英語詞類與句子成分教學課件

1、一.英語詞性詞性的學習與講解詞類又叫詞性，英語單詞根據(jù)其在句子中的功用，可以分成十個大類。 1 名詞 noun 2 代詞 pronoun 3 形容詞 adjective 4 副詞 adverb 5 動詞 verb 6 數(shù)詞 numeral 7 冠詞 article 8 介詞 preposition 9 連詞 conjunction 10 感嘆詞 interjection student Youhappy quickly cut three a at and oh 實詞虛詞二.句子成分定義構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主語和謂語；次要成分有表語、賓語、定

2、語、狀語、補足語和同位語,插入語。英語的基本成分有九種： 主語（subject） 謂語（predicate） 賓語（object） 賓語補足語 (object complement） 表語（predicative） 定語（attribute） 狀語 (adverbial) 同位語（appositive） 插入語（Parenthesis）1.主語：是句子要說明的人或物，說明謂語所表示的動作或狀態(tài)的執(zhí)行者。是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。但在there be結構、疑問句和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。名詞（短語）、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）、從句皆可做主語。1

3、) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.2) He reads newspapers everyday.3) Two and ten is twelve.4) Smoking is harmful to the health.5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We o

4、ften speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. （名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動名詞）（名詞化的形容詞）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is nec

5、essary to master a foreign language.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）2.謂語 謂語 (Verb) 說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten oclock.2、復合謂語： 由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞 + 動詞原形構成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a

6、 bad cold. 注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。3.表語：是謂語的一部分，它位于系動詞(如be,become)之后，與系動詞一起構成復合謂語，說明主語的身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)等。單詞、短語或從句均可充當表語。1)Wangs father is a doctor. （名詞）2) He is always careless. （形容詞）3) The basketball match is on. （副詞）4) All the pupils are on the playground now. （介詞短語）5) Our aim is to win more medals. （不定式）

7、6) His work is teaching French. （動名詞短語）7) The question is who can really repair the machines.（從句）4.賓語 賓語（Object）表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。例如： 1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（名詞）（代

8、詞、動名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動名詞短語）（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.如把直賓置前，則要加上介詞to/for跟to: write, tel

9、l, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如 He sent the novel to William yesterday.跟for: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save等，例如： She bought a gift for her mother.（2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如： They elected him their monitor.(3)形式賓語：若賓語是動詞不定式，動名詞或從 句，可用

10、it作形式賓語代替其位置，而將其到賓補之后。I found it difficult to finish the task in time.Do you consider it any good sending more people there?We have made it clear that we disagreed. Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus. （雙賓語） me 間接賓語 表示動作是對誰或為誰做的。 a novel 直接賓語 表示動作的直接承受者或結果。 5.賓語補足語:在賓語后面補充說明賓語的動作,狀態(tài),特征.We e

11、lected him monitor. （名詞作賓補） We will make them happy. （形容詞作賓補） We found nobody in. ( 副詞作賓補)Please make yourself at home. （介詞短語作賓補）Dont let him do that. （省to不定式作賓補）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （帶to不定式作賓補）Dont keep the fire burning. （現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補） Ill have my bike repaired. （過去分詞作賓

12、補）雙賓語和賓補的區(qū)別He gave me a book.(他給我一本書） 在這個句子中，me作間接賓語，a book作直接賓語。 如果一個句子中的某一個動詞接了兩個賓語，那么，指“人”的是間接賓語，指“物”的為直接賓語。而且，這兩個賓語不能形成邏輯上的主謂關系，如，你不能說 I am a book. 如果一個動詞后所接的兩個賓語能夠形成邏輯上的主謂關系，則是賓語和賓補的關系。例： We elected him monitor.在這個句子中，we作主語，elected作謂語，him為賓格，作賓語，monitor作賓語的補足語，而且，此句的賓語him可以和后面的monitor構成邏輯上的主謂關系

13、，即：he is a monitor. 七.定語 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。定語可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞）2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名詞）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）The woman with a baby

14、in her arms is my sister. (介詞短語作定語)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （過去分詞作定語） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式作定語）You should do everything that I do. （定語從句作定語）（八）狀語 修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示 ：1.Lig

15、ht travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years. 3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin, you must continue.（分詞短語）（名詞）（狀語從句）9種狀語種類： 1. How about meeting ag

16、ain at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（時間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點狀語）（方式狀語）6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7.In order to catch up

17、with the others, I must work harder. 8.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 9.She works very hard though she is old.10.I am taller than he is.（伴隨狀語）（目的狀語）（結果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）9.同位語 是在名詞或代詞之后,對其作進一步解釋或說明，在語法上處于同等地位。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、和從句等均可作同位語。如：We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學

18、生）We are all students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們）The news that were having a holiday tomorrow is true. （從句作同位語） 10.插入語（Parenthesis）對一句話做一些附加的解釋，通常有to be honest /by the way/ I think / suppose / believe等，如：To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,這個故事還遠沒結束.

19、練習說出下列劃線部分單詞或詞組在句子中各充當什么成分I dont like the picture on the wall. My brother hasnt done his homework.It is a great pleasure to talk with you .He broke a piece of glass. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 主謂語賓語定語主語謂語謂語謂語主主主定語賓語賓語狀語定語賓語表語練習（一）.指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the sch

20、ool bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.VAdverbialAttributeVAdverbial6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. Ther

21、e is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.Attribute定語Predicative表語O.賓語Predicative表語S.主Predicative表語V謂語

22、O.賓狀語O賓O.C賓補Predicative表語8. I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50. 9. I am terribly confused by all this information.10. We had already reached 9000 feet by then.11. She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12. Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.

23、13. I love swimming. It keeps me fit.14. It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.Adverbial狀語謂.O賓O.賓O.C.S.主O.賓句子成分練習題( 二 )指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分：1.Whether well go depend on the weather .2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily .3. That was how they were defeated.4.The nursery takes good c

24、are of our children .5.Ill return the book to you tomorrow .6.We are sure that we shall succeed .7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other . 8.There are many film that Id like to see.9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?10.I have a lot of work to do .主語謂語表語賓語賓語賓語定語定語定語定語句子成份練習1、You should study hard.2、The teacher got very angry.3、The boy told me his story.4、We elected him our monitor.5、The sun keeps us warm.6、I told him to open the window.7、We watched the train leaving the station.狀語表語間賓+直賓賓語+賓補賓語+賓補