跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含

1、跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含判斷題T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, asa discipline, its history is only about fifty years.作為一種現(xiàn)象，跨文化流傳已經(jīng)存在了數(shù)千年。但是,作為一門學(xué)科，它的歷史只有大概五十年。F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.跨文化交際是歐洲 I第一學(xué)科F 3 Cult

2、ure is a static entity靜態(tài)的 實體 while communication is a dynamic process. 文化是個靜態(tài)的實體 而交流是一個動向的過程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriatelyin a given 商定的特定的culture.文化能夠被看作是一種共享的知識，人們需要知道的是在一個特定的文化中飾演合適的行為T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its lim

3、itations (over-generalization),it still contributes to aperson s cultural cognition. 認(rèn)識、認(rèn)知文化刻板印象雖有其限制性，但仍有助于人的文化認(rèn)知。T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one s individual character from culturalgeneralization.在跨文化交際中，我們要把自己的個性和文化的泛化分開。T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than lingu

4、istic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means thatsomeone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to seriousmisunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.文化錯誤比語言錯誤更嚴(yán)重。語言錯誤意味著有人不可以充足表達(dá)自己的想法，而文化上的錯誤會致使嚴(yán)重的誤會，甚至個人之間的不適感F 8 All people of the same nationality wi

5、ll have the same culture.全部同民族的人者 B 會有同樣的文化T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.固然兩國文化有著同樣的想法，但它們的意義和意義可能不同樣跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含F(xiàn) 10 One s actions are totally independent of his or her culture.個人的行為完整獨立于他或她的文化II Comprehension CheckT 1、 All cu

6、ltures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may varysignificantly.T_2、 Don t take offence -getting the form of address wrong is rarely intended to b enosfifvee .不要拿“錯誤”的形式來攻擊，這是很難得的攻擊T_3、Addressing forms likeMiss Mary ” , Brown“ by the Chinese may be a form of c

7、ulturalcompromise.解決形式如“瑪麗小姐”，“棕色”由中國可能是一種文化妥協(xié)的形式。T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles.上校，上校，上校，能夠用作頭銜F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means.西方人能夠理解警察叔叔和解放軍叔叔的手段。F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas

8、.我們能夠解決杰森道格拉斯,他是個律師，律師道格拉斯。F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated.中國人對西方人的熱忱好客是特別欣賞的。F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.西方人對中國人的關(guān)注常常遇到西方人的欣賞。F_9. Thank you for coming! ” is a typical erexspsion used by Western hosts wh

9、en the guests justarrived.感謝你的到來！ “當(dāng)客人剛到的時候，這是西方主人使用的一種典型的表達(dá)形式。T_10. I m sorry to have wasted your time or I m sorry to have taken up so much of your timeusually appropriate for the business visit.我很對不起浪費了你的時間”或許“我很對不起占用了你這么多時間”，往常都是合適商務(wù)拜見的全部的文化都需要和價值的禮貌，但禮貌的方式可能會有所不同跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含III Comprehension Ch

10、eckT l.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments.有時，中國人表現(xiàn)出謙遜的方式能夠被視為對贊嘆的贊嘆T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.漢語和英語的社會功能大概同樣。T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people f

11、eel comfortable.在非正式場合，大批的贊嘆是讓人感覺舒暢的F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.文化的彳矍定是文化的同樣的。T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese.形容詞和動詞常被用來傳達(dá)英語中的奉承話，而形容詞、副詞和動詞常被用在漢

12、語里。F 6. English compliments often begin with the wordyou” while Chinese compliments often start withthe word I ”英.語的贊嘆常以“你” 一詞開頭，而中國人的贊嘆常以“我” 一詞開頭F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans.在平時生活中，中國人比美國人更加贊嘆。F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments res

13、ponses.美國人常常自謙在夸贊他人的反響。F 9. Compliments on other s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture.對他人財物的贊嘆有時是美國文化中的一種間接的方式T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person s home, the Chinese host or hostess willprobably give that thing to the guest.假如一個客人在他人家里贊嘆他人的話，

14、中國主人或女主人很可 能會把這件事告訴客人?？缥幕浑H總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含IV Comprehension CheckF IVerbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication.語言交際比非語言交際更加重要F 2 “Dragon means the same to the Westerner as“龍” to the C “h龍ine” se是.指同為西方人的“龍”到中國。F 3The Chinese phrase“知識分子” has the same meaning asintellec 中tua國l “知”識.分子

15、”擁有同樣的含義是“知識T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.在一種語言中的一個術(shù)語在另一種語言中可能沒有平等詞F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use“公to show whether a creature is male or female. T his is the same with the English language.在談

16、到動物和鳥類，中國的做法是往常，但不老是，用“公”或“母”來表示該生物是不是男性或女性。這與英語是同樣的。T 6 The following six English word:_ _ 力vice ”associate ”assistant ”deputy ”lieutenantcan all mean 副” in Chinese language 以.下六個英文單詞：“副”、“聯(lián)想”、“助理”、“副”、“中尉”和“下”都是“副”在漢語中F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs a

