主旨要義題的題型特點(diǎn)及解題技巧

1、主旨要義題的題型特點(diǎn)與解題技巧高考閱讀理解中的主旨大意題包括主題（topic、subject、main idea、general idea）型和標(biāo)題（title）型兩類。在確定文章的標(biāo)題(title)的時(shí)候，我們要以文章的中心為依托。但應(yīng)注意的是，中心大意不完全等同于標(biāo)題。文章的中心較為詳細(xì)地陳述文章的內(nèi)容，而文章的標(biāo)題則通常情況下較為簡明，而且通常是名詞或名詞短語。一. 正確選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)(1)標(biāo)題概括類題目：體現(xiàn)概括性，（最大程度上覆蓋全文）;針對(duì)性(標(biāo)題不能過大或過小);醒目性(可吸引讀者)(2)中心思想類題目：體現(xiàn)全面性，避免以偏概全；(3)段落大意類題目：體現(xiàn)針對(duì)性，避免張冠李戴。二.

2、干擾項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)1. 以偏概全。干擾項(xiàng)只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，也就是文章的局部信息。 2. 斷章取義。干擾項(xiàng)常常以文章中的個(gè)別信息或個(gè)別字眼作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或者以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)冒充全文的主要觀點(diǎn)。3. 主題擴(kuò)大。干擾項(xiàng)所歸納、概括的范圍過大，超過文章實(shí)際所討論的內(nèi)容。4. 張冠李戴。命題者有意地把屬于A的特征放在B的身上，構(gòu)成一個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)?？忌蛔⒁獾那闆r下，會(huì)造成錯(cuò)選答案。5. 無中生有，似是而非。有的干擾項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞語好似在文章中談到了，但認(rèn)真分析之后你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這類干擾項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。三、解題技巧(1) 主題句在開頭.模式:總-分-分,即開門見山. 新聞報(bào)道,說明文,議論文常

3、用此方式.(2) 主題句在末尾. 模式: 分-分-總,即先擺事實(shí),后作結(jié)論.(3) 主題句在中間. 模式: 分-總-分(引言-主題-解析或提問-回答-解析)(4). 根據(jù)首尾抓大意(首尾呼應(yīng)) 模式: 總-分-總(5) 無住題句,歸納各段要點(diǎn)抓大意.(6) 找高頻詞.四、實(shí)例分析實(shí)例分析1：Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to lo

4、ve you until you love yourself. Either way, youve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes, and that our Grandmas think were great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes its a lot harder to

5、 think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the wa

6、y you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world. The best

7、way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Dont allow doubts to occur in it.It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can

8、t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think youre silly because you arent good at math, find a tutor. If you think youre weak because you cant run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you thi

9、nk youre dull because you dont wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesnt mean its true.The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualitie

10、s. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat (拍) yourself on the back, youll know youre well on your way. Good luck!（2008年廣東卷閱讀理解B篇）49. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to prepare for your s

11、uccess.B. How to face challenges in your life.C. How to build a positive self-image. D. How to develop your good qualities.實(shí)例分析2：Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers.Their study found that theobromine, found in cocoa, was nearly

12、 a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. “While coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的)

13、 it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem,” said Professor Peter Barnes.Ten healthy volunteers(志愿者) were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volu

14、nteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicine are stopping coughs.The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin need to pr

15、oduce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they need only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo.The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a verve activity(神經(jīng)活動(dòng)), which cause coughing. The

16、y also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness.（2008年全國卷閱讀理解D篇）56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Codeine: A New Medicine B. Chocolate May Cure CoughsC. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case D. Theobromine Can Cau

17、se Coughs實(shí)例分析3：Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” help you create this life of good feelings.Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness.There is a beau

18、tiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once its star

19、ted, its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.（2007年廣東卷閱讀B篇）50Which of the following can be the best title of this passage?AHow to Live TruthfullyBImportance of PeacefulnessCWays of Gaining Self-respectDHappiness through Honorabl

20、e Actions實(shí)例分析4：Hes an old cobbler (修鞋匠) with a shop in the Marais, a historic area in Paris When I got back out into the street, the world seemed brand-new to me. He was something out of an ancient legendabove all, his pride in his craft. These are times when nothing is important but the bottom line

21、, when you can do things any old way as long as it “pays”, when, in short, people look on work as a path to ever-increasing consumption(消費(fèi)) rather than a way to realize their own abilities. In such a period it is a rare comfort to find a cobbler who gets his greatest satisfaction from pride in a job

