全英化學課程講義WhatwelllearninChapter1課件

1、Chapter One:CHEMICALFOUNDATIONS講義Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 2What well learn in Chapter 1Chemistry overviewScience, theory and law, experimentMeasurement, SI units and unit conversion, prefixes of numbersSignificant figures, rounding rules, precision an

2、d accuracy, errors (systematic or random)Classification of matter, states of matter, purification and separationPhysical change, chemical changeCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 3Assignment11,18,27,32,59,70,71,85Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights r

3、eserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 4Chemistry: An OverviewA main challenge of chemistry is to understand the connection between the macroscopic world that we experience and the microscopic world of atoms and molecules.You must learn to think on the atomic level.1.1Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All righ

4、ts reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 5Atoms vs. Molecules1.1Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 6Oxygen and Hydrogen Molecules1.1Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 7A Chemical Reaction1.1Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rig

5、hts reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 8A Chemical Reaction1.1Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 9ScienceScience is a framework for gaining and organizing knowledge.Science is a plan of actiona procedure for processing and understanding certain types of information.1.2

6、Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 10The Various Parts of the Scientific Method(?)(!)Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 11Law vs. TheoryA law summarizes what happens.A theory (model) is an attempt to explain why it happens

7、.1.2Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 12Post-it note: a nice story of doing chemistryMaking observationsFormulating hypothesesPerforming experimentsHow to make sticky-but-not-too-sticky adhesives?Too stickyNot sticky enoughRight!Copyright Houghton Mifflin Comp

8、any. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 13Nature of MeasurementMeasurement quantitative observation consisting of two parts:NumberScale (unit) Examples:20 grams6.63 10-34 jouleseconds1.3Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 14The Fundamental SI UnitsPhysical Qu

9、antityName of UnitAbbreviationMasskilogramkgLengthmetermTimesecondsTemperaturekelvinKElectric currentampereAAmount of substancemolemolLuminous intensitycandelacd1.3Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 15Table 1.1 The Fundamental SI UnitsCopyright Houghton Mifflin

10、 Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 16Table 1.2 The Prefixes Used in the SI SystemCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 17Table 1.3 Some Examples of Commonly Used UnitsCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 18Table 1.

11、4 English-Metric EquivalentsCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 19Artists Conception of the Lost Mars Climate OrbiterCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 20Uncertainty in MeasurementA digit that must be estimated is called un

12、certain. A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty.Record the certain digits and the first uncertain digit (the estimated number).1.4Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 21Measurement of Volume Using a Buret1.4Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rig

13、hts reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 22Precision and AccuracyAccuracy agreement of a particular value with the true valuePrecision degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity1.4Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 23Precision and AccuracyCopyrig

14、ht Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 24Rules for Counting Significant FiguresNonzero integers always count as significant figures:3456 has 4 sig figs1.5Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 25Rules for Counting Significant Figures (co

15、ntinued)Leading zeros do not count as significant figures:0.048 has 2 sig figs1.5Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 26Rules for Counting Significant Figures (continued)Captive zeros always count as significant figures:16.07 has 4 sig figs1.5Copyright Houghton M

16、ifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 27Rules for Counting Significant Figures (continued)Trailing zeros are significant only if the number contains a decimal point:9.300 has 4 sig figs150 has 2 sig figs1.5Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 28Ru

17、les for Counting Significant Figures (continued)Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures: 1 inch = 2.54 cm, exactly9 pencils (obtained by counting)1.5Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 29Sig Figs in Mathematical OperationsFor multiplication

18、or division, the number of significant figures in the result is the same as the number in the calculation that has the fewest significant figures:1.342 5.5 = 7.381 7.41.5Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 30Sig Figs in Mathematical Operations (continued)For add

19、ition or subtraction, the result has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest number of decimal places:23.445+ 7.83=31.275 31.281.5Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 31Concept CheckYou have water in each graduated cylinder shown. You

20、 then add both samples to a beaker. How would you write the number describing the total volume? What limits the precision of this number?Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 32Dimensional AnalysisUse when converting a given result from one system of units to anot