17、nd Chinese proverbs.有很多相像之處，英語諺語和漢語諺語的異同。T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo,違犯文化禁忌的是嚴(yán)重違反了語言禁忌T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture.思想方式隨文化而變化。T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantlyfactual-inducti

18、ve, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含predominately intuitive-affective.在每一個特定的思想模式主導(dǎo)文化的T10，比如美國文化主假如事實的概括，俄羅文雅化主假如公義化演繹，和阿拉伯文化以直觀的感情。V Comprehension CheckT1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others.說不過種交流方式。 還有很多人F2 Some

19、researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information iscommunicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means.一些研究者斷言，在面對面的交流中，約有70%的信息是經(jīng)過說話，而超出 30%則是經(jīng)過非語言方式發(fā)送的T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.環(huán)境是非語言交際的五個研究領(lǐng)域

20、之一T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goesbeyond our awareness.我們大多半的非語言行為，如文化，常常難以實現(xiàn)，自覺的，常常超越我們的認(rèn)識F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures.拉丁美洲I,洲I, 阿拉伯和大多半亞洲文化是單調(diào)的文化。T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures.阿拉伯

21、屬于困難的文化T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.在一些文化中，為了表示尊敬或聽從，應(yīng)當(dāng)防止使用眼光接觸T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.身體接觸的適合性因不同的文化而不同F(xiàn)9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children.西方婦女往常喜愛

22、中 國人接觸他們的身體或兒童?？缥幕浑H總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含F(xiàn)10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them.座位安排表現(xiàn)文化。中國人偏向于和他們說話，而不是坐在他們旁邊的人VI Comprehension CheckF1.Gender is the cultural meaning of“性 se 別 x 是” .性”的文化內(nèi)涵F2.Sex and gender

23、are synonymous. 同義的性別和性別是同義詞T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.一位女士可能是女性，男性或二者的聯(lián)合T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.女性一般舒坦與建筑親近關(guān)系和相信他人，而大多半人都保存對參加和表露。F

24、5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people.大多半人用交流來成立聯(lián)系或同等的人F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power.女性往常使用交流來確定地位和權(quán)益T7.In feminine culture, communication is a wayprobably the primary way to express and expandcloseness.在女性文化中，流傳是表達(dá)和擴(kuò)大親近關(guān)系的主要門

25、路。T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create andexpress closeness.男性社會化重申做事情，把行動視為創(chuàng)建和表達(dá)親近的主要方式。T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.效的跨性別流傳的第一個和最后一個主假如中斷判斷。這是困難T10.It is difficult but possib

26、le to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication.的，但可能追求翻譯線索，將有益于我們的交流?？缥幕浑H總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含Tl.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conductingbusiness, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making.最常有的問題， 在跨文化談判的關(guān)注(1 )的規(guī)則，進(jìn)行業(yè)務(wù)

27、， (2)的選擇，談判，和(3)決議方法。T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while theAmericans do not think so. 日自己以為，交際是談判過程中不行或缺的一部分，而美國人卻不這么認(rèn)為F3.American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social andprofessional status.美國談判團(tuán)隊成員往常在他們的社會和職業(yè)地

28、位的基礎(chǔ)上F4.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to thenegotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France.與日本和中國的談判人員同樣，在中東、墨西哥和法國的談判進(jìn)度中，有一個詳盡的書面協(xié)議是不同樣的。T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utiliz

29、ed andthey are less egalitarian.英國人采納了近似于美國人的談判風(fēng)格，但更多的是利用緘默，他們也不太同等。T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert,fragmented expression.德國人喜愛明確的，堅定的，和 assertire表達(dá)而日本鼓舞變換、碎片化的表達(dá)T7.Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed

30、 on contemplationand intuition.墨西哥談判者更喜愛演繹的方法。更重申的是深思和直覺。F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider thisinsulting and embarrassing.在正式談判中，巴西人不會公然地不贊同,他們會考慮這類欺侮和難堪跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含T9.Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of

31、negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil,創(chuàng)建一個舒坦的天氣和花銷時間在談判的探究階段是至關(guān)重要的中東和巴西。F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team.女性常常參力口一個日本談判小組。名詞解說economic globalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全世界化）：the integration of national economies into the internationaleconomy through trade, foreign direct

32、 investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.barter system（ 物物互換）： exchange without money一Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.- Human society has always traded goods across great distances.global vi

33、llage（地球村）：the world form one community一 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.melting pot（ 大 熔爐）： a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.6 cultural diversity（culture（

34、文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.文化交融）： refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. Communication（ 交際） :mean to

35、 share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and ercultural communication（ 跨 文 化交 際 ）： communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct（ 不同） enough to alter （改變） their communicaion 。Pragmatics（語用學(xué)）:the study of the e

36、ffect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.Semantics（語義學(xué)）： a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning ofwords.Denotation （引 中含義）：the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, definedmeaning.Chronemics （時間學(xué)）： The study of how peo

