhǔn)則，結(jié)合中文特點(diǎn)稍有不同.2021/7/263不含官能團(tuán)化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烴類-（烷烴 Alkane烯烴 Alkene炔烴Alkyne）2單環(huán)化合物（Monocyclic compounds） 官能團(tuán)化合物 Functional compounds有機(jī)化合物的命名2021/7/2641烴類-（烷烴 Alkane烯烴 Alkene炔烴Alkyne）Alkane 烷烴，鏈烷Alkene 烯烴，鏈烯Alkyne 炔烴2021/7/265烷烴命名Alkane十二十一十九Numberocta-八hepta-七h(yuǎn)exa

3、-六penta-五PrefixNumbertetra-四tri-三di-二mono-一PrefixNumberdodeca-undeca-deca-nona-Prefix希臘前綴prefix十三trideca十七h(yuǎn)eptadeca十四tetradeca十八octadeca十五pentadeca十九nonadeca十六hexadeca二十icosa2021/7/266鏈烷烴命名(The names of linear alkanes)CH4MethaneC8H18OctaneC15H32pentadecane C2H6EthaneC9H20NonaneC16H34hexadecaneC3H8Pr

4、opaneC10H22DecaneC17H36heptadecaneC4H10ButaneC11H24UndecaneC18H38octadecaneC5H12PentaneC12H26DodecaneC19H40nonadecane C6H14HexaneC13H28TridecaneC20H42icosaneC7H16HeptaneC14H30TetradecaneNames of continuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20) 后綴Suffix -ane 2021/7/267烯烴的命名（Alkene）-ene （Suffix）IUPAC names： Ethene pr

5、opene buteneTrivial name: ethylene propylene butylene如果不是端烯烴則需要給出雙鍵在碳鏈中的位置give position of C=C2021/7/268烯烴的命名（Alkene）C8H18OcteneC15H32pentadecene C2H6EtheneC9H20NoneneC16H34hexadeceneC3H8PropeneC10H22DeceneC17H36heptadeceneC4H10ButeneC11H24UndeceneC18H38octadeceneC5H12PenteneC12H26DodeceneC19H40nona

6、decene C6H14HexeneC13H28TrideceneC20H42icoseneC7H16HepteneC14H30TetradeceneNames of continuous-chain alkenes(C1-C20) 2021/7/269炔烴的命名 （Alkyne） -yne（ Suffix）IUPAC names： Ethyne propyne butyneIcosyne Trivial name: acetylene 如果不是端烯烴則需要給出叁鍵的位置give position of CC2021/7/2610直鏈烴基取代基(substituents)的命名烷基alkyl-

7、alkane Rule :omit the suffix “ane” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉后綴“ane” ,加上 “yl”) methyl nonadecyl icosyl2021/7/2611直鏈烴基取代基的命名烯基alkenyl- alkeneRule : omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉最后一個字母“e” ，加上后綴“yl”) ethenyl 乙烯基） 1-propenyl (丙烯基)trivial names: vinyl, allyl

8、(烯丙基)2021/7/2612直鏈烴基取代基的命名炔基alkynyl alkyneRule: omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name(去掉最后一個字母“e” ，加上后綴“yl”) 1-propynyl（丙炔基）, 1-pentynyl（戊炔基）苯基 benzene=phene phenyl（苯基）-benzyl （苯甲基，芐基） 2021/7/2613如果相同的烷基（簡單的烷基）在一個分子中超過一個，用前綴來表示：di-, tri-, tetra- 如果相同的烷基（復(fù)雜的烷基）在一個分子中超過一個，用前綴來表示

9、：bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-bi-: biphenyl（聯(lián)苯）, binuclear-（雙核）烴基取代基的命名2021/7/2614支鏈烴的命名（Branched-alkyl group）Rule i. Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body. 規(guī)則1.選擇最長、取代基最多的碳鏈作為主鏈.2021/7/2615支鏈烴的命名3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）2,3,5-trimethyl-4-p

10、ropylheptaneRule ii. Give the lowest position numbers for substituents.規(guī)則2. 取代基的位置數(shù)目總和最小。2021/7/2616支鏈烴的命名2,3,3-trimethylpentane2,2,4-trimethylpentane2,3,5-trimethylhexane2021/7/2617Ruleiii. Give the first listed substituent a lower position number; the sum of the position numbers for all sbustituen

11、ts should be as low as possible.規(guī)則3. 數(shù)字較小的取代基排在前面，表示取代基位置的數(shù)字總和盡可能小。支鏈烴的命名2021/7/2618支鏈烴的命名（Branched-alkyl group）The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds. Except the prefixes iso- and neo-, the other prefixes, such as di-, tri-, sec-,

12、tert- are not involved in alphabetical listing.2021/7/2619支鏈烴的命名 2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot 2,4,5-trichlorohexane 2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane2021/7/2620烴基取代基的命名如果是枝狀的烷基，用前綴iso-, neo-, sec-, tert- 表示n- normal (正）iso- isomeric (異） tert- tertiary(叔）2021/7/2621烴基取代基的命名neo- neos(新),sec-

13、secondary( 仲）2021/7/2622烴基取代基的命名sec-（仲）, tert- （叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl, tert-butyl iso-（異）, neo-（新） 既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基 的命名。 isobutyl, isobutane, isohexyl, neopentyl, neopentane2021/7/2623烴基取代基的命名Exercises:2-methylpentane5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）3

14、-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane2021/7/26243-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）5-sec-butylnonane 仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）2021/7/26254-vinyl

15、-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne2021/7/26262單環(huán)化合物（Monocyclic compounds）的命名命名規(guī)則： 環(huán)烷烴 cyclo + alkane cyclo + alkyl 環(huán)烯烴 cyclo + alkene cyclo + alkenyl 環(huán)炔烴 cyclo + alkyne cyclo + alkynyl cyclohexane cyclohexene2021/7/2627monocyclic compounds cyclo + the name o

16、f alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane cyclohexane monosubstituted: chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentane2021/7/2628multisubstituted: Give the functional group the lowestposition number. The sum of position numbers for all substituents should be as low as possible.2021/7/2629cyclopentylcyclohexanetrans-1

17、-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane環(huán)烷烴2021/7/2630環(huán)烯烴1,3 cyclohexadiene3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene支鏈取代基的命名2021/7/2631xyleneo, m, p-benzenetoluene芳香化合物Arometic compounds鄰位-ortho 間位-meta 對位-para2021/7/2632mesitylenestyrene2021/7/2633單取代苯 Monosubstituted benzenesnitrobenzeneet

18、hylbenzenechlorobenzene2021/7/2634anilinecyanobenzenephenol2021/7/2635一些重要的取代基Other important substituentshydroxy-alkoxy- (C1-C4 methoxy, ethoxy, Propoxy, butoxy; C5 pentyloxy decyl oxy) phenoxymercapto (巰基）Alkylthioamino2021/7/2636formylcyanonitronitrosylacetyloxoAlkanoyl (acyl，hexanoyl）2021/7/2637C1-C5?；╝cyl）俗名:formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl valerylbenzoyl3-oxobutyric acid2021/7/2638benzoic acido-(ethylthio)phenol2021/7/2639多取代的芳香化合物