21、her:Use the equivalence statement that relates the two unitsConsider the direction of the required change to select the correct unit factor (cancel unwanted units)Multiply the quantity to be converted by the unit factor1.6Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 33Co

22、ncept CheckWhat data would you need to estimate the money you would spend on gasoline to drive your car from New York to Chicago? Provide estimates of values and a sample calculation.1.6Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 34TemperatureThree systems for measuring

23、 temperature:FahrenheitCelsiusKelvin1.7Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 35The Three Major Temperature Scales1.7Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 36Converting Between ScalesK = C + 273.15C = K 273.15C = (F 32)(5/9)F = C(

24、9/5) + 321.7Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 37ExerciseAt what temperature does C = F? Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 38DensityMass of substance per unit volume of the substance:Density = mass/volume1.8Copyright Houg

25、hton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 39Table 1.5 Densities of Various Common Substances* at 20 CCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 40Classification of MatterMatter anything occupying space and having mass.Matter exists in three states:Sol

26、idLiquidGas1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 41Classification of MatterSolid rigid; has fixed volume and shapeLiquid has definite volume but no specific shape; assumes shape of containerGas has no fixed volume or shape; takes on the shape and volume of its

27、container1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 42The Three States of Water1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 43Structure of a Solid1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 44Structure

28、 of a Liquid1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 45Structure of a Gas1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 46MixturesMixtures have variable composition:Homogeneous having visibly indistinguishable parts; solutionHeterogen

29、eous having visibly distinguishable parts1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 47Homogeneous Mixtures1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 48Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights re

30、served.Chapter 1 | Slide 49Compound vs. Mixture1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 50Simple Laboratory Distillation Apparatus1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 51The Organization of Matter1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin

31、 Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 52The Organization of MatterCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 53The Organization of Matter1.9Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 54The Organization of Matter1.9Copyright Houg

32、hton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 55Concept CheckSketch a magnified view (showing atoms/molecules) of each of the following:A heterogeneous mixture of two different compoundsA homogeneous mixture of an element and a compoundChapter One:CHEMICALFOUNDATIONS案例/討論Copyright Houg

33、hton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 57Figure 1.4 The Fundamental Steps of the Scientific MethodCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 58Figure 1.5 The Various Parts of the Scientific MethodCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reser

34、ved.Chapter 1 | Slide 59Figure 1.6 Measurement of VolumeCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 60Figure 1.7 Common Types of Laboratory Equipment Used to Measure Liquid VolumeCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 61Figure 1.9 Meas

35、urement of Volume Using a BuretCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 62Figure 1.10 The Results of Several Dart Throws Show the Difference Between Precise and AccurateCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 63Figure 1.11 The Three

36、Major Temperature ScalesCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 64Figure 1.12 Normal Body TemperatureCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 65Figure 1.13 The Three States of WaterCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reser

37、ved.Chapter 1 | Slide 66Figure 1.16 The Organization of MatterCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 67Figure 1.1a The Surface of a Single Grain of Table SaltCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 68Figure 1.1b An Oxygen Atom on a

38、 Gallium Arsenide SurfaceCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 69Figure 1.1c Scanning Tunneling Microscope Image Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 70Figure 1.2 A Charged Mercury AtomCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All ri

39、ghts reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 71Figure 1.3a Each Grain of Sand is Composed of Tiny AtomsCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 72Figure 1.3b Beach at Big SurCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 73Robert BoyleCopyright Houghton

40、 Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 74Soda is Sold in 2-Liter Bottles- an Example of SI Units in Everyday LifeCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 75Figure 1.8 An Electronic Analytic BalanceCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserv

41、ed.Chapter 1 | Slide 76Rounding NumbersCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 77Liquid NitrogenCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 78Figure 1.14 Simple Laboratory Distillation ApparatusCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All ri