37、ple perceive and use time.Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.（2）Polychronic Time（多元時間看法）:being involved with many things at once.Proxemics （空間學(xué)）： Refers to the perception and use of space.Kinetics（身勢學(xué)）:the study of body language. 身勢學(xué)Paralanguage（ 副語言 ）:Involving

38、 sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .A planetary culture （彳亍 星文化 ）:integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism（理性主義）.Intercultural person（跨文化的人）:represents someone whose cognitive（認(rèn)知的） ,affective, andbehavioral（彳亍為的）characteristics are open

39、 to growth beyond the psychological parameters（心理界High-context cultures限）of his or her own culture.（委宛的文化）assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surroundingcontext, which includes the

40、 overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures （夕卜向型的文化） exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on theobjective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. Inlow-context cultures, the message itself means e

41、verything.Iculture（個體主義）： 1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet.Privacy to mind their own business.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportantWeculture（集體主義）： 1.Harmony to strive for the common good 2.Competition is not encouraged.Limit rights to propert

42、y 4.Filial piety（孝敬）Power distance（權(quán)益差品巨）：describes the distribution（ 散布） of influence within the culture, the extentto which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum（持續(xù)體）of high to low d

43、istance, that ishierarchy（等級主義） v.s. egalitarian（同等主義）.Masculine cultures（剛/性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stressassertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures（柔,性文化）： These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality oflife, inter

44、personal relationships and concern for the weak.Enculturation（文化習(xí)得 ）:all the activities of learning one s culture are called enculturationAcculturation（文化適應(yīng) ）:the process which adopts the changes brought about by another cultureand develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Ethnocentr

45、ic（文化中心主義 ）:the belief that your own cultural background is superior.Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Source 交際邀請The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encodi

46、ng 編碼 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message 編碼信息 The term message identifies the encoded t

47、hought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel 交際渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face

48、communication.Noise擾舌 L The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the sourceencodes.Receiver 交際接受 The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding 解碼 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process.The receiver is actively i

49、nvolved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反響 The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiverresponse refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback 反應(yīng) Feedback refers to that po

50、rtion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.1. Context 場景 The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the跨文

51、化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含communication.Connotation （內(nèi)涵）：the suggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.Taboo 禁忌語： refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by

52、 a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism 委宛語： Means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.Strike while the iron is hot一鼓作氣 More haste, less speed.欲速不達(dá)To pass fish eyes for pearls濫竽充數(shù)

53、as stubborn as a mule軍得像頭牛dumb bell 笨蛋 to fish in the air 水底撈月to drink like a fish 豪飲 as dry as sawdust味同嚼蠟to be at the end of ones ro 山 pe 窮水盡landscape engineer 園林工人 tonsorial artist 剪發(fā)sanitation engineer 潔凈工 shoe rebuilder 補(bǔ)鞋匠soft in the head 發(fā)狂的 reckless disregard for truth說謊to take things withou

54、t permission 盜竊industrial climate勞資關(guān)系緊張justice has long arms 天網(wǎng)恢恢，疏而不漏 fat office 肥缺diamond cut diamond棋逢敵手 golden saying金玉良言寧為雞頭，勿為牛后You will cross the bridge when you get to it船至 U 橋頭自然直better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含tread upon eggs如履薄冰簡答題9 components of communicati

55、on（交際的十大體素）Dsource（ 根源）：the person who desires to 2）encoding（ 編碼）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol 3）message（ 信息）：identifies the encoding thought channel（ 渠道）：the means of transmission（ 流傳門路）5）noise（ 擾舌L） : anything distorts the messages6）receiver（接受者）：the person who attends to the messa

56、ge decoding（ 解碼）： assigning meaning to the symbols receivedDreceiver response（接受者反響）：anything the receiver does 9feedback（ 反應(yīng)）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaningcontext（場景）：help define（ 使明確） the communicationI.Discuss the four trends that m

57、ake our world more interdependent.convenient transportation systems（便利的交通系統(tǒng)） inno vative communication systems（改革通信技術(shù)） economic globailzation（構(gòu)成）of culture?經(jīng)濟(jì)全世界化） widespread migrations（ 寬泛的移）民.What are the three ingredients（ artifacts（the material and spiritual products people produce） behavior（wha

58、t they do） concepts（ 共有看法） （what they think）.How to understand cultural iceberg?跨文化交際總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)題及含just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.What are the characteristic

59、（ 特色） of culture?shared learned（enculuration 文化習(xí)得： learning ones culture） dynamic（ 動向的 ） （accultration 文 化 適應(yīng) ：adopts the changes brought about by anotherculture） ethnocentric（ethnocentrism文化中心主義：own cultural background is superior）.What are the characteristic of communication?dynamic（動向性）；irreversi

60、ble（ 不行逆轉(zhuǎn) 的）symbolic（ 符號的）systematic（ 系統(tǒng)性）transactional（互動性） contextual（ 語）境1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name in English this order is reversed. In China seniority（ 資歷）is paid respects to.Nowadays, man