22、 well done.（2006年廣東卷閱讀B篇）63This story wants to tell us that _.Acraftsmen make a lot of moneyBwhatever you do, do it wellCcraftsmen need self-respectDpeople are born equal實(shí)例分析5：How many people have I met who have told me about the book they have been planning to write but have never yet found the tim

23、e? Far too many. This is Life, all right, but we do treat it like a rehearsal (排演) and, unhappily, we do miss so many of its best moments.（2006年廣東卷閱讀D篇）68The first paragraph of the passage tells us that _.Awe always try to find some time to write a book Bwe always make plans but seldom fulfill themC

24、we always enjoy many of lifes best momentsDwe always do what we really want to do 學(xué)以致用 （一） (1)Albert Einstein who made great contributions to people, was regarded as one of the greatest scientists in the world.Once there was a young man who disliked doing anything but wanted to be successful. He ask

25、ed Einstein to tell him the secret of success: Einstein wrote him a formula: A=X+Y+Z. Seeing this, the young man got puzzled. So he had to ask what it meant. Einstein explained it to him, “A stands for success and X stands for the proper way and Y, hard work” “And what about Z”? The young man asked

26、anxiously, expecting to get what he wanted. “Z stands for less empty talk and more hard work.” Answered Einstein slowly. On hearing these, the young man slipped away, feeling ashamed of himself.The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is _.AAlbert Einstein Bone of the greatest scientist

27、sCthe secret of success Da young man (2)As a human being you may have the choice of three basic attitudes towards life.You may approach life with the philosophy of the vegetable, in which case your life will consist in being born, eating, drinking, sleeping, mating, growing old, and dying.The second

28、 basic attitude is to look at life as if it were a business. A great many so-called successful men and women believe that life is a business, and they arrange, their conducts and behavior accordingly. If you believe that life is a business your first question of life, naturally, is “What do I get ou

29、t of it?” and your first reaction to any new experience is ,”How much is this worth to me?” In a word, based on this attitude, happiness becomes a matter of successful competition.The great majority of human beings today look at life as if it were a business. Their basic philosophy is one of competi

30、tion and efficiency.The third attitude toward life is the approach of the artist. Here the basic philosophy is “What can I put into it?”, and the basic relation of the individual to his fellow-men is one of co-operation and common sense. This point of view has been proved by history; for history rem

31、embers best those who have contributed most richly to the interests of their fellow-men. The more we investigate and the more we learn about living the more we become convinced that the artistic attitude is the only one which is consistent with human happiness.Whats the main idea of the passage?AYou

32、 may have three attitudes to life.BYou may approach life with the philosophy.CThe attitude toward life is the approach of the artist.DHappiness becomes a matter of successful competition. (3)As we proceed through life, we are faced with many types of situations. Each situation required us to behave

33、in different ways. We may be faced with a large project which, in order to be accomplished efficiently, demands the cooperation of each person. In this instance, we must be flexible, supportive, and be willing to compromise. Each person is only a small part of a much large machine.Being competitive

34、also plays a role in life. The desire to succeed and do better than others inspires us to work harder. If there was no competition a sports meet would never be exciting and successful; we could never have champions.To succeed in life, we must learn to be both cooperative and competitive. The most im

35、portant thing to learn in life is to know when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.Which of the following can best summarize Paragraph 1?AWe must learn when to be cooperative and when to be competitive.BTo succeed in life, we must learn cooperation.CEach person is only a small part of a muc

36、h large machine.DBeing competitive also plays a role in life. (4) On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing the violin. Everyone was astonished to see him. There was just one problem. Merlin had no way to stop his roller skater. He rolled on and on. Suddenly he ran into a huge mi

37、rror that was handing on the wall. Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces. Nobody forgot Merlin s grand entrance for a long time!What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph?The roller skates needed further improvement.The party guests took Merlin for a fool.Merlin succeede

38、d beyond expectation.Merlin got himself into trouble. (5) Thinking is something you choose to do as a fish choose to live in water. To be human is to think. But thinking may come naturally without you knowing how you do it. Thinking about thinking is the key to critical(判斷性的) thinking. When you thin

39、k critically, you take control of you thinking processes. Otherwise you might be controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of education. The word “critical” here has a special meaning. It does not mean taking one view against another view, as when someone criticize

40、s another person for doing something wrong. The nature of the critical thinking is thinking beyond the easily seen - beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty reasoning.Critical thinking is an attitude as much as an activity. If you are curious about life and de