42、ghts reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 79Figure 1.15a A Line of the Mixture to be Separated is Placed at One End of a SheetCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 80Figure 1.15b The Paper Acts as a Wick to Draw up the LiquidCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights re

43、served.Chapter 1 | Slide 81Figure 1.15c Component with the Weakest Attraction for the Paper Travels Faster Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 82Mercury and Iodine Combine to Form Mercuric IodideCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 |

44、 Slide 83Table 1.1 The Fundamental SI UnitsCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 84Table 1.2 The Prefixes Used in the SI SystemCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 85Table 1.3 Some Examples of Commonly Used UnitsCopyright Hough

45、ton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 86Table 1.4 English-Metric EquivalentsCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 87Table 1.5 Densities of Various Common Substances* at 20 CChapter OneChemical Foundations問答Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. A

46、ll rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 89QuestionWhich of the following is an example of a quantitative observation?Solution A is a darker red color than solution B. The grass is green.Substance A has a greater mass than substance B.The temperature of the water is 45C.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Compan

47、y. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 90Answerd) The temperature of the water is 45C.A quantitative observation includes a measurement (numerical) and a unit.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 91QuestionThe glassware shown below is called a buret. The buret

48、is filled to the zero mark (at the top) with a solution and the solution is transferred to a beaker. What volume of transferred solution should be reported? 20 mL 22 mL22.0 mL22.00 mL25 mLCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 92Answerc) 22.0 mLIn a measurement, we

49、 always include one uncertain digit. The graduations on this buret are in 1-mL units, so we can estimate the volume to the tenths place.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 93QuestionThe boiling point of a liquid was measured in the lab, with the following result

50、s:TrialBoiling Point 122.0C 0.1 222.1C 0.1 321.9C 0.1The actual boiling point of the liquid is 28.7C. The results of the determination of the boiling point areaccurate and precise. precise but inaccurate.accurate but imprecise.inaccurate and imprecise.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights r

51、eserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 94Answerb) precise but inaccurate.The measurements are precise because they are all in close agreement with one another. However, they are relatively far from the true value, so they are inaccurate.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 95

52、Question_ reflects the reproducibility of a given type of measurement.Accuracy PrecisionCertaintySystematic errorRandom errorCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 96Answerb) PrecisionMeasurements are precise if they are relatively close to one another, regardless

53、of how close they are to the true answer.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 97Question_ is the agreement of a particular value with the true value.Accuracy PrecisionCertaintySystematic errorRandom errorCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Cha

54、pter 1 | Slide 98Answera) AccuracyIf a measurement is in close agreement with the true value, it is an accurate measurement.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 99QuestionAfter performing a calculation in the lab, the display on your calculator reads “0.023060070

55、”. If the number in the answer is to have five significant figures, what result should you report?0.0230 0.002310.0230600.23670.02306Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 100Answerc) 0.023060The leading zeros are not significant, but the captive zero and the trail

56、ing zero are significant.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 101QuestionHow many significant figures are in the number 0.03040?1 2345Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 102Answerc) 4The leading zeros are not significant, but

57、 the captive zero and the trailing zero are significant.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 103QuestionThe beakers below have different precisions. You pour the water from these three beakers into one container. What is the volume in this container reported to t

58、he correct number of significant figures? 78.817 mL 78.82 mL 78.8 mL 79 mLCopyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 104Answerd) 79 mLIn a measurement, we always include one uncertain digit. In this case, the first measurement could be 26.4 mL 0.1 mL, the second could

59、be 26 mL 1 mL, and the third could be 26.42 mL 0.01 mL. When adding, the result has the same number of decimal places as the least precise measurementin this case, to the ones place. So the answer is 26.4 + 26 + 26.42 = 78.82 mL, which must be rounded to 79 mL.Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All

60、 rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 105QuestionExpress 3140 in scientific notation.3.14 103 3.14 10-33.140 1033.140 10-3Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 1 | Slide 106Answera) 3.14 103 103 = 1000, and 3.14 1000 = 3140. We lose the zero because it is not significant (it i