英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詳解主謂一致語(yǔ)法課件

1、主謂一致（Subject-Verb Concord/Agreement） 主謂一致即句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致。 一般說(shuō)來(lái)， 主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定著謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)采取的相應(yīng)形式。 在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中， 有時(shí)情況較為復(fù)雜， 但在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中基本遵循如下原則：語(yǔ)法一致原則、 意義一致原則和就近原則。第1頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。語(yǔ)法一致原則語(yǔ)法一致原則就是根據(jù)主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法形式?jīng)Q定其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法形式。主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：A letter has been sent to every student.Two letters have been sent to

2、every student.第2頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。意義一致原則意義一致原則指主謂之間的一致關(guān)系不是由主語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法形式來(lái)決定，而是由主語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意義來(lái)決定。形式是單數(shù)的主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)可能是復(fù)數(shù)形式；反之，形式是復(fù)數(shù)的主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)有可能是單數(shù)（詳見(jiàn)后文所述）。例如：The class are doing experiment on heat and light.The team are playing magnificently.The United States is a country advanced in science and technology.Ten dollars is all I ha

3、ve left.Two thirds of the area is under water.同一單詞作主語(yǔ)，根據(jù)其表達(dá)意義的不同，有時(shí)用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)卻要用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。例如：The family is the basic unit of the society.The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vacation in Italy.第3頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。就近原則就近原則是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與它最近的名詞、代詞或其他詞在人稱或數(shù)上保持一致。常見(jiàn)于eitheror; neithernor; there be; not onlybut al

4、so等.例如：Either you or he was wrong.There is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.Not only his children but he himself is hoping to be there.第4頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。上述三條原則的具體應(yīng)用比較復(fù)雜，以下幾點(diǎn)需要特別注意。 我們分三大類情況來(lái)看：(一 ) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況1 one, every, each, everyone, everybody, no, no one, one of, many a, more than one,

5、 either, neither, nobody, anyone, somebody, someone等作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：Every /Each boy and girl is treated in the same way.Every /Each man and every /each woman has good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.第5頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。2 a kind of, a sort of, a portion of, a section of, a series of,

6、a piece of, a pair of, a couple of 等修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般根據(jù)語(yǔ)法一致原則一般用單數(shù)。例如：A pair of scissors is what he needs now.Two pairs of scissors are what he needs now.A series of lectures on engineering is scheduled.There is a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.第6頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。3 表示國(guó)家、單位、書報(bào)等名稱或表示時(shí)間、距離、體積、度量衡（將它視為一整體）等的

7、名詞或短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：The Netherlands is famous for its tulips.One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot.Ten pounds was missing from the bill.The Thirty-Nine Steps is an interesting novel.第7頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。4 不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也要用單數(shù)。例如：To master at least a foreign language is very necessary in the p

8、resent conditions.Forgetting the past means nothing but betrayal.When they will start on their journey hasnt been decided第8頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。5 單數(shù)詞作主語(yǔ)， 雖然后接由as well as, along with, like, rather than, together with, besides, including, in addition to, accompanied by等詞連接其他的詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)。例如：Gold, as well as silver,

9、has recently risen in price.The factory, with all its equipment, has been burned.John together with his brothers has gone to the party.第9頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。6 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題某些以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通

10、常用作單數(shù)。例如：Acoustics studies the science of sound.Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.但如果這類名詞表示學(xué)科以外的其它含義，可作復(fù)數(shù)用。例如：Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect.第10頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)的主謂一致問(wèn)題,如：arthriti

11、s（關(guān)節(jié)炎）,bronchitis（支氣管炎）,diabetes（糖尿?。?mumps（腮腺炎）,phlebitis（靜脈炎）,rickets（軟骨?。? Measles（麻疹）這類以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用作單數(shù)。例如：Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.Measles（麻疹） usually occurs in children.Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the bl

12、ood vessels.第11頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有一些通常以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，這類名詞做主語(yǔ)，如果不帶“一把”、“一副”等單位詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Marys glasses are new.Johns trousers are black.如果帶有單位詞， 則由單位詞決定動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：One pair of pincers isnt enough.Two pairs of scissors

13、are missing from my tool box.第12頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。英語(yǔ)中還有一些以- s結(jié)尾的名詞，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains，stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages這類名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security.The contents of the book are most amusing.

14、High wages often result in high prices.My thanks are sincere.第13頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。(二)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1 both, some, few, many, several, the majority (of), the minority (of)等詞語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Both of them have gone to Shanghai on business.Few of my classmates really understand me.The majority of (the) doctors be

15、lieve smoking is harmful to health.2 以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的山脈、群島、瀑布等專有名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The Niagara Falls are very spectacular.The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts. The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean.3 表示群體或類屬的“the +形容詞” 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The injured were sent to hospital at once.In many wester

16、n films, the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.第14頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。(三)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)要視情形而定的情況1 由and連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Your problem and mine are similar.但當(dāng)and連接的詞語(yǔ)作整體考慮，指同一人、同一事物或概念時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。例如：The worker and poet has published a collection of poems recently.Too much work and too little rest often l

17、eads to illness.當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果指一件事物謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)； 如果指兩件事物則謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：A black and white(黑白相間的) horse was trotting down.The red and the yellow rose are both beautiful.第15頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。2 集合名詞如family, group, team, the public, crowd, committee, staff, government等作主語(yǔ)， 表整體意義時(shí)用單數(shù)；表個(gè)體意義時(shí)用復(fù)數(shù)。例如：Our team has wo

18、n the game.Our team are discussing about how to win.第16頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞包括police,people, cattle, militia, vermin, poultry(家禽）等，這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：The British police have only very limited powers.The militia were called out to guard the borderland.通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞包括poultry（家禽肉）,foliage，machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等,這類名詞后的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：Poultry is expensive at this time of year.That green foliage was restful.The merchandise has arrived undamaged.第17頁(yè)，共18頁(yè)。3 一些表示數(shù)量的詞，如 all of, a lot of, any of, most of, half of, two-thirds of, three fourths, eighty p