41、sire to dig deeper into it, you are a critical thinker. If you find pleasure in deep thinking about different ideas, characters , and facts, you are a critical thinker.Activities of the mind are processes of deep and careful consideration. They take time, and do not go hand in hand with the fast spe

42、ed in todays world: fast foods, instant coffee, and self-developing film. If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence, you may learn something new from a story about Albert Einstein. The first time Banish Hoffman, a scientist, was to discuss his work with Albert E

43、instein, Hoffman was too nervous to speak. But Einstein immediately put Coffman at ease by saying,” Please go slowly. I dont understand things quickly.” What would be the best title of the passage? A. Thinking and Critical Thinking B. Thinking is Natural and Human C. Understanding Critical Thinking

44、D. Thinking Fast Means Intelligence學(xué)以致用 （二） (1)Now, its important for the managers in a company to understand what their customers want if they are going to develop effective marketing strategies (策略). There are various ways of doing this. One way at supermarkets, for example, is to interview custom

45、ers while theyre doing their shopping. They can be asked what they prefer to buy and then the results of the research can be studied. This provides information on which to base future marketing strategies. Its also quite normal for top managers from department stores to spend a day or two each month

46、 visiting stores and mixing freely with the public, as if they were ordinary customers, to get an idea of how customers act.Another way to get information from customers is to give them somethingit also allows the managers to get a feel for where to attract customers and which age-groups to attract.

47、Another strategy used at some well-known parks such as Disneyland is for top managers to spend at least one day in their work(安徽)67. The main idea of the text is _.A. how to do market research B. how to develop marketing strategiesC. how to find out customers social needsD. how to encourage customer

48、s to spend more money(2) If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare,” “Samuel Johnson,” and “Webster,” but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam the Conqueror

49、. Before 1066, in the land we call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groupsBut this state of affairs did not last. In 1066 the Norman led by William defeated the Saxons and began their rule over England, for about a century, French became the official language of English wh

50、ile Old English became the language of peasants. As a result, English words of politics and law come from French rather than German. In some cases, modern English even shows a distinction between upper-class French and lower-class Anglo-Saxon in its wordsWhen Americans visit Europe for the first tim

51、e, they usually find Germany more “foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from English than French does. Few realize that the English language is actually Germanic in its beginning and that the French influences are all the result of on

52、e mans ambition.(全國)70. What is the subject discussed in the text?A. The history of Great Britain.B. The similarity between English and French.C. The rule of England by William the Conqueror.D. The French influences on the English language.(3) For centuries, the only form of written correspondence (

53、通信)was the letters were, and are, sent by some form of postal service, the history of which goes back a long way. Indeed, the Egyptians began sending letters from about 2000 BC, as did the Chinese a thousand years later. Of course, modern postal service now are march more developed and faster, depen

54、ding as they do on cars and planes fore delivery. Yet they are still too slowThe invention of the fax (傳真) machine increased the speed of delivering documents even more The fax service is still very much in use when copies of documents require to be sent, but, as a way of fast correspondence, it has

55、 been largely taken the place of by email There are advantages and disadvantages with emails. If you send some one an email, then he will receive it extremely quicklyHowever, if you write something by email, which you might later regret, and send it immediately, there is no chance for second thought

56、s44. The text mainly deals with_. (陜西)A. the progress in correspondence B. the advantage of fax machinesC. the advantage of emails D. the invention of fax machines(4) 2009年安徽卷Remembering names is an important social skill. Here are some ways to master it. Recite and repeat in conversation. When you

57、hear a persons name, repeat it. Immediately say it to yourself several times without moving your lips. Ask the other person to recite and repeat. After youve been introduced to someone, ask that person to spell the name mad pronounce it correctly for you. Admit you dont know. Most of people will fee

58、l sympathy if you say, “Im working to remember names better. Yours is right on the tip of my tongue. What is it again?” Limit the number of new names you learn at one time. When meeting a group of people, concentrate on remembering just two or three names. Free yourself from remembering every one. A

59、nother way is to limit yourself to learning just first names. Last names can come later. Go early. Consider going early to conferences, parties and classes. Sometimes just a few people show up on time. Thats fewer names for you to remember. And as more people arrive, you can hear them being introduc

60、ed to othersan automatic review for you.59. What does the text mainly tell us?A. Tips on an important social skill. B. Importance of attending parties.C. How to make use of associations. D. How to recite and repeat names.(5) 2009年重慶卷Sir Steven Redgrave, winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals, once said, “I